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对等离子体气动激励控制边界层进行了数值仿真。将等离子体气动激励对边界层的作用建模成动量和热量。通过由基于表面放电的二维流体体力模型得到的等离子体气动激励的体力分布函数,得到向边界层注入的动量和热量分布,将动量和热量以源项的形式引入N-S方程求解。研究了等离子体气动激励的强度、激励电极的数目、来流速度的大小以及热量项的大小对等离子体气动激励作用效果的影响,仿真结果与实验一致。     

Effect of cathode surface state on the characteristics of pulsed hollow-cathode glow discharges

A study is made of the effect of pulse repetition rate (0.1−10³ s⁻¹) and average discharge current (0–1 A) on the breakdown delay time and burning voltage of low-pressure glow discharges (p<0.1 Pa) in an electrode system of the reverse magnetron type with a large cathode surface area (≈10³ cm²). It is shown that increasing the repetition rate leads to a many-fold reduction in the statistical spread in the delay time and in the discharge formation time, while the average discharge current has a significant effect on the burning voltage. The mechanism for the observed phenomena is interpreted qualitatively in terms of the presence of thin dielectric films on the cathode surface. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 20–24 (May 1999)     

Interaction of a surface glow discharge with a gas flow

A surface glow discharge in a gas flow is of particular interest as a possible tool for controlling the flow past hypersonic aircrafts. Using a hydrodynamic model of glow discharge, two-dimensional calculations for a kilovolt surface discharge in nitrogen at a pressure of 0.5 Torr are carried out in a stationary gas, as well as in a flow with a velocity of 1000 m/s. The discharge structure and plasma parameters are investigated near a charged electrode. It is shown that the electron energy in a cathode layer reaches 250–300 eV. Discharge is sustained by secondary electron emission. The influence of a high-speed gas flow on the discharge is considered. It is shown that the cathode layer configuration is flow-resistant. The distributions of the electric field and electron energy, as well as the ionization rate profile in the cathode layer, do not change qualitatively under the action of the flow. The basic effect of the flow’s influence is a sharp decrease in the region of the quasineutral plasma surrounding the cathode layer due to fast convective transport of ions.     

Numerical study of the influence of flow blockage on the aerodynamic coefficients of models in low-speed wind tunnels

With the use of ANSYS Fluent software and ANSYS ICEM CFD calculation grid generator, the flows past a wing airfoil, an infinite cylinder, and 3D blunted bodies located in the open and closed test sections of low-speed wind tunnels were calculated. The mathematical model of the flows included the Reynolds equations and the SST model of turbulence. It was found that the ratios between the aerodynamic coefficients in the test section and in the free (unbounded) stream could be fairly well approximated with a piecewise-linear function of the blockage factor, whose value weakly depended on the angle of attack. The calculated data and data gained in the analysis of previously reported experimental studies proved to be in a good agreement. The impact of the extension of the closed test section on the airfoil lift force is analyzed.     

Characteristics of surface glow discharge in a low-pressure supersonic gas flow

Kinetic particle-in-cell simulations are performed to examine the characteristics of the surface glow discharge in a supersonic nitrogen flow. The gas pressure is varied between 100 and 500 mTorr; the applied voltage, between −500 and −1000 V. The analysis focuses on the effect of boundary conditions at the dielectric barrier surrounding the electrodes on the electron energy distribution function. The potential on the dielectric is found by using a local balance condition for the electron and ion currents to the surface. The results of self-consistent simulations show that a negative potential on the dielectric substantially reduces the rate of high-energy electron loss from the bulk plasma and thus significantly changes the ionization rate, as well as plasma parameters and configuration.     

Wind tunnel experiments on flow separation control of an Unmanned Air Vehicle by nanosecond discharge plasma aerodynamic actuation

Plasma flow control(PFC) is a new kind of active flow control technology, which can improve the aerodynamic performances of aircrafts remarkably. The flow separation control of an unmanned air vehicle(UAV) by nanosecond discharge plasma aerodynamic actuation(NDPAA) is investigated experimentally in this paper. Experimental results show that the applied voltages for both the nanosecond discharge and the millisecond discharge are nearly the same, but the current for nanosecond discharge(30 A) is much bigger than that for millisecond discharge(0.1 A). The flow field induced by the NDPAA is similar to a shock wave upward, and has a maximal velocity of less than 0.5 m/s. Fast heating effect for nanosecond discharge induces shock waves in the quiescent air. The lasting time of the shock waves is about 80 μs and its spread velocity is nearly 380 m/s. By using the NDPAA, the flow separation on the suction side of the UAV can be totally suppressed and the critical stall angle of attack increases from 20° to 27° with a maximal lift coefficient increment of 11.24%. The flow separation can be suppressed when the discharge voltage is larger than the threshold value, and the optimum operation frequency for the NDPAA is the one which makes the Strouhal number equal one. The NDPAA is more effective than the millisecond discharge plasma aerodynamic actuation(MDPAA) in boundary layer flow control. The main mechanism for nanosecond discharge is shock effect. Shock effect is more effective in flow control than momentum effect in high speed flow control.     

纳秒脉冲表面介质阻挡等离子体激励唯象学仿真

结合NS-DBD实验数据和理论分析, 建立NS-DBD单区非均匀唯象学模型, 旨在通过合理的模型进行流动控制仿真, 揭示流动控制机理. 在平板无来流时, 运用单区非均匀唯象学模型, 通过引入涡量输运方程, 求解涡量方程各项, 分析展向涡形成机理. 展向涡主要是由压力升诱导激励区压力梯度和密度梯度的不正交性产生的, 其次是激励区附近流场的对流引起的涡量转移. 圆柱上的激励仿真得到与实验一致的压缩波结构和冲击波位置, 验证了模型合理性. NACA 0015翼型大迎角分离控制的仿真表明, 激励诱导展向涡促使主流和分离流相互作用, 使分离点移向下游; 脉冲激励频率通过诱导展向涡的数量对流动分离产生不同的作用效果, 本文最佳的无量纲激励频率为6.     

Pressure dynamics in a supersonic flow during initiation of pulse surface sliding discharges

The supersonic air flow at Mach numbers of 1.1–1.6 in a shock tube is experimentally investigated during initiation of nanosecond pulse surface sliding discharges. The shadow images of the flow field after discharge initiation, which characterize the dynamics of shock waves propagating from the discharge area, are obtained. Periodic pressure pulsations on the shock tube channel wall are recorded. The pressure dynamics is shown to correspond to both the motion of shock waves from the discharge area and a supersonic flow of the discharge-excited gas near the channel wall. The pressure increase on the shock tube channel wall was 6–18%, as compared to the pressure in an unperturbed flow. Original Russian Text ? D.F. Latfullin, I.V. Mursenkova, N.N. Sysoev, 2009, published in Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Fizika, 2009, No. 3, pp. 114–116.     

Dependence of aerodynamic characteristics and flow pattern on surface structure of a baseball

In this report, the aerodynamic characteristics, such as lift and drag, of an official rubber baseball are studied experimentally by comparing the characteristics of a sphere having a smooth surface and those of spheres having different surface structures. In addition, the flow velocity distribution is measured quantitatively using the spark tracing method. From the obtained results, the flow patterns for these baseballs and the flow mechanism around a sphere have been clarified.     

Thermal and induced flow characteristics of radio frequency surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuation at atmospheric pressure

Thermal and induced flow velocity characteristics of radio frequency(RF) surface dielectric barrier discharge(SDBD)plasma actuation are experimentally investigated in this paper. The spatial and temporal distributions of the dielectric surface temperature are measured with the infrared thermography at atmospheric pressure. In the spanwise direction, the highest dielectric surface temperature is acquired at the center of the high voltage electrode, while it reduces gradually along the chordwise direction. The maximum temperature of the dielectric surface raises rapidly once discharge begins.After several seconds(typically 100 s), the temperature reaches equilibrium among the actuator's surface, plasma, and surrounding air. The maximum dielectric surface temperature is higher than that powered by an AC power supply in dozens of k Hz. Influences of the duty cycle and the input frequency on the thermal characteristics are analyzed. When the duty cycle increases, the maximum dielectric surface temperature increases linearly. However, the maximum dielectric surface temperature increases nonlinearly when the input frequency varies from 0.47 MHz to 1.61 MHz. The induced flow velocity of the RF SDBD actuator is 0.25 m/s.     

Modification of surface properties of polypropylene (PP) film using DC glow discharge air plasma

The industrial use of polypropylene (PP) films is limited because of undesirable properties such as poor adhesion and printability. In the present study, a DC glow discharge plasma has been used to improve the surface properties of PP films and make it useful for technical applications. The change in hydrophilicity of modified PP film surface was investigated by contact angle (CA) and surface energy measurements as a function of exposure time. In addition, plasma-treated PP films have been subjected to an ageing process to determine the durability of the plasma treatment. Changes in morphological and chemical composition of PP films were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The improvement in adhesion was studied by measuring T-peel and lap shear strength. The results show that the surface hydrophilicity has been improved due to the increase in the roughness and the introduction of oxygen-containing polar groups. The AFM observation on PP film shows that the roughness of the surface increased due to plasma treatment. Analysis of chemical binding states and surface chemical composition by XPS showed an increase in the formation of polar functional groups and the concentration of oxygen content on the plasma-processed PP film surfaces. T-peel and lap shear test for adhesion strength measurement showed that the adhesion strength of the plasma-modified PP films increased compared with untreated films surface.     

Study of aerodynamic structure of flow in a model of vortex furnace using Stereo PIV method

The aerodynamic structure of flow in a lab model of a perspective design of vortex furnace was studied. The chamber has a horizontal rotation axis, tangential inlet for fuel-air jets and vertical orientation of secondary injection nozzles. The Stereo PIV method was used for visualization of 3D velocity field for selected cross sections of the vortex combustion chamber. The experimental data along with “total pressure minimum” criterion were used for reconstruction of the vortex core of the flow. Results fit the available data from LDA and simulation.     

Calculation of the flow of sputtered atoms returning to a target with a surface relief during sputtering in glow discharge

A model is constructed that describes the transport of a sputtered substance near a target with a relief surface that is sputtered in glow discharge. For a periodic relief with small amplitude, distribution of a return flow of sputtered atoms from a discharge gap is calculated by a perturbation method. It is shown that nonuniform repeated deposition of the substance sputtered from the target could be one of the causes of formation of a relief on its surface.     

Passive imaging of wind surface flow using an infrared camera

We present a method for passive imaging of wind motion against surfaces in a scene using an infrared video camera. Because the method does not require the introduction of contrast agents for visualization, it is possible to obtain real-time surface flow measurements across large areas and in natural outdoor conditions, without prior preparation of surfaces. We show that this method can be used not just for obtaining single snapshot images but also for real-time flow video, and demonstrate that it is possible to measure under a wide range of conditions.     

Visualization of a rotating flow under large-deformed free surface using anisotropic flakes

This study aims to clarify the relationship between the deformation of a free surface and flow transition in a “switching phenomenon” process. In a flow driven by a rotating disk in a cylindrical open vessel, the free surface irregularly changes its shape from axisymmetric to nonaxisymmetric and vice versa with repeating up-and-down motion (so-called “switching phenomenon”). The flow under the free surface was visualized by anisotropic flakes. When the free surface assumes a parabolic shape, the flow is distinguished by three regions; local circulation region, rigid vortex region and meridional circulation region. The flow transition in the switching phenomenon was shown by snapshots and movies of the visualized flow; the flow near the free surface is laminar even if the shape of the free surface changes to nonaxisymmetric during the time at which the free surface attaches to the bottom of the vessel. After the free surface detaches from the disk, the flow near the free surface becomes turbulent. When the free surface changes to axisymmetric while descending to the bottom, the flow changes from turbulent to laminar flow and the local circulation region reemerges at the center of the vessel.     

Passivation of GaAs(001) surface by the growth of high quality c-GaN ultra-thin film using low power glow discharge nitrogen plasma source

The benefits of using a low power glow discharge nitrogen plasma source to create high quality GaN layers on GaAs(001) surface are first highlighted. This uncommon type of plasma source has the particularity of working at a low power (3–10 W) and a low pressure (10^? 1 Pa) which induce creation of a small quantity of active nitrogen species. We put in evidence that this distinctiveness allows the growth of a stoichiometric and As-free GaN ultra-thin film on a GaAs(001) substrate by the mean of the inter-diffusion of As and N atoms. XPS, EELS, AFM are used to monitor surface composition and structure changes and to estimate the GaN thickness. A near saturation of the nitride layer thickness versus plasma exposure time is found. Furthermore, the possibility to crystallize the amorphous GaN layer by an annealing at 620 °C in a cubic structure with a lattice parameter close to that of c-GaN is put in evidence by means of TEM and LEED measurements. These measurements also show the homogeneity of the GaN thickness. In addition, the passivating effect of the GaN ultra-thin film to protect the GaAs surface is proved with the monitoring by XPS of the surface oxidation during several days of air exposure.