Two-dimensional model of a granular medium

A two-dimensional model of a granular medium is represented as a square lattice composed of elastically interacting round particles with translational and rotational degrees of freedom. In the long-wave approximation, we derive linear partial differential equations describing the propagation and interaction of waves of various types in such a medium. If microrotations of particles in the lattice and the related moment interactions are taken into account, then a microrotation wave (a spin wave) appears in the medium. We establish the one-to-one correspondence between the parameters of the microstructure and the elastic constants of second order. We analyze the dependence of the medium elasticity constants on the grain dimensions. In the continuum approximation, we compare the model proposed here with the model of two-dimensional Cosserat continuum.     

Degenerate weakly non-linear elastic plane waves

Weakly non-linear plane waves are considered in hyperelastic crystals. Evolution equations are derived at a quadratically non-linear level for the amplitudes of quasi-longitudinal and quasi-transverse waves propagating in arbitrary anisotropic media. The form of the equations obtained depends upon the direction of propagation relative to the crystal axes. A single equation is found for all propagation directions for quasi-longitudinal waves, but a pair of coupled equations occurs for quasi-transverse waves propagating along directions of degeneracy, or acoustic axes. The coupled equations involve four material parameters but they simplify if the wave propagates along an axis of material symmetry. Thus, only two parameters arise for propagation along an axis of twofold symmetry, and one for a threefold axis. The transverse wave equations decouple if the axis is fourfold or higher. In the absence of a symmetry axis it is possible that the evolution equations of the quasi-transverse waves decouple if the third-order elastic moduli satisfy a certain identity. The theoretical results are illustrated with explicit examples.     

Analysis of Fan Waves in a Laboratory Model Simulating the Propagation of Shear Ruptures in Rocks

The fan-shaped mechanism of rotational motion transmission in a system of elastically bonded slabs on flat surface, simulating the propagation of shear ruptures in super brittle rocks, is analyzed. Such ruptures appear in the Earth’s crust at seismogenic depths. They propagate due to the nucleation of oblique tensile microcracks, leading to the formation of a fan domino-structure in the rupture head. A laboratory physical model was created which demonstrates the process of fan-structure wave propagation. Equations of the dynamics of rotational motion of slabs as a mechanical system with a finite number of degrees of freedom are obtained. Based on the Merson method of solving the Cauchy problem for systems of ordinary differential equations, the computational algorithm taking into account contact interaction of slabs is developed. Within the framework of a simplified mathematical model of dynamic behavior of a fan-shaped system in the approximation of a continuous medium, the approximate estimates of the length of a fan depending on the velocity of its motion are obtained. It is shown that in the absence of friction a fan can move with any velocity that does not exceed the critical value, which depends on the size, the moment of inertia of slabs, the initial angle and the elasticity coefficient of bonds. In the presence of friction a fan stops. On the basis of discrete and continuous models, the main qualitative features of the behavior of a fan-structure moving under the action of applied tangential forces, whose values in a laboratory physical model are regulated by a change in the inclination angle of the rupture plane, are analyzed. Comparison of computations and laboratory measurements and observations shows good correspondence between the results.     

Extension de la DRBEM à la propagation guidée en écoulement cisaillé

The present study aims to extend the Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method in order to solve acoustic wave propagation equations in the frequency domain for a parallel shear flow. The Linearized Euler Equations are written as a coupled pair of equations, which are second-order in terms of acoustic pressure and first-order in terms of normal acoustic velocity. Good agreement between numerical results and analytical solutions for a low Mach number shear flow (M<0.1) shows the interest of the method.     

闪长岩单轴加载过程中声发射和弹性波速度变化规律的研究

为研究闪长岩在单轴加载过程中的声发射和各向波速变化规律,在单轴阶段加载和循环阶段加载条件下,对闪长岩岩样破裂过程中的声发射累计数、不同应力水平不同方向的波速、切线模量、轴向应变速率进行了研究。实验结果表明:(1)随着应力水平的增高,声发射事件数不断增加,在高应力水平(约80%峰值强度)时,声发射累计数急剧增多,随后切线模量出现震荡变化。(2)在加载过程中,压密程度及裂纹扩展方向对波速产生了巨大的影响,导致不同方向波速在不同的应力水平呈现出不同的变化规律,由此可以推测破裂面位置和破裂模式。在较高应力水平下(约60%峰值强度),平行于加载方向的波速趋于稳定,而垂直于加载方向的波速则持续下降,故用垂直于加载方向传播的波速预测岩石的破坏更具可靠性。(3)随着应力的增加,应变速率有逐渐减小的趋势,但临近岩石破裂时无异常变化出现,说明利用变形观测难以预测此类岩石的破坏。以上研究表明,根据纵波波速、声发射累计数和切线模量的变化可以有效预测岩石的破坏。     

Increase of initial velocity and pressure upon impact on an inhomogeneous target

It is proved on the basis of an analysis conducted by means of the method of (p, u)-diagrams in an acoustic approximation that the mass velocity of the material of a target increases when a shock wave propagates along a target in which the acoustic resistance of the layers decreases in the direction of propagation, and it can even exceed the initial velocity of the striker. An increase in pressure behind the wave front similar to the example of unbounded accumulation in a plane shock wave considered in [2] is observed when a striker impacts on a target in which the acoustic impedance of the layers increases in the direction of propagation of the shock wave. The increase in velocity is experimentially verified.     

Molecular-dynamics simulation-based cohesive zone representation of intergranular fracture processes in aluminum

A traction-displacement relationship that may be embedded into a cohesive zone model for microscale problems of intergranular fracture is extracted from atomistic molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations. An MD model for crack propagation under steady-state conditions is developed to analyze intergranular fracture along a flat Σ99 [1 1 0] symmetric tilt grain boundary in aluminum. Under hydrostatic tensile load, the simulation reveals asymmetric crack propagation in the two opposite directions along the grain boundary. In one direction, the crack propagates in a brittle manner by cleavage with very little or no dislocation emission, and in the other direction, the propagation is ductile through the mechanism of deformation twinning. This behavior is consistent with the Rice criterion for cleavage vs. dislocation blunting transition at the crack tip. The preference for twinning to dislocation slip is in agreement with the predictions of the Tadmor and Hai criterion. A comparison with finite element calculations shows that while the stress field around the brittle crack tip follows the expected elastic solution for the given boundary conditions of the model, the stress field around the twinning crack tip has a strong plastic contribution. Through the definition of a Cohesive-Zone-Volume-Element—an atomistic analog to a continuum cohesive zone model element—the results from the MD simulation are recast to obtain an average continuum traction-displacement relationship to represent cohesive zone interaction along a characteristic length of the grain boundary interface for the cases of ductile and brittle decohesion.     

Second-gradient homogenized model for wave propagation in heterogeneous periodic media

The paper is focused on a homogenization procedure for the analysis of wave propagation in materials with periodic microstructure. By a reformulation of the variational-asymptotic homogenization technique recently proposed by Bacigalupo and Gambarotta (2012a), a second-gradient continuum model is derived, which provides a sufficiently accurate approximation of the lowest (acoustic) branch of the dispersion curves obtained by the Floquet–Bloch theory and may be a useful tool for the wave propagation analysis in bounded domains. The multi-scale kinematics is described through micro-fluctuation functions of the displacement field, which are derived by the solution of a recurrent sequence of cell BVPs and obtained as the superposition of a static and dynamic contribution. The latters are proportional to the even powers of the phase velocity and consequently the micro-fluctuation functions also depend on the direction of propagation. Therefore, both the higher order elastic moduli and the inertial terms result to depend by the dynamic correctors. This approach is applied to the study of wave propagation in layered bi-materials with orthotropic phases, having an axis of orthotropy parallel to the direction of layering, in which case, the overall elastic and inertial constants can be determined analytically. The reliability of the proposed procedure is analysed by comparing the obtained dispersion functions with those derived by the Floquet–Bloch theory.     

Propagation of Rayleigh waves on curved surfaces

The propagation and properties of Rayleigh waves on curved surfaces are investigated theoretically. The Rayleigh wave dispersion equation for propagation on a curved surface is derived as a parabolic equation, and its penetration depth is analyzed using the curved surface boundary. Reciprocity is introduced to model the diffracted Rayleigh wave beams. Simulations of Rayleigh waves on some canonical curved surfaces are carried out, and the results are used to quantify the influence of curvature. It is found that the velocity of the surface wave increases with greater concave surface curvature, and a Rayleigh wave no longer exists once the surface wave velocity exceeds the bulk shear wave velocity. Moreover, the predicted wave penetration depth indicates that the energy in the Rayleigh wave is transferred to other modes and cannot propagate on convex surfaces with large curvature. A strong directional dependence is observed for the propagation of Rayleigh waves in different directions on surfaces with complex curvatures. Thus, it is important to include dispersion effects when considering Rayleigh wave propagation on curved surfaces.     

Nonlinear waves in diatomic crystals

A possible improvement of a continuum model for diatomic crystals is examined using continuum limit of a discrete diatomic model. For this purpose, various discrete models of diatomic lattice are compared at the linearized and weakly nonlinear levels. The suitable numbering of the atoms in the lattice is found which is better adopted for continualization than the familiar pair numbering introducing two sub-lattices. The coupled governing partial nonlinear differential equations for longitudinal strain and relative distance between the atoms are obtained in the continuum limit that allows us to describe localization of the strains due to the presence of the atoms of two kinds. It is found, that the equations obtained possess two kinds of localized wave solutions, one related to the acoustical branch and the other one related to the optical branch.     

超声纯横波法测试45#钢的内部应力

声各向同性的金属材料在应力作用下,材料表现出声各向异性,这是用声弹性法分析材料内部应力的基础。本文用垂直于应力方向传播的超声纯横波对45#钢进行测试,测试时横波的偏振化方向分别平行和垂直于应力方向。实验结果表明:材料在拉、压应力作用下,相互正交的两超声纯横波的声速都发生了变化,且声各向异性因子与应力成线性关系。利用此关系可测试材料内部应力,提供了一种无损测试材料内部应力的方法,另外本实验方法也可以对材料内部残余应力进行评估。实验中利用回振法测量声速,可测量声速的微小变化,精度高。     

Wave dispersion and dissipation performance of locally resonant acoustic metamaterials using an internal variable model

Engineering structures for different dispersion and dissipation levels of wave propagation use internal variable models, which may enhance the performance of acoustic metamaterials (AMMs). In this study, the wave dispersion and dissipation performance of AMMs is studied using an anelastic displacement fields (ADF) model. A symmetric state-space method based on Floquet-Bloch’s theorem for a nonviscously damped unit cell is developed. The study also constructs Bloch’s eigenvalue problems built from the symmetric state-space formulation to obtain the wavevector-dependent damped frequency and damping ratio for wave propagation analysis of periodic structures. The effects of wave dispersion and dissipation on the performance of AMMs are studied by using two numerical examples of mass-in-mass lattice systems containing multiple resonators. It is shown that nonviscous damping increases the wave dispersion performance of AMM. It is also shown that the metadamping phenomenon enhances the wave dissipation performance of AMM. It is demonstrated that the new method in symmetric form is applicable for performance analysis of periodic phononic crystal.     

On the propagation of generalized transverse waves in heat-conducting elastic materials

A generalized transverse wave is a propagating acceleration discontinuity on which the temperature and the entropy, together with their gradients, are continuous. In a heat-conducting elastic material the propagation and growth of such waves are uninfluenced by thermomechanical interaction. It is shown in this paper that in any given plane there is at least one direction in which a generalized transverse wave may propagate, and the existence is also proved of at least one direction in which a pair of generalized transverse waves may travel. Necessary and sufficient conditions are established for the speeds of propagation of these waves to be real. Relationships between transverse and generalized transverse waves are also studied, and in the last two sections of the paper the directions in which generalized transverse waves may propagate in an isotropic heat-conducting elastic material are systematically worked out and classified.     

Experimental investigation of cylindrically diverging solitons in an electric lattice

The results of an experimental investigation of cylindrical solitons in a two-dimensional electric LC-lattice are given. It is shown that in the continuum limit, propagation of cylindrical waves far from the center of symmetry in such a lattice may be described for each ray tube by a known modification of the Korteweg-de Vries equation which takes account of the cylindrical divergence. The dispersion term in this equation depends on the direction of wave propagation relative to the direction of the main axes of the lattice. Formation of solitons from non-soliton-shaped pulses was observed. The variations of soliton amplitude and duration with distance have been determined. They agree well with the numerical calculations by Maxon & Viecelli [2] and Dorfman [9]. Comparison of the obtained experimental data with the known theoretical laws of amplitude attenuation for diverging solitons [2, 12, 14] seems to favor the validity of the law A r^−2/3 rather than A r^−1/2.     

Theoretical and numerical investigation of HF elastic wave propagation in two-dimensional periodic beam lattices

The elastic wave propagation phenomena in two-dimensional periodic beam lattices are studied by using the Bloch wave transform. The numerical modeling is applied to the hexagonal and the rectangular beam lattices, in which, both the in-plane （with respect to the lattice plane） and out-of-plane waves are considered. The dispersion relations are obtained by calculating the Bloch eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes. The frequency bandgaps are observed and the influence of the elastic and geometric properties of the primitive cell on the bandgaps is studied. By analyzing the phase and the group velocities of the Bloch wave modes, the anisotropic behaviors and the dispersive characteristics of the hexagonal beam lattice with respect to the wave prop- agation are highlighted in high frequency domains. One im- portant result presented herein is the comparison between the first Bloch wave modes to the membrane and bend- ing/transverse shear wave modes of the classical equivalent homogenized orthotropic plate model of the hexagonal beam lattice. It is shown that, in low frequency ranges, the homog- enized plate model can correctly represent both the in-plane and out-of-plane dynamic behaviors of the beam lattice, its frequency validity domain can be precisely evaluated thanks to the Bloch modal analysis. As another important and original result, we have highlighted the existence of the retro- propagating Bloch wave modes with a negative group veloc- ity, and of the corresponding ＂retro-propagating＂ frequency bands.     

A continuum model with microstructures for wave propagation in ultra-thin films

Ultrasonic waves are powerful and popular methods for measuring mechanical properties of solids even at nanoscales. The extraction of material constants from the measured wave data requires the use of a model that can accurately describe the wave motion in the solid. The objective of this paper is to develop a continuum theory with microstructures that can capture the effect of the microstructure or nanostructure in ultra-thin films when waves of short wavelengths are used. This continuum theory is developed from assumed displacement fields for microstructures. Local kinematic variables are introduced to express these local displacements and are subjected to internal continuity conditions. The accuracy of the present theory is verified by comparing the results with those of the lattice model for the thin film. Specifically, dispersion curves for surface wave propagation and wave propagation in a thin film supported by an elastic homogeneous substrate are studied. The inadequacy of the conventional continuum theory is discussed.     

有限元畸变单元离散模型中的SH波动

本文采用晶格动力学分析方法,研究了有限元畸变单元离散模型中的SH波的传播规律。结果表明单元畸变对波动规律影响显著,当单元畸变较小时,单元畸变对波动传播并不产生明显的不利影响,当单元畸变较大时,这一影响不可忽略。通过详细分析和对比集中质量、混合质量和一致质量模型中的波动规律,评价了不同有限元模型的抗畸变能力。文中还讨论了时域离散化与单元畸变联合作用对波动传播的影响。