A comprehensive computational study of N2H–XH, N2H–X2, and N2H–XY(YX) (X=Y=F, Cl, and Br) proton bound complexes

The results of theoretical studies on structures and energetics are presented for proton-bound complexes N₂H⁺–XH, N₂H⁺–X₂, and N₂H⁺–XY(YX) (X=Y=F, Cl, and Br). In all the monocations complexes, the halogen atom shares a proton with N₂. The calculated energetic results show that the stability decreases when descending in the corresponding periodic table column. The possible proton transfer dissociation processes of N₂H⁺+XH, N₂H⁺+X₂, and N₂H⁺+XY systems into XH₂⁺, X₂H⁺, XYH⁺, and YXH⁺ and molecular N₂ are calculated to be endothermic for share of the processes. The NBO results show that the largest intermolecular charge transfer is found in the Br bonded complexes.     

Some further studies of estertin compounds. crystal structures of [NEt4][MeO2CCH2CH2Sn(dmio)2] (dmio = 1,3-dithiole-2-one-4,5-dithiolato) and (MeO2CCH2CH2)2SnX2[X2 = I2, (NCS)2 or Cl, Br]

Estertn compounds, (MeO₂CCH₂CH₂)₂SnX₂ [X₂ = I₂ (2); X₂ = Br₂ (9); X₂ = Cl, Br (4)) or X₂ = (NCS)₂ (3)] have been obtained by halide exchange reactions of (MeO₂CCH₂CH₂)₂SnCl₂. Crystal structure determinations of 2–4 revealed chelating MeO₂CCH₂CH₂ units with distorted octahedral geometries at tin. The Sn---O bond lengths in the isothiocyanato complex, 3, are shorter [2.390(11) to 2.498(12), mean 2.439 Å], with the chelate bite angles, C---Sn---O, larger [74.3(7) to 78.2(6), mean 76.0°] than those in the halide analogues 2 and 4 [Sn---O = 2.519(2) to 2.541(8), mean 2.530 Å; C---Sn---O 72.8(3) to 73.9(4), mean 73.3°]. ¹H, ¹³C and ¹¹⁹Sn NMR and IR spectra of 2–4 and 9 were determined in CDCl₃ solution: the NMR spectra of (MeO₂CCH₂CH₂)₂SnX₂ show the following trends: (i) both δ¹H and δ¹³C, increase and (ii) both ²J (Sn---H) and ¹J(Sn---C) decrease in the sequence X₂ = (NCS)₂, Cl₂, ClBr, Br₂ and I₂. The MeO₂CCH₂CH₂ and dmio groups (dmio = 1,3-dithiole-2-one-4,5-dithiolato) are all chelating groups in (MeO₂CCH₂CH₂)₂Sn(dmio) (5). As shown by X-ray crystallography, the tin atom in the anion of solid [Q][MeO₂CCH₂CH₂Sn(dmio)₂] 6 (Q = NEt₄) forms 5 strong bonds [to C and the 4 thiolato S atoms, Sn---S 2.459(2) to 2.559(2) Å], arranged in a near trigonal bipyramidal array. There is an additional Intramolecular but weaker, interaction with the carbonyl oxygen atom [Sn---O = 3.111(5) Å]; v(C=O) = 1714 cm⁻¹ in solid 6 (Q = NEt₄). NMR spectra of 5 and 6 are also reported.     

A comparative study of species N3 and P3

Calculations on linear and bent structures of N₃ and P₃ show that these species are quite different. N₃ is linear, P₃ is bent almost to a D_3h geometry. The symmetry of P₃ in D_3h is ²E″ but the Jahn-Teller distortion is very small, ≈4°. The many-body expansion of the energy of P_n clusters appears to be only slowly convergent.     

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of CH4/N2 mixtures over activated carbon

The aim of this work was to study the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of CH₄ over an activated carbon, which acted as both microwave receptor and catalyst, and the influence of using different CH₄/N₂ ratios on the conversion of CH₄ to H₂. In order to compare the results obtained in the microwave oven, the pyrolysis was also carried out under conventional heating (electric furnace, EF). The effects of N₂, which enhanced significantly CH₄ conversion, differed depending on the heating device used. Under EF heating, N₂ seemed to have an effect similar to distribute the CH₄ molecules within the activated carbon bed. Under microwave heating (MW), the N₂, as well as distributing the CH₄ molecules, favoured the generation of energetic microplasmas, leading to higher conversions. The prevalence of one role over the other depended on the CH₄/N₂ ratio, the appearance of energetic microplasmas being favoured with high percentages of N₂. Consequently, CH₄ conversion was higher at low CH₄/N₂ ratios. Additionally, the formation of carbon nanofibres in experiments where a combination of N₂ and MW heating was used is also reported.     

ZIF-8吸附剂上CH4/N2的吸附分离性能与热力学性质

将沸石咪唑酯骨架结构材料应用于抽放煤层甲烷的浓缩净化研究。以三乙胺(TEA)为导向剂,ZnSO₄为金属离子源,水为溶剂,采用水热合成法进行了ZIF-8吸附剂的制备。采用XRD、物理吸附、动态吸附分离和反相气相色谱(IGC)等方法对ZIF-8的物理结构、化学稳定性、吸附分离性能和热力学性质进行了研究。结果表明,ZIF-8具有良好的化学稳定性,能够在强酸、强碱和强极性的溶剂中保持结构的稳定性;在298 K时,ZIF-8对CH₄/N₂的分离因子达到3.4,与活性炭相当,但CH₄、N₂在ZIF-8上的吸附热比在活性炭上低20%左右。     

Decomposition of silane on solid P4O10

Silane undergoes thermal decomposition on the surface of “phosphorus pentoxide” ( P₄O₁₀) into its elements around 200–400°C. The hydrogen formed partially reduces the P₄O₁₀ forming lower oxides of phosphorus and water. Elemental silicon is precipitated as reddish-brown solid, which is separated by dissolving out the phosphorus oxides. Silica and disiloxane are not formed in the reaction.     

Synthesis and crystal structures of (C8h8)Nd(C5H9C5H4) (THF)2 and [(C8H8)Gd(C5H9C4H4(THF)][(C8H8)GD(C5H9C5H4(THF)2]

LnCl₃ (Ln=Nd, Gd) reacts with C₅H₉C₅H₄Na (or K₂C₈H₈) in THF (C₅H₉C₅H₄ = cyclopentylcyclopentadienyl) in the ratio of 1 : to give (C₅H₉C₅H₄)LnCl₂(THF)_n (orC₈H₈)LnCl₂(THF)_n], which further reacts with K₂C₈H₈ (or C₅H₉C₅H₄Na) in THF to form the litle complexes. If Ln=Nd the complex (C₈H₈)Nd(C₅H₉C₅H₄)(THF)₂ (a) was obtained: when Ln=Gd the 1 : 1 complex [(C₈H₈)Gd(C_%H₉)(THF)][(C₈H₈)Gd(C₅H₉H₄)(THF)₂] (b) was obtained in crystalline form.

The crystal structure analysis shows that in (C₈H₈)Ln(C₅H₉C₅H₄)(THF)₂ (Ln=Nd or Gd), the Cyclopentylcyclopentadieny (η⁵), cyclooctatetraenyl (η⁸) and two oxygen atoms from THF are coordinated to Nd³⁺ (or Gd³⁺) with coordination number 10.

The centroid of the cyclopentadienyl ring (Cp′) in C₅H₉C₅H₄ group, cyclooctatetraenyl centroid (COTL) and two oxygens (THF) form a twisted tetrahedron around Nd³⁺ (or Gd³⁺). In (C₈H₈)Gd(C₅H₉C₅H₄)(THF), the cyclopentyl-cyclopentadienyl (η⁵), cyclooctatetraenyl (η⁸) and one oxygen atom are coordinated to Gd³⁺ with the coordination number of 9 and Cp′, COT and oxygen atom form a triangular plane around Gd³⁺, which is almost in the plane (dev. -0.0144 Å).     

Zn(II) complexes with pyridine derived N6 and N8 donor azamacrocyclic ligands

A novel N6 macrocyclic ligand, L¹ (2,8,14,20-tetramethyl-3,7,15,19,25,26-hexaaza-tricyclo[19.3.1.1^9,13]hexacosa-1(24),9,11,13(26),21(25),22-hexaene), was obtained by reduction of the 2 + 2 condensation product of 2,6-diacetylpyridine and propane-1,3-diamine. Zinc(II) complexes of L¹, of a related N8 macrocycle, L³ (3,6,9,17,20,23,29,30-octaaza-tricyclo[23.3.1.1[11,15]]triaconta-1(28),1,13,15(30),25(29),26-hexaene), similarly prepared by 2 + 2 condensation of 2,6-diformylpyridine and diethylenetriamine and of a tetra N-2-cyanoethyl derivative of a homologue of L¹ prepared from diformyl pyridine and ethane-1,2-diamine, L² (3-[6,14,17-tris-(2-cyano-ethyl)-3,6,14,17,23,24-hexaaza-tricyclo[17.3.1.1^8,12] tetracosa-1(23),8(24),9,11,19,21-hexaen-3-yl]-propionitrile), were prepared. Structures were determined for [ZnL¹](ClO₄)₂ · H₂O, [ZnL²](NO₃)₂ and [Zn₂L³(NO₃)₂](NO₃)₂ · H₂O. The [ZnL¹](ClO₄)₂ · H₂O and [ZnL²](NO₃)₂ complexes present a mononuclear endomacrocyclic structure with the metal in an octahedral distorted environment coordinated by the six donor nitrogen atoms from the macrocyclic backbone while the complex [Zn₂L³(NO₃)₂](NO₃)₂ · H₂O is dinuclear with both metal atoms into the macrocyclic cavity coordinated by four donor nitrogen atoms from the macrocyclic framework and one oxygen atom from one monodentate nitrate anion, in a distorted square pyramidal arrangement.     

Ab initio MRD-CI study of GaAs, GaAs2(±), Ga2As2(±) and As4 clusters

Using pseudopotentials and double zeta basis sets with s, p diffuse functions and two sets of d functions, MRD-CI calculations were performed on As₂^(±), As₄⁽⁺⁾, GaAs⁻, GaAs₂^(±) and Ga₂As₂^(±). This study complements previous theoretical investigations on Ga^(±) to Ga₄^(±) and GaAs⁽⁺⁾. For As₄ tetrahedral symmetry was assumed, and Re of X¹A₁ determined as 4.73a₀. Vertical ionization potentials to several states of As₄⁺ were calculated. For GaAs₂, GaAs₂⁺ and GaAs₂⁻, ground and one low-lying state were geometry-optimized, both in C_2v (Ga-As-As), and linear symmetry (GaAsAs, C_∞h and AsGaAs, D_∞h). The lowest state of GaAs₂ is ²B₂ in C_2v. For Ga₂As₂, the lowest state and low-lying excited states were optimized in various geometries. The most stable state has rhombic structure (¹A_g in D_2h), but T-form and other forms (C_2v, C_∞v, D_∞h) are only 1–2 eV less stable. In D_2h symmetry, several low-lying excited states of Ga₂As₂ were studied. The ground states of Ga₂As₂⁺ and Ga₂As₂⁻ were found to be ²B_2u, and ²B_2g, respectively. Trends in ionization potentials (IP), electron affinities (EA), atomization energies and fragmentation energies for the molecules Ga_xAs_y and the pure compounds Ga_n and As_n up to 4 atoms, were studied. Ga_xAs_y clusters, with x + y even, have higher IP's than odd-numbered clusters. An experimentally observed alternation of EA, whereby an odd number of atoms have higher EA than their even neighbors, is confirmed. The mixed compounds Ga_xAs_y have atomization energies between those of Ga_n and As_n (x + y = n), usually closer to those of Ga_n. Fragmentation of Ga_xAs_y occurs such that As----As bonds are retained, and if possible, also Ga----As bonds, since the dissociation energy of As₂ is higher than that of GaAs, which in turn is higher than that of Ga₂. Calculated fragmentation energies agree qualitatively with experimental observations about the composition of 3-atomic and 4-atomic clusters Ga_xAs_y.     

Ab initio SCF and DFT models of met-car adducts: Ti8C12(L)n (L = Cl, NH3, CO, C6H6; N = 4, 8)

The addition of Cl, NH₃, CO, C₆H₆ to Ti₈C₁₂ has been investigated by means of ab initio RHF and DFT calculations. The metallocarbohedrene (met-car) molecule has been modelled as a structure of a tetracapped tetrahedron with T_d symmetry and two distinct metal sites, found to be most stable from previous theoretical investigations. The addition of four molecules to the atoms of the external tetrahedron of metal atoms has been found to be exothermic for all ligands considered. The addition of four extra ligands leading to T₈C₁₂(L)₈ appears easy for L = Cl, and also for L = NH₃. It appears that π-bonding molecules, either non-polar like benzene or weakly polar like CO, have much less affinity for the inner tetrahedron of metal atoms, which makes adducts with eight ligands difficult or impossible to obtain in that case. Those results agree with the recently observed reactivity of met-cars.     

晶种法合成UZM-9分子筛及其CO2/CH4/N2吸附分离性能

以TEAOH和TMAOH为有机模板剂,酸处理的UZM-9分子筛为晶种,采用水热法在48 h内合成出分子筛UZM-9,并对其CO₂/CH₄/N₂的吸附分离性能进行了研究。采用XRD、ICP、TG、SEM与气体吸附等手段对晶种法合成的UZM-9分子筛结构、耐水稳定性与吸附性能进行了研究。结果表明,晶种法可以在2 d内合成出硅铝原子比在3以上、收率达到65%的UZM-9分子筛;所得分子筛的CO₂吸附容量可以达到5 mmol/g以上,吸附热为34 kJ/mol,CO₂/CH₄、CO₂/N₂与CH₄/N₂的平均分离因子分别为100、240与2.4,CO₂分离性能优良且具有一定耐水性能。     

Normal co-ordinate analyses and structural considerations of TeCl4, TeBr4 and TeCl2Br2

The molecular structure of TeCl₂Br₂ in the vapour phase is reconsidered in the light of the recently published X-ray crystal structure for TeCl₄. Normal coordinate calculations are performed on molecular TeCl₂Br₂ in its three possible symmetries using force fields derived from the parent molecules TeCl₄ and TeBr₄. The calculations indicate that the data for molecular TeCl₂Br₂ can best be interpreted as arising from a mixture of at least the two high symmetry conformers rather than just the low symmetry C₁ molecule as previously reported.     

The gas-phase structure of dodecafluorooctahydrothiophene, c-C4F8SF4

The geometric structure of c-C₄F₈SF₄ has been determined by gas-phase electron diffraction. The five-membered ring has the twist form (C₂ symmetry) with a puckering amplitude q = 0.42 (2) Å. The following principle geometric parameters (r_a values) with estimated uncertainties have been derived: (C---C)_av = 1.541(10), S---C = 1.896(7), S---F_e = 1.558(6), S---F_a = 1.594(6) Å, CSC = 90.0(9)°, SCC = 109.1(8)°, CCC = 106.5(12)°, F_aSF_e = 90.5(15)° and F_eSF_e = 87.7(29)°. Vibrational amplitudes for long non-bonded CF and FF distances indicate a high barrier to pseudorotation of the ring.     

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of nuclear spin-spin coupling constants in PH2, PH3, PH4 and P2H4

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of nuclear spin-spin coupling constants in PH⁻₂, PH₃, PH⁺₄ and P₂H₄ have been carried out employing SCF perturbation theory. Basis set dependence of all the four contributing terms has been studied in order to find the criterion for the selection of basis sets to be employed for computing this property. The dependence of the coupling constants of PH⁻₂ on its geometry has also been found. This study also discusses the requirement for satisfactory computation of couplings in cases where none of the coupling nuclei is a proton. It is found that bond-centred functions along with at least double zeta basis sets reproduce coupling constants quite satisfactorily. In all the cases studied, uncontracted core basis functions yield couplings which are in better agreement with experimental couplings than those obtained with contracted core functions.     

Quantum efficiency of S0 and P0,1 levels of Pr doped YF3

We present a detailed investigation of the quantum efficiency of the ¹S₀ and ³P_0,1 levels in Pr³⁺ doped YF₃ under VUV excitation. The quantum efficiency of the ³P_0,1 level was determined by the measurement and comparison of the photon fluxes of the ¹S₀ → ¹I₆ transition around 400 nm with the visible emissions occurring from the ³P_0,1 levels. It was found that already at concentrations as low as 0.01% the ³P_0,1 emission quantum efficiency is only about 61%. The quenching process is most probable caused by an energy transfer cross relaxation process involving the ³P_0,1 levels and the ³H₄ ground state. For concentrations of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 10%, the quantum efficiency was determined to be about 42%, 29%, 17%, and 0.4%, respectively. The total quantum efficiency of the visible emission (380–750 nm) under excitation at 190 nm, determined by measurements of the total photon flux, has a maximum for a Pr³⁺ concentration of 1%. At this value, the absorption efficiency of the 4f5d absorption bands is very high and the ³P_0,1 quenching is only moderate.     

The first tetranuclear vanadium(V) peroxo complex: Preparation, vibrational spectra and X-ray crystal structure of K6[V4O4(O2)8(PO4)]·9H2O

The vanadium(V) peroxo phosphato complex K₇[V₄O₄(O₂)₈(PO₄)]·9H₂O has been obtained from the KVO₃---KH₂PO₄---KOH---H₂O₂---H₂O---C₂H₅OH system. The X-ray structural analysis revealed a tetranuclear anionic structure in which two dinuclear [V₂O₂(O)₂)₂(μ-η¹ : η²-O₂)₂] units are connected by the μ₄-PO₄ group.     

Low-temperature heat capacity and thermodynamic properties of crystalline [Re2(Ala)4(H2O)8](ClO4)6 (Re = Eu, Er; Ala = alanine)

[Re₂(Ala)₄(H₂O)₈](ClO₄)₆ (Re=Eu, Er; Ala=alanine) were synthesized, and the low-temperature heat capacities of the two complexes were measured with a high-precision adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 80 to 370 K. For [Eu₂(Ala)₄(H₂O)₈](ClO₄)₆, two solid–solid phase transitions were found, one in the temperature range from 234.403 to 249.960 K, with peak temperature 243.050 K, the other in the range from 249.960 to 278.881 K, with peak temperature 270.155 K. For [Er₂(Ala)₄(H₂O)₈](ClO₄)₆, one solid–solid phase transition was observed in the range from 270.696 to 282.156 K, with peak temperature 278.970 K. The molar enthalpy increments, ΔH_m, and entropy increments,ΔS_m, of these phase transitions, were determined to be 455.6 J mol⁻¹, 1.87 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ at 243.050 K; 2277 J mol⁻¹, 8.43 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ at 270.155 K for [Eu₂(Ala)₄(H₂O)₈](ClO₄)₆; and 4442 J mol⁻¹, 15.92 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ at 278.970 K for [Er₂(Ala)₄(H₂O)₈](ClO₄)₆. Thermal decompositions of the two complexes were investigated by use of the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. A possible mechanism for the thermal decomposition is suggested.     

Tert-butylbenzamidate diruthenium(II, III) compounds. Crystal structure of [Ru2(μ-HNOCC6H4-p-CMe3)4(OPPh3)2]BF4

The reaction between Ru₂Cl(μ-O₂CCH₃)₄ and molten p-tert-butylbenzamide led to the formation of Ru₂Cl(μ-HNOCC₆H₄-p-CMe₃)₄. The polymeric structure of this insoluble compound was broken with AgBF₄, in anhydrous thf, giving [Ru₂(μ-HNOCC₆ H₄-p-CMe₃)₄(thf)₂]BF₄. The reaction of this cationic complex with OPPh₃ gave [Ru₂(μ-HNOCC₆H₄-p-CMe₃)₄(OPPh₃)₂]BF₄. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic data and magnetic measurements and the crystal structure of [Ru₂(μ-HNOCC₆H₄-p-CMe₃)₄(OPPh₃)₂]BF₄ was determined by X-ray crystallography. The asymmetric unit is composed of halves of two different crystallographically independent centrosymmetric cations. Each ruthenium(II,III) dimer is bonded to four bridging p-tert-butylbenzamidate ligands and to two axial triphenylphosphine oxide molecules. The Ru---Ru distances in the two dimeric cations of the unit cell are 2.281(2) and 2.280(2) Å. The compound has a non-polar 2 : 2 arrangement of the tert-butylbenzamidate ligands.     

The vapour pressure of di-arsenic pentoxide (As2O5)

The arsenic oxide pressure of As₂O₅ has been studied using mass spectrometry and a transportation method. Mass spectrometry revealed the presence of the species As₄O⁺₆, As₄O⁺₇, and As₄O⁺₈ in the vapour. The existence of volatile species up to As₄O₁₀(g) as a result of the reaction As₄O₁₀(g) As₄O_(10−y) (g) +1/2yO₂(g) has been assumed.

The oxygen pressure of this equilibrium builds up very slowly. The equilibrium pressure can be expressed by log(p_O2/atm) (880−952 K) = −(13940±930)/T + (14.53 ± 1.01)

A stationary arsenic oxide pressure has been measured using the transportation method. Since the oxygen pressure in the transportation gas did not influence the arsenic oxide pressure, it is assumed that only the As₄O₁₀(g) pressure has been measured. The results can be expressed by the linear function log(p_As4O10/atm) (865−1009 K) = −(15741 ± 410)/T + (13.87 ± 0.42).     

π-facial interactions between Cl and [S4N3]. X-ray crystal structure of [S4N3]Cl

The X-ray structure of [S₄N₃]Cl reveals three independent molecules, which all display π-facial interactions between the Cl⁻ and the pseudo-aromatic [S₄N₃]⁺ rings to produce a structure containing “inverse sandwich” systems.