Uptake of cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in mushrooms (Boletaceae) from Croatian forest soil.

The concentration of trace elements (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) was measured in different species of mushrooms (Boletaceae) and correlated with corresponding elements in soil. Five different species of Boletaceae mushrooms and soil samples were collected from forests of Varazdin county in Croatia. Trace elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry in mushrooms and in EDTA-extracted soil. The results showed that Cd, Cu, and Zn are concentrated in mushroom tissue from soil with transfer factors (mushroom/soil) of 27.0,10.5, and 12.5, respectively. Cadmium incorporated much less in Leccinum (mean 0.73 mg/kg dry weight) than in Boletus, Xerocomus, or Gyroporus (respective means, 6.8, 8.4, and 12.3 mg/kg). Copper and Zn were accumulated in all collected mushrooms (14.7-35.6 and 109-179 mg/kg, respectively) with no difference among species. There was no accumulation of Fe and Mn in mushrooms, but concentrations differed between species, with lowest values in Leccinum. Iron varied from 31 to 878 mg/kg and Mn from 2.9 to 409 mg/kg. Correlations between elements in mushrooms and soil were significant only for Mn. Because no significant correlations for Cd, Cu, Zn, and Fe between mushrooms and soil were found, more studies are needed with only one species of mushrooms collected at locations with different levels of soil contamination. In spite of higher concentrations of Cd in some Boletaceae species, it is assumed that Cd intake through moderate mushroom consumption remains below suggested Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (FAO/WHO).     

Summary of preparation and homogeneity characterization of ten agricultural food reference materials for elemental composition

Summary Preparation and development has been completed of ten agricultural/food reference materials (RMs): bovine muscle powder, corn starch, hard red spring wheat flour, soft winter wheat flour, whole milk powder, wheat gluten, corn bran, durum wheat flour, whole egg powder and microcrystalline cellulose. Homogeneity tests for 14 elements, Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn were performed by the initiating laboratories by application of precise and reliable analytical methods based on flame atomic absorption spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. An extensive set of analytical results obtained from the interlaboratory cooperative characterization campaign was assessed to provide homogeneity estimates for other elements. Estimates of homogeneity from within-laboratory precision indicated that all materials exhibited acceptable homogeneity for virtually all 29 elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Se, Sr, V, Zn) for which best estimate concentration values are available. Two thirds of all homogeneity coefficients of variation were below 5%.     

Preparation and homogeneity characterization of ten agricultural/food reference materials for elemental composition

Summary Ten agricultural/food reference materials (RM): bovine muscle powder, corn starch, hard red spring wheat flour, soft winter wheat flour, whole milk powder, wheat gluten, corn bran, Durum wheat flour, whole egg powder and microcystalline cellulose, were prepared by milling, irradiation, sieving, blending and packaging procedures. Homogeneity tests for 14 elements in randomly selected units were performed by the initiating laboratories by application of various analytical methods. Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr and Zn were determined by acid digestion flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and Cd, Co, Ni and Pb using acid digestion graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after separation/preconcentration of the analytes by co-precipitation. In addition, the extensive set of analytical results obtained from the interlaboratory cooperative characterization campaign was assessed to provide homogeneity estimates for other elements. Measures of homogeneity were estimated from the within-laboratory precision from the more precise laboratories. All materials exhibited acceptable homogeneity for virtually all 29 elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Se, Sr, V, Zn) for which best estimate concentration values were available, an essential pre-requisite in establishing reference values for these materials. Sixty-two percent of all homogeneity coefficients of variation (CV) were below 5%, with Br, Ca, Cl, Mg, Na, P, Zn and especially K and N exhibiting very high homogeneity CV less than 1% in some cases.Contribution no. 92–148 from Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research     

Elemental content in wheat products of Al-Qusim region, Saudi Arabia using the INAA technique

Wheat is one of the most grown crops in Saudi Arabia. It is grown in various regions of the country. Accurate knowledge of the elemental concentrations in wheat and its products (bran and flour) is of great importance from a nutritional point of view. Wheat samples were obtained from the Al-Qusim region, 300 km northwest of Riyadh, and analyzed. Up to 50 elements (Al, Sb, As, Ba, Br, Cd, Ca, Cs, Cl, Cr, Co, Cu, Ga, Au, Hf, In, I, Ir, Fe, Mg, Mn, Hg, Mo, Ni, K, Rb, Sc, Se, Ag, Na, Sr, Ta, Te, Th, Sn, Ti, W, U, V, Zn, Zr, Ce, Dy, Eu, La, Lu, Nd, Sm, Tb and Yb) were determined in the wheat products. It was observed that the elemental content of bran was much higher than that of white flour.     

全反式维甲酸治疗动脉粥样硬化兔肝脏微量元素含量的变化

目的探讨实验性动脉粥样硬化兔肝脏组织中zn、Fe、Cu、Mn和cr、Pb、cd含量的变化。方法用高脂饮食复制兔动脉粥样硬化模型,然后给予全反式维甲酸建立治疗组模型,获取肝脏,用硝酸、过氧化氢混合液微波消解样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定肝脏组织中zn、Fe、Cu、Mn和Cr、Pb、cd的含量。结果高脂组肝脏组织zn、Fe、Cu、Mn和cr、Pb、cd含量分别为86．09、277．1、11．07、5．366mg／kg和115．2、286．0、210．5μg／／kg,治疗组肝脏组织zn、Fe、Cu、Mn和cr、Pb、cd含量分别为135．3、347．7、10．72、7．218mg／kg和137．3、209．4、250．2μg／kg。结论经过维甲酸治疗后,zn、Fe、Mn、Cr含量明显提高,基本达到正常组水平。     

Determination of heavy metals in air conditioner dust using FAAS and INAA

The elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in dust samples collected from air conditioner (AC) filters from 15 commercial sites of Lahore using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The elements Cr, Mn and Zn were also determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The results obtained showed that higher amounts of these metals were measured in these dust samples than normally found in soil. This was especially true for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Generally the amounts of Cd, Cr and Mn did not vary throughout the city of Lahore but the amounts of the traffic related Cu, Pb and Zn elements had the more variable ranges of 30–140, 30–230 and 74–2810 mg/kg respectively. The concentrations obtained for Cr, Mn and Zn by INAA were found to be higher than those obtained using FAAS. Analysis of the data obtained showed the digestion procedure employed to be the possible cause for this occurrence. It was also found that Mn was being over-estimated by INAA due to the interference from the Mg peak.     

单波长激发-能量色散X射线荧光光谱法检测蔬菜中多种重金属元素

为实现蔬菜中多种元素的快速检测,利用单波长激发-能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪（MW-EDXRF）,建立了蔬菜中As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Rb、Mn等元素的快速检测方法。对XRF的激发时间、载样量、样品压片等条件进行了优化,结果显示当累积激发时间达到600 s、载样量为2 g、样品压片15 Mpa保持60 s时,可以实现XRF最优检测性能。在最优条件下,As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Rb、Mn的检出限（LOD）分别为0.07 mg/kg、0.07 mg/kg、0.07 mg/kg、0.32 mg/kg、0.32mg/kg、1.2 mg/kg、0.4 mg/kg、0.08 mg/kg、0.3 mg/kg;对菠菜、葱、胡萝卜、豆角、番茄、姜、空心菜、莲藕、芹菜、蒜等蔬菜样品测定11次的相对标准偏差（RSD）在3%~10%,表明方法具有良好的精密度;测定5种蔬菜基体标准物质的回收率在93%~119%,与微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定结果对比的线性回归系数（R2）>0.99（Cu的R2=0.9838）,表明方法具有良好的检测准确度。同时,该仪器仅有不到10 kg,不需要样品消解处理,检测时间在10 min左右,非常适合蔬菜多种重金属的现场快速筛查。     

Accumulation of selected metals in the fruits of medicinal plants grown in urban environment of Islamabad,Pakistan

The present study is based on the measurement of selected metals (Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr and Zn) in the fruits of eight medicinal plants (Carrisa opeca, Phyllanthus emblica, Solanum nigrum, Zizyphus nummularia, Zizyphus mauritiana, Physalis minima, Opuntia dillenii and Phoenix dactylifera) and relevant soil samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Highest average concentrations of Cu (14.4 mg/kg), Cr (19.0 mg/kg), and Zn (125 mg/kg) were found in the fruits of P. minima, C. opeca and Z. nummularia, respectively, while O. dillenii showed the elevated mean levels of Cd (3.49 mg/kg), Sr (61.4 mg/kg), Mg (0.21%), Ca (6.62%) and Mn (44.6 mg/kg). However, highest average levels of Pb (41.7 mg/kg) and Co (38.4 mg/kg) were found in Z. mauritiana. Overall, most of the fruit samples showed higher contributions of Ca and Mg, followed by Fe, Zn, Co and Pb. In the case of soil samples, highest concentration was observed for Ca, followed by Fe, Mg, Mn and Sr, while lowest concentration was shown by Cd. Bioaccumulation factors exhibited significantly higher accumulation of Co (0.813–1.829) and Pb (0.060–2.350) from the soil to the fruits. Principal component analysis revealed significant anthropogenic contributions of Pb, Fe and Co in the fruit samples. Contamination factors and enrichment factors of Cd and Pb in the soil indicated very high contamination and extreme enrichment of these metals.     

Chemical analysis of manganese nodules. Part I. Determination of seven main and trace constituents after anion-exchange separation

A method is described for the determination of Mn, Cu, Co, Zn, Cd, Pb and U in samples of manganese nodules. After dissolution of the sample in concentrated hydrochloric acid, the elements are adsorbed on a column of the strongly basic anion-exchange resin Dowex 1 from a medium consisting of 50 % (v/v) hexone, 40 % (v/v) isopropanol and 10 % (v/v) 12 M hydrochloric acid. After removal of iron by washing the resin bed with a mixture of the same composition, 6 M hydrochloric acid is passed through the column to elute Mn, Cu, Co, and Pb, and then 1 M hydrochloric acid and 2 M nitric acid to elute Zn, Cd and U. In the eluates the elements are determined by atomic-absorption spectrometry except for uranium which is determined by fluorimetry. The method was used successfully for the determination of mg and p.p.m. quantities of Mn, Cu, Co, Zn, Cd, Pb and U in 17 samples of manganese nodules from the Pacific Ocean.     

Quality control with CRMs for trace element determination in candidate reference materials

Summary Three soil samples and five candidate materials of biological origin (bovine muscle, bovine kidney, bovine blood, rye flour and wheat flour) and one already certified RM (Bovine Liver, 12-02-01) were analyzed for their contents of Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn. Pressure digestion with nitric acid in PTFE (at 180°C) and quartz (at 290°C) vessels was used for sample decomposition. The measurements were made by graphite furnance atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and square wave voltammetry. The accuracy of analysis has been checked by simultaneous analyses of six similar CRMs. An excellent agreement between the found and certified values is illustrated by highly significant correlations.     

Determination of lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, and iron in foods by atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion: NMKL Collaborative Study

A method for determination of lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, and iron by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after microwave digestion was subjected to a collaborative study in which 16 laboratories participated [including users of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and ICP-mass spectrometry (MS)]. The types of samples included in the study were minced fish, wheat bran, milk powder, bovine and pig liver, mushroom, 2 simulated diets, and bovine muscle; the last 4 were certified reference materials. These were analyzed as single (4 samples), double blind (1 sample), or split level (2 samples) samples. Before the collaborative study, a pretrial was conducted in which 4 ready-made solutions and one fish tissue sample were analyzed for Pb and Cu. The reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) values, for results above the detection limit, ranged from 59% at 0.155 mg/kg to 16% at 1.62 mg/kg for Pb, from 28% at 0.0124 mg/kg to 11% at 0.482 mg/kg for Cd, from 9.3% at 35.3 mg/kg to 1.7% at 147 mg/kg for Zn, from 39% at 0.241 mg/kg to 3.0% at 63.4 mg/kg for Cu, and from 17% at 7.4 mg/kg to 5.9% at 303 mg/kg for Fe. The RSDR values agreed well with the norms described by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. As a complement to the AAS determinations, a number of laboratories analyzed the samples either by ICP or by ICP-MS. The results of these analyses agreed well with the AAS results. On the basis of the results of the collaborative study, the method was adopted Official First Action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.     

电位溶出法同时测定水质和生物样品中的铜、铅、镉、锌、铁、锰

本文提出了在乙二胺和乙二胺-盐酸体系中以计时电位溶出法测定Fe、Mn及以电位溶出法测定Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的新方法。各元素的浓度在Fe 0.1～2600 ng/ml、Mn0.05～3200 ng/ml、Cu0.2～2800 ng/ml、Pb0.1～3600ng/ml、Cd 0.05～1200 ng/ml、Zn0.2～4200ng/ml时,浓度与溶出峰高呈良好的线性关系。本方法应用于水质及生物样品中上述各元素的测定,结果良好。     

Withering timings affect the total free amino acids and mineral contents of tea leaves during black tea manufacturing

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of withering timings (i.e. 0, 21, 22, 23 and 24 h) on the moisture, total free amino acids, ash, essential and toxic mineral element contents of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves during black tea manufacturing. Moisture, ash, Na, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Al, Ni and Pb contents were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by withering, whereas non-significant (P > 0.05) results were noted for total free amino acids, K, Fe and Cd contents. The highest moisture content (76.4%) was examined in fresh leaves that progressively decreased to 63.8% in 24 h withering. Total free amino acid contents gradually increased up to 23 h and then decreased. Ash, P, Cu, Zn and Mn contents showed an increasing trend with withering time. Conversely, significantly lowered amounts of Na (162.5 mg/kg) and Mg (803 mg/kg) were recorded in tea leaves after 24 h withering. Among the toxic elements, Al, Ni and Pb contents were progressively increased over withering time. It was concluded that tea is a potential source of essential chemical constituents and during processing proper care should be taken to produce high quality black tea.     

Trace element profile of a wild edible mushroom (Suillus granulatus)

Seventeen elements, Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, V, and Zn (macroelements and trace elements) were investigated by Atomic Spectrometries on a particular wild edible mushroom collected in the central region of Argentina during 2 different years in the same season. The metal content profile in Suillus granulatus samples is given. The found quantities of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, V, and Al were 0.40, 10.84, 0.48, 0.30, 0.57, 4.24, 0.18, and 1.23 g/kg dry weight, respectively. The levels of Li, Cu, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, and Mn were 0.98, 23.02, 22.30, 0.26, 0.16, 1.17, 0.90, and 28.75 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Pb was not detected at the investigated levels. The results indicate that the levels of metals in the analyzed samples are not considered to be a health risk. In order to demonstrate the validity of our method, a recovery study was performed with acceptable results.     

胶州湾表层沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价

为评价胶州湾跨海大桥的建设对其沉积物中重金属分布的影响,于2009年7月采集了黄海胶州湾11个站位的表层沉积物,测定了沉积物中的重金属含量.结果显示,胶州湾沉积物重金属污染程度较低,Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Co、Mn 8种重金属的平均含量分别为0.031、19.05、12.7、51.14、0.055、17....     

Environmental mobility of trace metals in sediments collected in the Lake Balaton

In environmental pollution studies on solid materials sequential extraction techniques are used for the identification of the main binding sites of trace metals. A four-step sequential extraction procedure was applied to the determination of the distribution of elements like Cd, Cu, As, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Al, Fe, and Mn in sediment samples collected in the Lake Balaton. The fractions were (1) exchangeable and bound to carbonate, (2) bound to Fe/Mn oxide, (3) bound to organic matter and sulfides, and (4) acid-soluble. Elements were mainly accumulated in the stable, acid-soluble fractions. Arsenic and Cd-ions were found in low concentration (1.2–13 mg/kg and < 1 mg/kg, respectively) in the samples. Based on the results determined at 15 sampling points it can be stated that the Lake Balaton has not yet been polluted by the elements investigated.     

Elemental Analysis and Metal Intake of Romanian Vegetables

ABSTRACT

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry multielemental profiling was performed to determine eight elements in 54 vegetable samples. The range of concentrations of Fe and Ni was 1.91?±?0.09 to 443.31?±?22.32?mg/kg and 0.05?±?0.004 to 16.36?±?0.36?mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of Pb and Cd were up to 1.56?±?0.04 and 0.78?±?0.04?mg/kg, respectively. Some samples exceeded the maximum admissible limits imposed by national and international regulations. The mean concentrations of Mn and Cu were between 20.93?±?0.43 and 13.98?±?0.30?mg/kg in tomatoes and 20.60?±?0.53 and 11.25?±?0.22?mg/kg in peppers. For the evaluation of health risk related to the consumption of vegetables, the daily intake rate, target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index were evaluated. The daily intakes were low and correspond to 2 to 14% of the tolerable daily values established by legislation. The results showed that the THQ and hazard index for the metals were lower than 1, indicating that the vegetable ingestion does not represent a significant risk for consumer health. Analysis of variance revealed that Zn may be used as a species-specific marker (p?=?0.026). Principal component analysis extracted three main components, explaining a total variance of 72.49% and grouped all determined elements.     

Screening of biosorption bacteria tolerance towards copper and cadmium from oil sludge pond

Certain bacterial strains can be employed in the removal of heavy metals from the environment. The aim of this study was to screen potential bacteria that were tolerant towards Cu and Cd and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in the sludge samples. The sludge samples from oil refinery plant in Malaysia contained Cr, Cs, Cu, Eu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Sb, Sc, Th, U and Zn. Seven bacterial isolates were identified to be tolerant to 100 mg/kg of copper and cadmium.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定谷类产品中8种重金属元素

为建立大批量谷类产品中重金属元素的快速检测方法,采用快速消解法,样品于聚丙烯刻度离心管中经硝酸消解,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪同时检测Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、As、Hg等8种重金属元素含量。研究了消解酸用量及消解时间对结果的影响,并优化了仪器工作参数。研究结果表明,样品在120℃消解1 h后直接定容测定,各元素在实验浓度范围内线性良好,相对标准偏差RSD值1.1%～7.2%,Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、As、Hg各元素的方法检出限分别为0.02、0.000 3、0.03、0.02、0.08、0.01、0.002和0.000 4 mg/kg。试剂用量少、简便、快捷、准确性好,适用于电感耦合等离子体质谱法定量检测稻米、小麦、玉米等谷类产品中重金属元素的含量。     

23种中国和法国小麦样品及小麦面粉样品中九种元素的分析

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱对１０种法国小麦样品,２种中国小麦样品,７种法国小麦面粉样品以及４种中国面粉样品进行了钙,镁,锌,铁,锰,铜,钼,钾及磷共９种微量和常量元素的含量分析。