Compact polymer multi-nozzles electrospray device with integrated microfluidic feeding system

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) atomization consists in using an electric field for spraying a liquid flowing through a capillary. The applications are: mass spectrometry, colloid thrusters and more recently medicine nebulization processes. EHD atomization provides the ability to control the generated droplets size by adjusting electrospray parameters. It is however essential to manufacture the emitters into arrays because flow through a stable cone-jet mode electrospray can only be maintained at low flow rate and most applications require a high throughput. We propose a new design of a multiple electrospray system involving an innovative nozzle shape and flow restrictor system. Nozzles and microfluidic restrictor system are manufactured on the same polycarbonate sheet using the excimer laser technology and thus allowing a high compactness of this system.     

Empty bin effect and multiple bin phenomenon in dynamical fluctuations at high energies

Intermittency and multifractality characterizing the presence of dynamical fluctuations are analysed in terms of self-similar processes of Cantor type involving the continuous spectrum of singularities. The fundamental properties of the intermittency slopes _q as well as of the strength _q and the densityf _q , of singularities depending on the order parameterq are established. It is also argued here that the intermittency arisen owing to those self-similar processes leads to such anomalous fractal dimensions and density of singularities which hardly satisfy the assumptions allowing the interpretation of intermittency in terms of thermal as well as non-thermal phase transitions. Four concrete cases are discussed in the present contribution: the e⁺ e^– annihilations at s=29 GeV, the ¯pp interactions at s=1800 GeV, the collisions of 200 GeV/ nucleon¹⁶0 beams with the¹²C nuclei and the¹⁹⁷Au nuclei of energy 1 GeV/ nucleon break up into fragments when interacting with the nuclear emulsion. The corresponding data published so far reveal the fundamental properties following from the aforementioned processes with great accuracy.The author expresses his thanks to M. Markytan, H. Dibon and W. Kittel for fruitful discussions and F. Rimondi for providing him with the preliminary ¯pp data.     

Quasi-Kondo phenomenon due to the dynamical Jahn-Teller effect

A mechanism of the nonmagnetic Kondo effect is proposed on the basis of a multiorbital Anderson model coupled with dynamical Jahn-Teller (JT) phonons. An electron system coupled dynamically with JT phonons has a vibronic ground state with double degeneracy due to clockwise and anticlockwise rotational modes with entropy of log2. When a temperature is lower than a characteristic energy to turn the rotational direction, the rotational degree of freedom is eventually suppressed and the corresponding entropy is released, leading to quasi-Kondo behavior. We discuss a simple relation between the "Kondo" temperature and the JT energy.     

利用导电橡胶改进薄膜霍尔效应实验装置

介绍了利用导电橡胶对薄膜霍尔效应装置的改进方案及对新装置的性能测试结果.初步证实了将导电橡胶应用于薄膜霍尔效应测量装置时,具有电流线平行、不损伤薄膜、装片方便、接触电阻低、接触稳定等优点.     

Beam analysis of scanning electron microscope according to the mirror effect phenomenon

In a scanning electron microscope the influence of electronic beam parameters on the electron-mirror images has been investigated. A simple theoretical model for scanning electron beam behavior in terms of beam and surface potentials is presented. The derived expression relates the scanning beam parameters and parameters of an irradiation region. Influence of a beam (the size and current), scanning potential, working distance, trapped charge and the irradiated area on electron mirror images are defined. Results show that the electron beam current has a considerable effect on the deduced mirror images in comparison with the other beam parameters. So it could be adapted for adjusting the phenomena of mirror effect. Moreover, the trapped charges have been calculated and the results examined in comparison with experimental data.     

Numerical predictions of noise due to subsonic jets from nozzles with and without chevrons

Numerical simulations of round, compressible, turbulent jets using the Shear Stress Transport (SST k-ω) model have been carried out. The three-dimensional calculations have been done on a tetrahedral mesh with 0.9 million cells. Two jets, one cold and hot, have been simulated. The Mach number for both the cases is 0.75. Overall sound pressure levels (SPL) at far-field observer locations have been calculated using Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equation. The numerical predictions have been compared with experimental results available in the literature. Axial and radial variation of the mean axial velocity, axial variation of , radial variation of and overall SPL levels are compared. The potential core length is predicted well, but the predicted centerline velocity decay is faster than the measured value. The URANS calculations are not able to predict the absolute values for the overall SPL, but predict the trends reasonably well. The calculations predict the trends and absolute values of the variations of the spectral amplitude well for the aft receivers, but not for the forward receivers. Effect of chevrons on the noise from the jet is also investigated for cold and hot jets. In each case, two chevron taper angles, namely, 0° and 5° are considered. The latter nozzle produces the most significant modification to the baseline spectra and is less effective at high frequencies in abating the noise. The present calculations predict a reduction in the overall SPL for the chevron nozzle with 0° taper angle and a slight increase for chevron nozzle with 5° taper angle, for both cold and hot jets.     

单端面透射模式长周期光栅的设计和测试

本文设计了一种单端面长周期光栅透射模式折射率传感器。首先,将2×2单模光纤耦合器输入端的一个光纤接头与光源相连接、输出端的两个光纤接头分别与光谱分析仪和长周期光栅的一个光纤接头相连接。然后,在包含长周期光栅的光纤另一个端面溅射反射银膜。最后,以一系列不同折射率的甘油水溶液为待测液体介质研究了直接透射模式与单端面镀银膜模式下长周期光栅的响应光谱的异同。实验结果表明:单端面镀银膜的长周期光栅的响应光谱仍然以透射谱的形式出现。对于同一种液体,单端面镀银膜的长周期光栅与直接透射模式的长周期光栅的响应光谱有着近乎相同的谐振波长值,但它们的光损耗存在一定的差异。在0~80%的甘油溶液中,直接透射模式下的光损耗从-12.92 dB变为-16.28 dB,再逐渐变到-13.22 dB;单端面镀银膜模式下的光损耗从-13.13 dB变为-13.74 dB,再逐渐变到-11.45dB。与直接透射模式相比,单端面镀银膜的长周期光栅的相对光损耗与甘油浓度的线性关系更加良好。本研究设计的长周期光栅测量系统采用单端面探头的方式检测环境介质,因而在测量中操作更加灵活方便,非常适合于远距离、恶劣环境或深层液体环境中的折射率测量。     

Photon-assisted shot noise due to the charging effect in a quantum dot device

We have investigated the spectral density of shot noise for an ultra-small quantum dot(QD) system in the Coulomb blockade regime when irradiated with microwave fields (MWFs) by employing a nonequilibrium Green’s function technique. The shot noise is sensitive to Coulomb interaction, and the photon-assisted Coulomb blockade behaviour strongly modifies the mesoscopic transport. We have calculated the first and second derivatives of shot noise in the strong and weak coupling regimes to compare the theoretical results with existing experimental results. In the strong coupling regime, the first and second derivatives of shot noise display Fano type peak-valley structures around the charging channel 2E _c due to Coulomb interaction. When the magnitudes of the MWFs are sufficiently large, the system displays channel blockade due to photon irradiation. The photon-assisted and Coulomb blockade steps in the noise — as well as the resonant behaviour in the differential noise — are smeared by increasing temperature. The Coulomb interaction suppresses the shot noise, but the ac fields can either suppress the shot noise(balanced case) or enhance the shot noise(unbalanced case). The suppression of shot noise caused by ac fields in the balanced case is greater than that caused by Coulomb interaction in our system. Super-Poissonian shot noise may be induced due to the compound effects of strong Coulomb interaction and photon absorption-emission processes.     

graphene量子点的起伏效应对尺寸的敏感性研究

用第一原理研究了graphene量子点器件在不同尺寸时的输运特性,以得到起伏效应所引起的输运特性的变化,以及对尺寸的敏感性.研究结果表明无论电极与锯齿型边界的graphene量子点相连还是与扶手椅型边界的graphene量子点相连,都会受起伏效应较大的影响,并且随尺寸的不同影响程度也不同.加偏压后得到的电流也受较大影响,但两种连法受到的影响随尺寸的增加效果不同. 关键词： graphene 量子点 起伏效应     

Extraordinary surface voltage effect in the invisibility cloak with an active device inside

The electromagnetic field solution for a spherical invisibility cloak with an active device inside is established. Extraordinary electric and magnetic surface voltages are induced at the inner boundary of a spherical cloak, which prevent electromagnetic waves from going out. The phase and handness of polarized waves obliquely incident on such boundaries are kept in the reflected waves. The surface voltages due to an electric dipole inside the concealed region are found equal to the auxiliary scalar potentials at the inner boundary, which consequently gain physical counterparts in this case.     

Competitive adsorption of multiple proteins to nanoparticles: the Vroman effect revisited

ABSTRACT

Proteins adsorbed from the blood plasma change nanoparticles interactions with the surrounding biological environment. In general, the adsorption of multiple proteins has a non-monotonic time dependence, that is, proteins adsorbed at first may slowly be replaced by others. This ‘Vroman effect’ leads to a highly dynamic protein corona on nanoparticles that profoundly influences the immune response of the body. Thus, the temporal evolution of the corona must be taken into account when considering applications of nanocarriers in, e.g., nanomedicine or drug delivery. Up to now, the Vroman effect is explained solely in terms of diffusion: Smaller proteins which diffuse faster are adsorbed first, while larger ones, having a stronger interaction with the surface, are preferred at equilibrium. Here we use dynamic density functional theory (DDFT) including steric and electrostatic interactions to provide a full model for the temporal evolution of the protein corona. In particular, we demonstrate that proper consideration of all interactions leads to Vroman-like adsorption signatures in widely different scenarios. Moreover, consideration of energetic terms predicts both competitive as well as cooperative adsorption. In this way, DDFT provides a reacher picture of the evolution of the dynamic protein corona.     

Vibration frequencies for a uniform beam with one end spring-hinged and subjected to a translational restraint at the other end

The purpose of the present study is to deal with the free vibration of a beam hinged at one end by a rotational spring and subjected to the restraining action of a translational spring at the other end. The eigenfrequencies for the fundamental mode are presented for different values of the parameters K_RL/EI and K_TL³/EI, where KR and K_T are the stiffness constants of the springs.     

端面受到空气阻力的弹性杆的振动

研究了一端固定、一端受到空气阻力的弹性杆的振动.建立了受阻力端的近似边界条件.本征振动模式含有阻尼振动特有的指数衰减因子,但不具有分离变量的形式.因为边界条件不属于斯特姆-刘维型,所以关于本征函数的完备性和正交性的一般定理不适用于本问题.用拉普拉斯变换法求解了任意给定初始条件下的振动.     

“端面受到空气阻力的弹性杆的振动”续谈

采用传统的分离变量法,讨论了端面受阻尼作用的弹性杆振动问题.分离变量得到了一种新类型的本征值问题:本征值为复数,相应的本征函数也是复函数.尽管本征函数本身不具有正交性,但是重新组合之后能够构造出一组正交完备函数组,从而为求解这一定解问题奠定了良好的理论基础.笔者分析了这一解法的理论含义,提出了一系列基本的理论问题,并回...     

The photorefractive effect at large modulation depth in semiconductors with multiple defect levels

The photorefractive effect in semiconducting materials with multiple defects is studied in the case of modulation depth m=1. The basic equations are Poisson’s equation and the continuity equations for electrons, holes and occupied defect levels. They include all recombination and optical generation mechanisms between the defect levels and valence and conduction bands. Their explicit numerical solution yields microscopic quantities such as space- and time-dependent electrical field profiles, carrier concentrations, as well as generation and recombination rates. The fundamental Fourier component of the electric field yields the two-wave-mixing gain. Application is made for InP with two levels in the forbidden gap, for which steady-state and transient resulting quantities are shown. The resulting features at large modulation depth are of non-sinusoidal shape. Due to the complexity of the system, the final results strongly depend on all parameters intervening in the models used, as is illustrated for several typical cases. Received: 14 August 2001 / Revised version: 16 October 2001 / Published online: 29 November 2001     

Turbulent statistical characteristics associated to the north wind phenomenon in southern Brazil with application to turbulent diffusion

A parameterization for the transport processes in a shear driven planetary boundary layer (PBL) has been established employing turbulent statistical quantities measured during the north wind phenomenon in southern Brazil. Therefore, observed one-dimensional turbulent energy spectra are compared with a spectral model based on the Kolmogorov arguments. The good agreement obtained from this comparison leads to well defined formulations for the turbulent velocity variance, local decorrelation time scale and eddy diffusivity. Furthermore, for vertical regions in which the wind shear forcing is relevant, the eddy diffusivity derived from the north wind data presents a similar profile to those obtained from the non-extensive statistical mechanics theory. Finally, a validation for the present parameterization has been accomplished, using a Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model. The Prairie Grass data set, which presents high mean wind speed, is simulated. The analysis developed in this study shows that the turbulence parameterization constructed from wind data for north wind flow cases is able to describe the diffusion in a high wind speed, shear-dominated PBL.     

Development of a resonator with automatic tuning and coupling capability to minimize sample motion noise for in vivo EPR spectroscopy

EPR spectroscopy has been applied to measure free radicals in vivo; however, respiratory, cardiac, and other movements of living animals are a major source of noise and spectral distortion. Sample motions result in changes in resonator frequency, Q, and coupling. These instabilities limit the applications that can be performed and the quality of data that can be obtained. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop resonators with automatic tuning and automatic coupling capability. We report the development of automatic tuning and automatic coupling provisions for a 750-MHz transversely oriented electric field reentrant resonator using two electronically tunable high Q hyperabrupt varactor diodes and feedback loops. In both moving phantoms and living mice, these automatic coupling control and automatic tuning control provisions resulted in an 8- to 10-fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio.     

Taking advantage of multiple scattering to communicate with time-reversal antennas

We present an experimental demonstration showing that, contrary to first intuition, the more scattering a mesoscopic medium is, the more information can be conveyed through it. We used a multiple input-multiple output configuration: a multichannel ultrasonic time-reversal antenna is used to transmit random series of bits simultaneously to different receivers which were only a few wavelengths apart. Whereas the transmission is free of error when multiple scattering occurs in the propagation medium, the error rate is huge in a homogeneous medium.     

Experimental determination of space charge density associated with flow electrification phenomenon: Application to power transformers

At the solid/liquid interface, a charge zone called the Electrical Double Layer (EDL) appears. It is constituted of two zones of opposite sign, one in the solid and another one in the liquid. When a liquid flows through a pipe, an axial streaming current is generated. This current is due to the convection of the charges coming from the electrical layer in the liquid. The experimental methods for the determination of space charge density have been clearly identified in the case of fully-developed EDL. On the contrary, there is a need for further exploration in the case of a non-fully developed EDL. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the fully developed space charge density at the wall by streaming electrification experiments which are conducted in the case of non-fully developed EDL. Moreover, it introduces a simplified procedure for the experimental determination of space charge density as a function of liquid flow velocity. This procedure can be conducted for the investigation of flow electrification phenomena in transformers with oil/metal configuration.