2020 Roadmap on two-dimensional nanomaterials for environmental catalysis

Environmental catalysis has drawn a great deal of attention due to its clean ways to produce useful chemicals or carry out some chemical processes. Photocatalysis and electrocatalysis play important roles in these fields. They can decompose and remove organic pollutants from the aqueous environment, and prepare some fine chemicals. Moreover, they also can carry out some important reactions, such as O₂ reduction reaction (ORR), O₂ evolution reaction (OER), H₂ evolution reaction (HER), CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR), and N₂ fixation (NRR). For catalytic reactions, it is the key to develop high-performance catalysts to meet the demand for targeted reactions. In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted great interest in environmental catalysis due to their unique layered structures, which offer us to make use of their electronic and structural characteristics. Great progress has been made so far, including graphene, black phosphorus, oxides, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), chalcogenides, bismuth-based layered compounds, MXenes, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and others. This content drives us to invite many famous groups in these fields to write the roadmap on two-dimensional nanomaterials for environmental catalysis. We hope that this roadmap can give the useful guidance to researchers in future researches, and provide the research directions.     

2020 Roadmap on gas-involved photo-and electro-catalysis

In this roadmap, we address the development and perspectives of hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction and nitrogen reduction.     

2020 roadmap on two-dimensional materials for energy storage and conversion

In this roadmap, two-dimensional materials including graphene, black phosporus, MXenes, covalent organic frameworks, oxides, chalcogenides, and others, are highlighted in energy storage and conversion.     

O2/CO2燃烧气氛对混煤灰中矿物质间反应影响研究

对蒙煤与平七煤两种单煤及其按照不同比例组成的混煤,分别在O₂/CO₂和O₂/N₂气氛下,采用管式炉燃烧制取灰样;对灰样进行灰熔点、XRD及同步热分析（TG/DSC）测试,并进行相关热力学计算,分析了O₂/CO₂燃烧方式对混煤灰中矿物质间反应的影响。结果表明,常规灰熔点测试方法测得的两种气氛下的混煤灰熔点没有明显差别。O₂/CO₂气氛促进了煤灰/混煤灰中钙的碳酸化,且明显抑制了高温下CaCO₃的分解。气氛的改变影响了含钙矿物的转化,进而影响了混煤中钙与莫来石反应生成低温共熔物;O₂/CO₂气氛下钙更易于与莫来石发生反应生成低温共熔物,从而会增加结渣倾向。当混煤中蒙煤比例达到或大于75%时,随着蒙煤比例的逐渐增加,莫来石含量减少,O₂/CO₂气氛对钙与莫来石之间的反应影响减弱,但对含铁矿物的影响更加明显,使其更易于生成含铁玻璃体,从而也会增加结渣倾向。     

Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO2 over Cr-MCM-41 catalyst

M-MCM-41 catalysts (M: V, Cr, Fe, and Ga) prepared by direct hydrothermal synthesis (DHT) have been tested for dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO₂. The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption (77 K), and diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopic measurements. Cr-MCM-41 showed the highest activity among M-MCM-41 catalysts tested, resulting in the production of styrene with the conversion of 65% and the selectivity above 90%. The rate of styrene formation increased with increasing Cr loading up to 1.7 wt.%. It is suggested that Cr(VI)O₄ in tetrahedral coordination is formed as an active monochromate species and reduced to Cr(III)O₆ in octahedral coordination as a less active polychromate species during the reaction. Deactivated catalyst was regenerated by a treatment with gaseous oxygen or CO₂, during which redistribution as well as reoxidation of polymeric Cr(III)O₆ octahedra to monomeric Cr(VI)O₄ tetrahedra was observed. The rate of CO formation increased together with that of styrene formation, while the rate of H₂ formation decreased, with increasing partial pressure of CO₂. It was confirmed that reverse water-gas shift reaction took place over Cr-MCM-41 by a separate experiment. The rate of CO formation during the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO₂ over Cr-MCM-41 was well accounted for by assuming parallel occurrence of two reactions, i.e., direct oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO₂ and simple dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene thermodynamically assisted by reverse water-gas shift reaction.     

理论空燃比天然气汽车尾气中H2O和O2对CH4与NO反应的影响

共沉淀法制备CeZrYLa+LaAl 复合氧化物载体, 等体积浸渍法制备了Pt 催化剂, 用于研究理论空燃比天然气汽车(NGVs)尾气净化反应中CH₄与NO的反应规律. 并考察了10% (体积分数, φ)H₂O和计量比O₂对CO₂存在时的CH₄+NO反应的影响. 结果表明: 对于不同条件下的NO+CH₄反应, 主要生成N₂和CO₂, 高温区有CO生成. 低温区无O₂时可以生成N₂O, 有O₂时可以生成NO₂; 添加10% (φ)的H₂O后, CH₄ 转化活性降低, NO转化活性基本不变, 这是由于H₂O减弱了CH₄与CO₂的重整反应, 但是对CH₄与NO的反应基本没有影响; 添加计量比的O₂后, CH₄转化活性提高, 而NO转化活性降低, 这是由于O₂和NO之间存在竞争吸附, CH₄被O₂氧化为主要反应, 从而减弱了NO的转化; 同时添加计量比的O₂和10% (φ) H₂O, CH₄与CO₂的重整反应受到抑制,CH₄与NO的反应、甲烷蒸汽重整反应和甲烷被O₂氧化反应同时发生, CH₄和NO的转化活性均提高.     

O2/CO2气氛下CO2和H2O气化反应对煤及煤焦燃烧特性的影响

利用热天平对比研究了大同煤及煤焦在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的燃烧行为,探讨CO₂和H₂O气化反应对其富氧燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,在5%氧气浓度下,煤粉在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的燃烧速率按顺序依次降低。氧气浓度降低到2%,由于CO₂和H₂O气化反应的作用,煤粉在高温区的整体反应速率按顺序依次增大。当氧气浓度为5%时,煤焦在O₂/CO₂中的燃烧速率要低于O₂/N₂中的燃烧速率,但燃烧反应推迟后气化反应的参与使得煤焦在O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的整体反应速率显著升高。当氧气浓度降低到2%后,随着温度的升高,在CO₂气化反应的作用下,煤焦在O₂/CO₂中的整体反应速率逐渐高于O₂/N₂中的燃烧速率。在O₂/H₂O/CO₂中,由于H₂O在共气化中起主要作用,煤焦在O₂/H₂O/CO₂高温区的整体反应速率进一步升高。动力学分析表明,在5%氧浓度时,煤焦在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的表观活化能依次升高。随着氧气浓度的降低,在不同反应气氛中的表观活化能均有所下降。     

Simultaneous monitoring of pH, CO2 and O2 using an optical imaging fiber

The interdependence of pH, CO₂ and O₂ during chemical and biochemical processes has driven the need to monitor them simultaneously, continuously and in situ, in order to exert better control over such reactions. We present the fabrication and performance of a multi-analyte imaging fiber sensor that allows pH, CO₂ and O₂ to be monitored simultaneously with rapid response. Sensing elements are fabricated by covalently immobilizing fluorescent indicators within polymer matrices via photopolymerization, resulting in the formation of distinct regions of analyte-sensitive polymer at the fiber's distal end. The multianalyte sensor's working range is 0%–100% for O₂ and 0%–10% for CO₂ in the pH range 5.5–7.5. The sensor was used to monitor the pH, CO₂ and O₂ changes during a beer fermentation.     

低阶煤半焦利用热重在O2/CO2、O2/N2和O2/Ar气氛下燃烧特性研究

利用热重研究了两种中国西北典型低阶煤半焦的燃烧特性。探究了不同气氛（O₂/CO₂、O₂/N₂和O₂/Ar）和不同氧气浓度对其燃烧特性的影响。实验结果表明,无论是反应气氛还是氧气浓度都会对低阶煤半焦的燃烧产生影响。相比于N₂和Ar,CO₂明显有利于燃烧反应进行：当反应气氛由O₂/CO₂变为O₂/Ar时,两种不同低阶煤半焦的燃尽温度分别升高了63.7和68.8℃;而当反应气氛由O₂/CO₂变为O₂/N₂时,两种不同低阶煤半焦的燃尽温度分别升高了135.9和129.6℃。在研究范围内,氧气浓度的提高也能明显提高半焦的燃烧性能。与此同时,半焦燃烧特性的动力学分析表明,随着氧气浓度提高,两种半焦燃烧反应的表观活化能E和指前因子A均呈增大趋势。通过对E和A两者关系的分析结果表明,半焦富氧燃烧的活化能和指前因子存在动力学补偿效应。     

增压O_2/CO_2气氛下煤燃烧特性实验研究

增压O2/CO2燃烧是一种可高效分离回收CO2的新兴燃烧技术,其燃烧机理与常压空气、常压O2/CO2燃烧存在较大差异。在加压热重分析仪上研究了增压条件下总压、氧浓度、气氛及粒径等反应参数对美国烟煤和淮北无烟煤燃烧特性的影响,确定了煤的着火温度,并对其进行燃烧动力学分析。结果表明,增压O2/CO2气氛下,随着压力或氧浓度的增加,DTG曲线向低温区移动,煤样整体燃烧速率加快。压力提升、氧浓度增加及煤粉细化均可改善O2/CO2气氛下煤样的着火特性。常压O2/CO2气氛下煤粉燃烧基本属于一级反应;增压O2/CO2气氛下,低温区属于0.5级反应,而高温区属于1.5级反应。     

Recent Advances of Single-atom Catalysts for Electro-catalysis

Single-atom catalysis is the “hot spot” in the field of catalysis due to the special geometries, electronic states, and their unique catalytic performance. Single-atom catalysts(SACs), isolated metal atoms dispersed on the support, show the highest atom efficiency, cutting down the potential cost in the industrial process. Consequently, this “homo-hetero” catalyst could be a promising candidate for the next-generation catalysts. The applications for the SACs are widely reported, like gas-solid reactions, organic reactions, and electro-catalysis. In this mini- review, we will focus on the recent work of SACs on electro-catalysis, including hydrogen evolution reaction(HER), oxygen reduction reaction(ORR), oxygen evolution reaction(OER), CO₂ reduction reaction(CO₂ RR), and nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR).     

Covalent Organic Framework Materials for Photo/ Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction北大核心CSCD

Covalent organic frameworks （COFs）are a class of emerging materials connected by covalent bonds,which have high thermal/chemical stability （except boric acid COFs）,permanent porosity,large specific surface area and good crystallinity. In addition,the structure of the monomer unit in COFs is adjustable and can coordinate with many transition metal ions to provide catalytic active sites. These advantages make COFs helpful to catalyze various reactions. Among them,COFs have an excellent catalytic effect on the CO2 reduction reaction（CO2 RR）. This is mainly because the adjustable pore structure of COFs allows them to adsorb a large amount of CO2 and the π-π stacking structure in COFs can promote charge transfer, which can greatly improve the efficiency of CO2 reduction. COFs can be used as photo/ electrocatalysts to efficiently reduce CO2 to CO,CH4 ,HCOOH and other products. This review discusses the important achievements of CO2 RR catalyzed by COFs, including photo/electrocatalytic CO2 RR and photoelectric coupling CO2 RR. In addition,the future development of COFs as CO2 RR catalysts is also prospected. © 2022, Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

光催化CO2还原的超薄层状催化剂

The acceleration of industrialization and the continuous upgradation of consumption structure has increased the atmospheric content of CO₂ far beyond the past levels, leading to a serious global environmental problem. Photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ is one of the most promising methods to solve the problem of rising atmospheric CO₂ content. The core of this technology is to develop efficient, environment-friendly, and affordable photocatalysts. A photocatalyst is a semiconductor that can absorb photons from sunlight and produce electron-hole pairs to initiate a redox reaction. Owing to their low specific surface areas, significant electron-hole recombination, and less surface-active sites, bulk photocatalysts are not satisfactory. Ultrathin layered materials have shown great potential for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction owing to their characteristics of large specific surface area, a large number of low-coordination surface atoms, short transfer distance from the inside to the catalyst surface, along with other advantages. Photoexcited electrons only need to cover a short distance to transfer to the nanowafer surface, and the speed of migrating electrons on the nanowafer surface is much higher than that in the layers or in the bulk catalyst. The ultrathin structure leads to significant coordinative unsaturation and even vacancy defects in the lattice structure of the atoms; while the former can be used as active sites for CO₂ adsorption and reaction, the latter can improve the separation of the electron-hole pair. This review summarizes the latest developments in ultrathin layered photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction. First, the photocatalytic reduction mechanism of CO₂ is introduced briefly, and the factors governing product selectivity are explained. Second, the existing catalysts, such as g-C₃N₄, black phosphorus (BP), graphene oxide (GO), metal oxide, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), perovskite, BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I), layered double hydroxide (LDH), 2D-MOF, MXene, and two-dimensional honeycomb-like Ge―Si alloy compounds (gersiloxenes), are classified. In addition, the prevalent preparation methods are summarized, including mechanical stripping, gas stripping, liquid stripping, chemical etching, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), template method, self-assembly of surfactant, and the intermediate precursor method of lamellar Bi-oleate complex. Finally, we introduced the strategy of improving photocatalyst performance on the premise of maintaining its layered structure, including the factors of thickness adjustment, doping, structural defects, composite, etc. The future opportunities and challenges of ultrathin layered photocatalysts for the reduction of carbon dioxide have also been proposed.     

CeO2/Co3O4氧载体的制备及其甲烷化学链燃烧性能研究

制备了系列甲烷化学链燃烧用CeO₂/Co₃O₄复合氧载体,采用XRD、H₂-TPR、甲烷程序升温和恒温反应对氧载体进行了表征与评价。研究了不同CeO₂的负载量对复合氧载体的结构、氧化还原性、产物选择性的影响。结果表明,氧化铈的添加不仅降低了氧载体的初始反应温度,还延长了有效反应时间,但铈添加量过高会降低产物CO₂选择性,使甲烷向部分氧化进行。CeO₂(30%)/Co₃O₄氧载体在650 ℃经20次循环后甲烷转化率和CO₂选择性均未明显降低,表现出较高的活性和化学链循环稳定性。     

A Three-dimensional Covalent Organic Framework for CO2 Uptake and Dyes Adsorption

Environmental pollution is one of the most severe problems facing today, including water pollution and the greenhouse effect. Therefore, developing materials with high-efficiency dyes adsorption and CO₂ uptake is significant. Covalent organic frameworks(COFs), as a burgeoning class of crystalline porous polymers, present a promising application potential in areas related to pollution regulation due to their exciting surface properties. Herein, we report a 3D COF with a high specific surface area(BET about 2072 m²/g) by utilizing tetrahedral and rectangle building blocks connected through[4+4] imine condensation reactions to synthesize. The obtained COF not only can separate dyes from water effectively but also shows a remarkable CO₂ uptake capacity. This research thus provides a promising material to remove dyes and adsorb CO₂ in environmental remediation.     

Determination of rate constants for some reactions of CBr radicals by VUV laser flash photolysis

The CBr radical has been produced by VUV laser flash photolysis of CHBr₃ and absolute rate constants for reactions with O₂, CO₂ and N₂ have been measured. The possible mechanisms of these reactions have been discussed.     

NO reduction and CO oxidation over Cu/Ce/Mg/Al mixed oxide catalyst in FCC operation

Simultaneous NO reduction and CO oxidation in the presence of O₂, H₂O and SO₂ over Cu/Mg/Al/O (Cu-cat), Ce/Mg/Al/O (Ce-cat) and Cu/Ce/Mg/Al/O (CuCe-cat) were studied. At low temperatures (<340 °C), the presence of O₂ or H₂O enhanced the activity of CuCe-cat for NO and CO conversions, but significantly suppressed the activity of Cu-cat and Ce-cat. At high temperature (720 °C), the presence of O₂ or H₂O had no adverse effect on the NO and CO conversions over these catalysts. The addition of SO₂ to NO+CO+O₂+H₂O system had no effect on the reaction of CO+O₂ over Cu-cat, but deactivated this catalyst for NO+CO and CO+H₂O reactions; over Ce-cat, all of these reactions of NO+CO,CO+O₂ and CO+H₂O were suppressed significantly; over CuCe-cat, NO+CO and CO+O₂ reactions were not affected while the reaction of CO+H₂O was slightly inhibited.     

氧气对褐煤水蒸气气化半焦的活化及机理

以胜利褐煤为原料,利用一段流化床/固定床石英反应器,进行N_2/O_2/H_2O/H_2O+O_2气氛的褐煤热解/气化实验。采用BET、Raman、FT-IR、微波消解ICP-AES、TGA等技术表征半焦。研究氧气添加对气化反应以及半焦结构和反应性的影响,解析了氧气对气化半焦的活化机理。结果表明,氧气添加可以改变半焦结构,活化半焦,从而促进转化率、H_2产率和CO_2产率的提高。氧气对气化半焦的活化作用主要包括两个方面,一是芳核与氧气发生氧化分解反应,破坏了芳环大π键,形成了新的官能团,从而促进了反应(C+H_2O→H_2+CO)的发生;二是随反应的进行,芳香大环(≥6)结构解聚为芳香小环(3-5)结构,同时氧原子进入芳核,形成缺陷位C-O-C,从而导致半焦微晶结构的缺陷程度提高、缩聚程度降低,进而导致半焦反应性和表面吸附作用提高,促进反应(CO+H_2O→H_2+CO_2)的发生。     

绿色催化二氧化碳、炔丙醇和亲核试剂的三组分反应

近些年来,将CO₂转化为高附加值化学品受到广泛关注。其中,CO₂、炔丙醇和亲核试剂的三组分反应可用于制备用途广泛的羰基化合物,该方法具有步骤经济性、原子经济性等优点。由于CO₂分子具有热力学稳定性和动力学惰性,多数CO₂参与的化学反应在热力学上不支持。然而,CO₂、炔丙醇和双亲核试剂三组分反应是热力学有利的CO₂转化反应,实现了邻二醇或氨基醇和CO₂到环状碳酸酯以及2-噁唑啉酮的高效转化。本综述旨在于总结并讨论近年来CO₂、炔丙醇和亲核试剂三组分反应制备多种羰基化学物的主要进展。     

A novel channel-wall engineering strategy for two-dimensional cationic covalent organic frameworks: Microwave-assisted anion exchange and enhanced carbon dioxide capture

A novel channel-wall engineering strategy of the porous materials cationic covalent organic frameworks(COFs)is established based on rapid microwave-assisted anion exchange reaction and utilized to prepare a set of new COFs.Due to the interaction between the carbon dioxide(C02)and the acetate anion,the resulting SJTU-COF-AcO shows greatly enhanced carbon dioxide capacity up to 1.7 times of the pristine COF.The effect of the counteranions to CO2 capacity in the cationic COFs is investigated for the first time,which demonstrates that our channel-wall engineering strategy is a promising way to tailor the property of COFs for high CO2 capacity.