Extensional dynamics of viscoplastic filaments: I. Long-wave approximation and the Rayleigh instability

We derive an asymptotic reduced model for the extensional dynamics of long, slender, axisymmetric threads of incompressible Herschel–Bulkley fluids. The model describes the competition between viscoplasticity, gravity, surface tension and inertia, and is used to explore the viscoplastic Rayleigh instability. A finite-amplitude initial perturbation is required to yield the fluid and initiate capillary-induced thinning. The critical amplitude necessary for thinning depends on both the wavelength of the perturbation and on the yield stress. We also numerically examine the inertialess growth of the instability and the progression towards pinch-off. The final self-similar form of inertialess pinch-off is similar to that for a power-law fluid.     

A one-dimensional theory for viscoelastic fluid jets,with application to extrudate swell and draw-down under gravity

A model is derived for a viscoelastic fluid jet based on a one-dimensional directed curve idealization. It incorporates the general influences on the free surface geometry of surface tension, inertia viscosity, elasticity and gravity. The model is applied to the special case of an axisymmetric torsionless jet, and the observed fluid jet phenomena of extrudate swell and draw-down under gravity are described. In particular: (a) When gravity is neglected in the model, the jet outer radius asymptotically approaches a final value which depends on the radius and velocity of the jet at the nozzle, the stress state in the fluid at the nozzle, certain material constants characterizing the fluid, and surface tension; (b) When gravity is included, the jet swells to a maximum radius, then necks down to zero radius at infinity. Some planned future applications of the model and these special solutions are indicated.     

Breakup of a capillary bridge of suspensions

The breakup of liquid bridges under the action of capillary forces is used for studying the rheology of suspensions under stretching. The experiments were performed with suspensions of finegrained (3–30 μm) sand in glycerin for sand volume fractions up to 0.465. The bridge thinning process was registered using an electro-optical measuring device and videofilming. The results were analyzed on the basis of a theory developed earlier for the thinning of a liquid bridge under the action of capillary forces. It is found that, for fairly slow stretching realized in the initial stage of the thinning, the rheological behavior of the suspensions considered agrees with the model of a Newtonian viscous fluid. Along with this, the measured effective viscosity of the suspension turned out to be approximately two-fold greater than the suspension viscosity under shear. The origin of this discrepancy is analyzed. With increase in the stretching rate, in the final stage of the thinning, the weakening of the suspension occurs, which is manifested in the formation of a local rapidly thinning neck in the bridge, similar to that observed in the breakup of plastic materials.     

The influence of twist on the motion of straight elliptical jets

This paper is concerned with a fairly detailed analysis of the motion of a straight elliptical jet of an incompressible, inviscid fluid in which the jet is allowed to twist along its axis. Our study, which includes the effects of gravity and surface tension, utilizes the nonlinear differential equations of the one-dimensional theory of a directed fluid jet. A number of theorems are proved pertaining to the motion of a twisted elliptical jet and some special solutions are obtained which illustrate the influence of twist.     

The nonlinear interaction of vortex rings with a free surface

Nonlinear interactions of vortex rings with a free surface are considered in an incompressible, ideal fluid using the vortex contour dynamics technique and the boundary integral equation method. The flow is axisymmetric and the vorticity is linearly distributed in the vortex. Effects of the gravity and the surface tension as well as the initial geometric parameter of the vortex on the interaction process are investigated in considerable detail. The interaction process may be divided into three major stages: the vortex free-traveling stage, the collision stage, and the vortex stretching and rebounding stage. Time evolutions of both the vortex and free surface under various conditions are provided and analyzed. Two kinds of waves exist on the free surface during interaction. In a special case where the gravity and surface tension are very weak or the vortex is very strong, an electric-bulb-like ‘cavity’ is formed on the free surface and the vortex is trapped in the ‘cavity’ for quite a long time, resulting in a large amount of fluid above the mean fluid surface. The project supported by the National Education Commission of China and NASA under cooperative grant agreement # NCC5-34     

Dispersion of linear gravity waves on a viscoelastic fluid in an horizontal canal

A characteristic equation is derived that describes the spatial decay of linear surface gravity waves on Maxwell fluids. Except at small frequencies, the derived dispersion relation is different from the temporal decay dispersion relation which is normally studied within fluid mechanics. The implications for waves on viscous Newtonian fluids using the two different dispersion relations is briefly discussed. The wave number is measured experimentally as function of the frequency in a horizontal canal. Seven Newtonian fluids and four viscoelastic liquids with constant viscosity have been used in the experiments. The spatial decay theory for Newtonian fluids fits well to the experimental data. The model and experiments are used to determine limits for the Maxwell fluid time numbers for the four viscoelastic liquids. As a result of low viscosity it was not possible within this study to obtain these time numbers from oscillatory experiments. Therefore, a comparison of surface gravity wave experiments with theory is applicable as a method to evaluate memory times of low viscosity viscoelastic fluids.     

Experimental study of the stability of long axisymmetric liquid bridges between solid supports at different temperatures

The stability of axisymmetric, long liquid bridges held captive between two coaxial, circular solid disks kept at different temperatures is considered. Because of the temperature difference between the supporting disks, a thermally-induced surface tension gradient and its associated flow (Marangoni convection) appear in the liquid column, modifying (decreasing) the capillary stability of the bridge. The influence on the stability limits of long, axisymmetric liquid bridges of the combined effect of gravity acceleration and thermally induced surface tension gradients was experimentally analyzed by using very small size liquid bridges (between disks 1 mm in diameter). Experimental results are compared with available analytical results.     

Instability of the magnetic fluid shape in the field of a line conductor with current

The static shape of the surface of a finite magnetic fluid volume between horizontal plates is investigated theoretically. The nonuniform magnetic field is generated by a horizontal line conductor with current, which is placed above the upper plate. The variational problem of minimum energy relative to plane surface perturbations is considered for a simply connected magnetic fluid volume. The problem is solved for arbitrary magnetic fields in the noninductive approximation with account for the gravity force and surface tension. Unstable solutions are found. The possibility of stepwise behavior in response to quasi-static changes of the current in the conductor is investigated for the surface shape of a finite magnetic fluid volume.     

Nonlinear waves in a liquid film on a near-horizontal surface

Nonlinear waves in a liquid film on a slightly inclined rigid plane are studied. A mathematical model is reduced to a system of two evolutionary equations for the layer thickness and the local fluid mass flow. In addition to viscous forces, gravity, and surface tension, the pressure difference over the layer thickness, induced by the gravity force projection on the normal to the underlying surface, is also taken into account. Spatially periodic solutions developing with time from small initial disturbances into regular nonlinear waves are considered. A spectral representation of the solution, the Galerkin method with respect to the uniform coordinate, and subsequent numerical calculation of the corresponding dynamic system on large time intervals are employed. Different variants in the space of the three governing parameters are calculated and some basic mechanisms of nonlinear dynamics of the two-dimensional waves are detected. The calculation results are compared with the existing experimental data. It is shown that the theoretical conclusions can be used to interpret and predict experiments.     

Symmetries of boundary layer equations of power-law fluids of second grade

A modified power-law fluid of second grade is considered. The model is a combination of power-law and second grade fluid in which the fluid may exhibit normal stresses, shear thinning or shear thickening behaviors. The equations of motion are derived for two dimensional incompressible flows, and from which the boundary layer equations are derived. Symmetries of the boundary layer equations are found by using Lie group theory, and then group classification with respect to power-law index is performed. By using one of the symmetries, namely the scaling symmetry, the partial differential system is transformed into an ordinary differential system, which is numerically integrated under the classical boundary layer conditions. Effects of power-law index and second grade coefficient on the boundary layers are shown and solutions are contrasted with the usual second grade fluid solutions.     

A finite difference analysis of the extrudate swell problem

The extrudate swell phenomenon of a purely viscous fluid is analysed by solving simultaneously the Cauchy momentum equations along with the continuity equation by means of a finite difference method. The circular and planar jet flows of Newtonian and power-law fluids are simulated using a control volume finite difference method suggested by Patankar called SIMPLER (semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations). This method uses the velocity components and pressure as the primitive variables and employs a staggered grid and control volume for each separate variable. The numerical results show good agreement with the analytical solution of the axisymmetric stick-slip problem and exhibit a Newtonian swelling ratio of 13.2% or 19.2% for a capillary or slit die respectively in accordance with previously reported experimental and numerical results. Shear thinning results in a decrease in swelling ratio, as does the introduction of gravity and surface tension.     

Dynamics of horizontal viscoelastic fluid filaments

The tension force of a thinning high-molecular polymer solution filament is measured using the filament itself as a force sensor. The axial filament stresses and the effects of fluid flow from the filament into adjacent drops are estimated. It is shown that these effects are insignificant for polymer solutions in a low-viscosity solvent (water) but substantial for solutions in a high-viscosity fluid (glycerine). A modification of the standard rheological capillary filament method is proposed. This modification makes it possible to exclude any hypotheses concerning the stress distribution pattern within the filament. Periodic transverse oscillations of the filament axis are revealed and analyzed.     

Nonlinear analysis of the deformation and breakup of viscous microjets using the method of lines

We present a numerical model for predicting the instability and breakup of viscous microjets of Newtonian fluid. We adopt a one‐dimensional slender‐jet approximation and obtain the equations of motion in the form of a pair of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). We solve these equations using the method of lines, wherein the PDEs are transformed to a system of ordinary differential equations for the nodal values of the jet variables on a uniform staggered grid. We use the model to predict the instability and satellite formation in infinite microthreads of fluid and continuous microjets that emanate from an orifice. For the microthread analysis, we take into account arbitrary initial perturbations of the free‐surface and jet velocity, as well as Marangoni instability that is due to an arbitrary variation in the surface tension. For the continuous nozzle‐driven jet analysis, we take into account arbitrary time‐dependent perturbations of the free‐surface, velocity and/or surface tension as boundary conditions at the nozzle orifice. We validate the model using established computational data, as well as axisymmetric, volume of fluid (VOF) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. The key advantages of the model are its ease of implementation and speed of computation, which is several orders of magnitude faster than the VOF CFD simulations. The model enables rapid parametric analysis of jet breakup and satellite formation as a function of jet dimensions, modulation parameters, and fluid rheology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Breakup of a liquid bridge as a method of rheological testing of biological fluids

A method for the on-line testing of small volumes of biological fluids is presented. The method is based on the ability of some liquids to form, when stretched, long thinning filaments, liquid bridges. Measuring the filament thinning rate makes it possible to determine the rheological parameters of the fluid. The method was tested on synthetic polymer solutions and biological fluids, such as saliva, bronchial sputum, follicular fluid, and chicken egg albumen and yolk. The results evidence that this technique can be used in various biomechanical applications, in particular, for disease diagnostics and treatment monitoring.     

On the behavior of viscoelastic free jets with elliptical cross section

In [1,2] we develop a comprehensive theory of one space dimensional closure models (closed systems of 1-D equations for the unknown, or modal, variables) for free viscoelastic jets. These closure models are derived via asymptotics from the full 3-D boundary value problem under the conditions of a Von Kármán-like flow geometry, a Maxwell-Jeffreys constitutive model, elliptical free surface cross section, and a slender jet scaling. The focus of the present paper is to determine the consequences and predictions of the lowest order system of equations in this asymptotic analysis. For the special cases of elliptical inviscid and Newtonian free jets, subject to the effects of surface tension and gravity, our model predicts oscillation of the major axis of the free surface elliptical cross section between perpendicular directions with distance down the jet, and draw-down of the cross section, in agreement with observed behavior. In the absence of surface tension the transformation from a cross section with major axis in one direction to a cross section with major axis in the perpendicular direction occurs only once, in agreement with the observation of Taylor [4]. In viscoelastic regimes, our model predicts swell of the elliptical extrudate and distortion of the elliptical extrudate cross section from the dimensions of the die aperture.     

高速射弹超空泡流动的重力和压缩性效应

超空泡射弹是一种新型的水下高速动能武器。基于理想可压缩势流理论,考虑流体的重力效应,建立了水下细长锥形射弹超空泡流动的统一理论模型和数值计算方法,分别导出了亚、超声速条件下用于计算细长锥形射弹超空泡形态的积分-微分方程。采用二次多项式局部拟合空泡,提出了超空泡形态的数值离散和递推求解方法。通过超空泡长细比的渐近解与数值解计算结果比较,验证了所建立的理论模型和计算方法的有效性。通过分析细长锥形射弹在不同运动方式、深度、速度条件下的超空泡形态和流体动力系数计算结果,明确了流体重力和压缩性效应对超空泡尺度、射弹表面压力分布和压差阻力系数的影响。     

An Estimate for the Morse Index of a Stokes Wave

Stokes waves are steady periodic water waves on the free surface of an infinitely deep irrotational two-dimensional flow under gravity without surface tension. They can be described in terms of solutions of the Euler–Lagrange equation of a certain functional; this allows one to define the Morse index of a Stokes wave. It is well known that if the Morse indices of the elements of a set of non-singular Stokes waves are bounded, then none of them is close to a singular one. The paper presents a quantitative variant of this result.     

Dynamics of ellipsoidal cavities in fluid

A mathematical model of the hydrodynamics of free closed surfaces in a fluid is expounded. It is used for studying the dynamics of ellipsoidal cavities during their development. The model is based on a system of differential equations that accounts for the influence exerted on the dynamics of cavities by various perturbations such as gravity, surface tension, viscosity, and geometrical features of the cavity. Solving this system makes it possible to determine the hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow around the cavity and to plot cavity shapes depending on time and flow regimes. Characteristic features of the development of such cavities under gravity and surface tension are established __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 24–31, February 2006.     

Experimental investigation of the impaction of water droplets on cylindrical objects

The impaction of water droplets on isothermal cylindrical wires has been investigated experimentally in the present study. Mono-size droplets of 110, 350 and 680 μm in diameter were generated using piezoelectric droplet generators. The effects of droplet velocity and wire size were varied parametrically to reveal the impacting phenomena. Typical modes of the impaction outcome are disintegration and dripping. For droplets impacting on small wires, finer drops are disintegrated if the impacting droplet velocity is high, and larger dripping drops are observed if the velocity is low. For droplets impacting on large wires, bigger pendent drops are gradually formed which would eventually detach from the wires under the influence of gravity. In addition, droplets impacting on wires with waxy surface generate smaller dripping drops than that of the non-waxed wires. A non-dimensional regime map and new formulations in terms of the droplet Weber number, the wire Bond number and the size ratio of the wire diameter to incoming droplet diameter have been established to identify the regime for each mode of outcome and to predict the size of the dripping drops within the experimental limits.     

On study of horizontal thin film flow of Sisko fluid due to surface tension gradient

The present paper is concerned with the steady thin film flow of the Sisko fluid on a horizontal moving plate, where the surface tension gradient is a driving mechanism. The analytic solution for the resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equation is obtained by the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). The physical quantities are derived including the pressure profile, the velocity profile, the maximum residue time, the stationary points, the volume flow rate, the average film velocity, the uniform film thickness, the shear stress, the surface tension profile, and the vorticity vector. It is found that the velocity of the Sisko fluid film decreases when the fluid behavior index and the Sisko fluid parameter increase, whereas it increases with an increase in the inverse capillary number. An increase in the inverse capillary number results in an increase in the surface tension which in turn results in an increase in the surface tension gradient on the Sisko fluid film. The locations of the stationary points are shifted towards the moving plate with the increase in the inverse capillary number, and vice versa locations for the stationary points are found with the increasing Sisko fluid parameter. Furthermore, shear thinning and shear thickening characteristics of the Sisko fluid are discussed. A comparison is made between the Sisko fluid film and the Newtonian fluid film.