Miniemulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate. I. Differences between the miniemulsion copolymerization and the emulsion copolymerization processes

Differences between the emulsion copolymerization and miniemulsion copolymerization processes, in terms of emulsifier adsorption, emulsion stability, polymerization kinetics, copolymer composition and dynamic mechanical properties were studied for the comonomer mixture of 50:50 molar ratio vinyl acetate (VA+)—butyl acrylate (BuA), using sodium hexadecyl sulfate (SHS) as a surfactant and hexadecane (HD) as a co-surfactant. The use of hexadecane with the appropriate SHS initial concentration led to a higher adsorption of surfactant, smaller droplet size, higher stability of the emulsions, lower polymerization rates, and larger latex particle size. The copolymer composition during the initial 70% conversion was found to be less rich in Vac monomer units for the miniemulsion process. The dynamic mechanical properties of the copolymer films showed less mixing between the BuA-rich core and the VAc-rich shell in the miniemulsion latexes compared to the conventional latex films.     

Preparation and characterization of waterborne cellulose emulsion based on nitrocellulose modified with acrylic copolymer

A novel environmental-friendly waterborne nitrocellulose (WNC) emulsion was prepared by self-emulsifying method, using nitrocellulose as a base materials, acrylic acid, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and isophorone diisocyanate as raw materials, and the structure was analyzed by FTIR. The properties of films formed by WNC emulsion were investigated by SEM, TGA, and TEM. The water resistance and tensile properties of the films were also investigated. The results indicated that WNC emulsion particle dispersed in water has a core–shell structure as expected. In addition, WNC films synthesized were smooth and hydrophobic with average water contact angle of 114.6°. Moreover, the WNC films showed the better tensile properties than that of NC films with acrylic copolymer introduced into WNC films. The novel WNC emulsion is promising to broaden the applications in some field.     

自交联型含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物的合成与表征

含氟丙烯酸酯;自交联;无皂乳液;接触角滞后     

Hydrophobic Properties of Thin Films of Comb-Shaped Perfluorohexylethyl Methacrylate-Polydimethylsiloxane Copolymers Deposited from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solutions

Comb-shaped copolymers of perfluorohexylethyl methacrylate and methacryloxypropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane are synthesized by radical polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide, solubility of the copolymers in supercritical carbon dioxide is studied, and hydrophobic properties of thin films obtained via precipitation of the copolymers from trifluorotrichloroethane and supercritical carbon dioxide solutions on substrates are examined. On the basis of water and dimethyl sulfoxide contact angle measurements, the specific free surface energy of the formed films is calculated. It is shown that the thin films of the copolymers have a lower surface energy and are characterized by a smaller water contact angle hysteresis than the films based on homopolymer poly(perfluorohexylethyl methacrylate). A comparative testing of coatings based on the homopolymer and copolymer deposited from solutions in supercritical carbon dioxide on the surface of nylon fabrics is performed. It is found that copolymer-coated fabrics have on average higher water contact angles.     

含氟丙烯酸酯三元共聚物乳液的研究

以丙烯酸全氟烷基酯 (ZonylTM)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)、丙烯酸丁酯 (BA)为原料 ,在阴离子乳化体系中制备了含氟丙烯酸三元共聚物乳液 .研究了聚合反应动力学、转化率的各种影响因素 ,得出了聚合速率方程 ,并得出反应的表观活化能 (Ea)为 5 0 75 8kJ mol.考察了乳液的稀释稳定性、贮存稳定性、离心稳定性、耐热、耐寒稳定性 ,及乳胶膜的吸水性和耐溶剂性 .并用Wilhelmy方法测定了乳胶膜与水的接触角 ,结果表明乳胶膜对水的抗浸润力大大提高     

Preparation of end-grafted polymer brushes by nitroxide-mediated free radical polymerization of vaporized vinyl monomers

In this work, we report a gas-phase polymerization approach to create end-grafted vinyl based polymer films on silicon oxide based substrates. The "surface-initiated vapor deposition polymerization" (SI-VDP) of vaporized vinyl monomers, via the nitroxide-mediated free radical polymerization mechanism, was developed to fabricate various homo- and block copolymer brushes from surface-bound initiators, 1-(4'-oxa-2'-phenyl-12'-trimethoxysilyldodecyloxy)-2,2,6,6-tetra-methylpiperidine ("TEMPO"). The resulting polymer thin films were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and contact angle goniometry, respectively, to identify the surface composition, film thickness, surface coverage, and water contact angles. Through the SI-VDP, end-grafted polymer films of polystyrene (PSt), poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc), poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) (PHPMA), and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) with 10-200 nm thicknesses were fabricated. Furthermore, the block copolymer films of PAAc (1st block)-b-PSt (2nd block), PSt (1st block)-b-PAAc (2nd block), and a triblock copolymer film of PAAc (1st)-b-PSt (2nd)-b-PHPMA (3rd), were also fabricated, suggesting the "renewability" of the TEMPO-initiated polymerization in the SI-VDP scheme. It is also noticed that the SI-VDP is more efficient than the conventional solution phase polymerization in producing functional polymer brushes such as PNIPAAm, PAAc, or PAAc-b-PSt end-grafted films. In summary, our studies have shown clear advantages of the SI-VDP setup for the nitroxide-mediated polymerization scheme in controlling synthesis of end-grafted homo- and copolymer thin films.     

Hydrophobic and Oleophobic Epoxy Surfaces Prepared by a Facile Process with Fluorosilicone Copolymer and SiO2 Nano-Particle

Hydrophobic and oleophobic surfaces with multi-scale structures were prepared on epoxy coating surfaces by using a facile process with fluorosilicone copolymer and SiO₂ nano-particles. The fluorosilicone copolymers were synthesized using perfluoroalkyl acrylate (FA), vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) and styrene (St) as comonomers via radical emulsion polymerization. In this paper, the surface properties of epoxy coating modified by fluorosilicone copolymer and SiO₂ nano-particles were analyzed by using the contact angle measurement. The results showed that the modified epoxy coating surface exhibited not only excellent hydrophobicity but also oleophobicity, the water contact angle reached as high as 149° and the oil (atoleine) contact angle 101°, respectively.     

氟含量对含氟丙烯酸酯共混乳胶膜梯度结构和表面性能的影响

首先将制备出的平均粒径较小的含氟丙烯酸酯均聚物乳液与平均粒径较大的纯丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液按不同的比例( 1/9,2/8,3/7,4/6,5/5)共混,接着将各共混乳液在室温下(20℃)玻璃基材上干燥后,于110℃/210℃下热处理一段时间.运用接触角法,XPS、AFM、SEM-EDX等详细研究了共混乳胶膜中含氟组分含量对...     

半连续乳液聚合

从聚合速率，粒径及粒径分布，粒子数，分子量及分子量分布，共聚物组成；胶乳稳定性及有面基团浓度，膜性能等方面介绍了半连续乳液聚合的特点，并阐述水溶性大单体对半连续乳液聚合及其产物性能的影响。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Monodisperse Emulsion Copolymer

Monodisperse emulsion copolymer was synthesized by semi-continuous core-shell emulsion polymerization of styrene, butyl acrylate and γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane(KH570). The emulsion particles size and its polydispersion were measured by dynamic light scattering(DLS). The properties of emulsion copolymer were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and measurement of contact angle. The particle morphology was observed under a transmission electron microscope(TEM) and atomic force microscopy(AFM). The results indicate that emulsion nanoparticles containing silicon possess core-shell structures and narrow polydispersity(PDI≤0.08). The thermal stability and hydrophobicity of emulsion copolymer were improved with KH570 introduced into the system.     

用含氟丙烯酸酯无规共聚物制备超疏水膜

用微乳液聚合法制备了丙烯酸全氟烷基乙酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的无规共聚物,并对其进行了表征.采用溶剂挥发成膜法一步制备了具有超疏水性的该聚合物膜,水滴在该聚合物膜上的静态接触角可达151°~160°,滚动角小于3°.通过扫描电子显微镜观察发现该聚合物膜表面分布了许多乳突状突起和微孔洞,并具有微米和纳米尺度相结合的复合杂化结构.该类超疏水表面的形成是由适度粗糙的表面和低表面能相互结合引起的.探讨了该类超疏水膜的形成机理.     

预聚物复合助稳定剂条件下含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物的细乳液聚合

以甲基丙烯酸三氟乙酯(TFMA)、苯乙烯(St)和丙烯酸丁酯(BA)为共聚单体,在十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)/磺酸盐型阴离子氟表面活性剂(S100)/辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)组成的乳化体系中,采用预聚物和十六醇(HDL)共同组成的复合助稳定剂,对细乳液聚合制备St/BA/TFMA三元共聚物的过程进行了研究.通过F...     

含氟丙烯酸酯共聚乳液及其膜表面特性的研究

以十二烷基硫酸钠 (SDS)和OP 10混合乳化剂 ,制备了甲基丙烯酸全氟辛基乙酯 (FMA8) 甲基丙烯酸丁酯 (BMA) 甲基丙烯酸 (MAA)共聚乳液 .通过DSC、FT IR、1 H NMR对共聚物的结构、组成进行了表征研究 .采用JZHY 180界面张力仪研究了共聚乳液膜表面的性质 ,结果表明 ,随着共聚物中全氟单体含量的增加 ,共聚物膜的表面能显著降低 ,当全氟单体的含量达到 2 5wt %时 ,其表面能降低到 19 74mJ m2 .X ray光电子能谱(XPS)对共聚物表面原子组成的分析结果表明 ,共聚物表面氟的含量远高于其平均含量 ,证明了含氟基团的趋表现象 .经退火处理 ,共聚物膜表面的氟含量增加 ,表面自由能降低     

Data Reconciliation and Control in Styrene-Butadiene Emulsion Polymerizations

Summary: A nonlinear model-based predictive control (NLMPC) method was developed using a First Principles model of an emulsion copolymerization of carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR). Copolymer composition, conversion and average molecular weights of the copolymer were chosen as the controlled variables due to their influence on the final product properties and quality. These properties, however, are rarely measured in-line due to the operational difficulties associated with their measurement. For this reason a soft-sensor using reaction calorimetry techniques was developed and used to infer reaction conditions, rates, species concentrations and polymer properties in a industrial scale emulsion polymerization reactor.     

氟代丙烯酸酯三元共聚物细乳液的合成与表征

在低乳化剂用量和不加助乳化剂的条件下,采用细乳液聚合方法,合成了平均粒径在110～150nm的氟代丙烯酸酯(FA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)及甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)三元共聚物乳液.利用GPC,FTIR及¹HNMR谱表征了共聚物分子量和结构组成,采用激光光散射法研究了聚合过程中粒径变化规律,通过接触角方法对共聚物表面性能进行了表征.结果表明,油溶性引发剂AIBN引发FA-MMA-BMA三元细乳液共聚合的主要成核场所为单体液滴.即每个单体液滴都是一个独立的微型反应器,可避免因为单体水溶性的差异而使共聚组成产生漂移.细乳液聚合合成含氟共聚物乳液的分子量分布窄(1.3～1.5),乳液稳定性能好,共聚物在低含氟量下即表现出优异的疏水疏油性能.     

两亲接枝共聚物PS-g-N-PEO的合成及表面性能研究——铸膜溶剂及浓度的影响

采用大分子单体法合成了一系列聚苯乙烯接枝壬基酚聚氧乙烯 (PS g NPEO)两亲共聚物 ,采用溶液铸膜法将其在PET表面制膜 ,并利用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) ,X射线光电子能谱 (XPS) ,衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR)和水接触角 (CA)等手段研究了共聚物组成、铸膜溶剂及浓度对共聚物膜表面形貌、组成及水浸润性能的影响 .结果表明 ,两亲接枝共聚物在不同条件下可形成规则的表面微孔 ,共聚物中NPEO含量越高 ,共聚物膜表面微孔孔径越大 ,对应的水接触角越小 .以THF为铸膜溶剂时 ,制膜浓度越大 ,共聚物膜表面微孔孔径越大 ,对应的水接触角越小 ;而以甲苯为溶剂时 ,制膜浓度对共聚物膜表面形貌影响不大 ,但水接触角要较THF体系显著降低 ,水接触角与浓度关系与THF体系相反 ,制膜浓度越大 ,对应的水接触角越大 .制膜浓度相同时 ,THF作溶剂 ,共聚物膜微孔较大 ,表面亲水组分含量较低 ;以甲苯为溶剂 ,微孔较密 ,表面亲水组分较高 .     

pH-responsive copolymer films by surface-catalyzed growth

We have engineered a new class of pH-responsive polymer films on gold surfaces by first developing a controlled, surface-catalyzed polymerization to prepare a copolymer film consistent with poly(methylene-co-ethyl acetate) and subsequently hydrolyzing the ester side chains to varying extents to yield carboxylic acids (denoted as PM-CO2H). When pH is increased, the acid groups become deprotonated or charged, dramatically increasing their water solubility and greatly altering the film properties. The carboxylic acid content within the copolymer film can be adjusted by changing the monomer concentration ratio used in the polymerization process or the length of time for the hydrolysis. We have designed PM-CO2H films to consist predominately (>95%) of polymethylene (PM) so that the film is hydrophobic in the uncharged state and, thereby, exhibits an extremely large pH-induced response in barrier properties once ionized. The effect of polymer composition on pH response was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), reflectance-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), and contact angle measurements. At a 1%-4% molar acid content, the copolymer film exhibits a 5 orders of magnitude change in its resistance to ion transport over 2-3 pH units. The pH at which this response begins can be tailored from pH 5 to pH 10 by decreasing the acid content in the film from 4% to 1%.     

含氟丙烯酸酯共聚乳液的制备及表征

采用十二烷基硫酸钠和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)混合乳化剂，制备了粒径为40-50nm的甲基丙烯酸全氟辛基乙酯(FMA8)-甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)-甲基丙烯酸(MA)共聚物乳液。通过DSC、、FTIR、^1H-NMR等手段对共聚物进行了表征。考察了乳液的稳定性、乳胶膜的吸水性和耐溶剂性以及全氟单体的含量对聚合反应的影响。     

PREPARATION AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF ACRYLIC COPOLYMERS CONTAINING FLUORINATED MONOMERS

A series of copolymers comprising butylmethacrylate, styrene, butylacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate and perfluoroalkyl methacrylate were synthesized by the free radical polymerization using BPO as an initiator. The surface property of the copolymer films was subsequently characterized. The contact angle measurements and energy dispersive analysis of X-ray （EDAX） show that the length and content of perfluoroalkyl side chains in the copolymers are crucial for the preparation of the film with low surface energy. At a given content of fluorinated monomers in the copolymers, the longer the perfluoroalkyl side chain, the larger the water contact angle of the copolymer films will be. On the other hand, the higher the content of fluorinated monomers, the lower the surface energy is. The water contact angle increases with the increase of the fluorinated monomer content and reaches a plateau at 3 wt% of fluorinated monomer content.     

Influence of Particle Nucleation in Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Properties: Miniemulsion versus Emulsion Polymerization

Miniemulsion polymerization is a promising approach to produce and tailor pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs). In this paper, a systematic comparison of the adhesive properties of latexes produced by miniemulsion and conventional emulsion polymerization is presented. Specifically, the influence of the total surfactant concentration, chain transfer agent concentration and chemical composition on the final adhesive properties of the polymer 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/acrylic acid was discerned using a 2³ factorial design for each polymerization method. In addition to the adhesive properties (i.e., loop tack, peel strength and shear strength), molecular weight distribution, particle size distribution (PSD) and glass transition temperature were analyzed. The results show that under the conditions used in this work, it is possible to produce PSAs using miniemulsion polymerization, a process wherein monomer droplet nucleation is the dominant particle nucleation mechanism. The use of a miniemulsion polymerization process, as opposed to the conventional emulsion technique, produced several differences such as larger particles sizes and narrower molecular weight distributions. Focusing on the PSA films that exhibited adhesive rather than cohesive failure, the PSA films generated via miniemulsion polymerization displayed higher values of loop tack and peel strength compared to those produced via conventional emulsion polymerization. Shear strength results were strongly dependent on the amount of gel content and sol molecular weight for both cases.