大分子碳氢燃料层流预混火焰相似性研究

在广泛的压力、温度、当量比、已燃气体掺混率和热损失率状况下,对大分子碳氢燃料/空气层流预混火焰的相似性进行理论和计算研究,成功地将层流预混火焰相似性研究和S2FT方法推广到了大分子碳氢燃料,数据压缩率至少为两个数量级以上.     

Soret扩散对合成气层流火焰速度的影响

本文通过包含详细化学反应机理的数值模拟研究了常温常压和高温高压下Soret扩散对成气预混火焰的影响。研究重点是揭示并解释Soret扩散对合成气/空气层流火焰速度的影响。研究结果表明,合成气/空气层流火焰速度的下降主要是由H自由基的Soret扩散导致的,而H₂分子Soret扩散的影响几乎可以忽略不计。这是因为主反应区和H自由基的Soret扩散是强烈耦合的。由于H自由基Soret扩散流量的增强,Soret扩散对燃烧流量的影响会随着初始温度和压力的升高而增强。     

近贫燃极限甲烷/空气火焰的层流燃烧速度研究

利用微重力条件下向外传播的球形火焰,对贫燃极限附近甲烷/空气预混火焰的层流燃烧速度进行了测量,得到当量比从0.512(本文微重力实验中测定的可燃极限)到0.601范围内的零拉伸层流燃烧速度,并与前人实验数据和使用3种化学反应动力学模型的计算结果进行了比较.本文实验结果与已有的微重力实验数据非常接近,而其他研究者在常重力...     

层流预混火焰PAHs形成的反应机理模型

本文着重讨论层流预混火焰中,碳黑的先驱多环芳烃(PAHs)形成的化学反应动力学机理。该机理包括101种组分、546个基元反应。通过与实验结果的比较表明,该模型能够较好地预报碳氢燃料预混火焰中PAHs的生成过程。计算结果还表明当量比和压力PAHs的生成与排放具有重要影响,且存在一个化学当量比,在此当量比下,PAHs的浓度达到极大值。     

对冲火焰流场的二维分布对层流火焰传播速度测量的影响

在φ=0.6～0.75的条件下,利用PⅣ测得对冲火焰的二维速度场,分析使用偏移中心线一定距离提取的轴线速度分布曲线所得到的层流火焰传播速度SOL与沿中心线提取的速度分布曲线得到的SOL之间的误差大小.实验结果表明,在弱火焰时对冲火焰速度场具有明显的二维效应.φ=0.6,偏离中心轴线5 mm时,相对误差达到33%;而φ=...     

层流预混气体多棱火焰燃烧现象的分析

在一定条件下,层流预混气体燃烧过程中可清晰地观察到多棱火焰现象。本文从燃料浓度、温度对燃烧速度、气流速度的影响出发,推导出了火焰面变化随空气消耗系数的关系式,并得出了形成多棱火焰现象的条件为:Kx<0。用该式判断的丁烷层流预混气体燃烧的多棱火焰区与实验结果基本吻合。     

富燃料丙烷/空气预混火焰特性的微重力实验研究

地面常重力(1g)条件下,丙烷/空气预混火焰向上传播的富燃极限为9.2%C_3H_8,而向下传播时的富燃极限仅为6.3%C_3H_8,二者之间存在明显差距。利用微重力条件下的实验,对燃料浓度从6.5%到8.6%(微重力实验中测定的可燃极限)范围内的丙烷/空气预混火焰特性进行了研究。实验发现,重力对近极限丙烷/空气火焰的传播有显著影响,影响程度随着当量比的增加而增大。微重力下丙烷/空气的富燃极限为8.6%C_3H_8(φ=2.24),明显高于1g条件下向下传播火焰的可燃极限,略低于向上传播火焰的可燃极限。随着当量比的增大,根据压力变化曲线计算的火焰层流燃烧速度从8.5cm/s逐渐减小到2.7 cm/s,可燃极限处的层流燃烧速度与前人实验数据一致。     

流量非对称性对层流火焰传播速度测量的影响

对冲火焰被广泛地应用于测量层流火焰传播速度,但实验中常常出现两个喷嘴的流量非对称,造成流场的非对称性.通过数值模拟发现,流量不对称性使得火焰锋面不断移向流量较小的一侧,两侧火焰速度均发生变化.随着流量差增大,流量较大侧得到的层流火焰速度也稍有增加,而流量较小侧的与对称条件下的一致.建议尽量使用流量较小侧作为测量区域.在常规实验的流量偏差内,使用局部拉伸率拟合所得到的层流火焰传播速度是可靠的.     

层流等离子体射流温度与速度测量

本文分别应用光谱诊断、水冷皮托管及小尺寸杆状热流探针,对自由射入空气中的纯氩层流等离子体射流中心最高温度、滞止压力以及最大热流密度进行了测量,由测量结果导出了层流射流的中心最大速度,得到了射流气体温度和速度的轴向分布及其随工作电流和气流量变化的一些规律,探讨了气体的温度和速度对其向探针表面换热系数的影响。     

甲醇对正庚烷层流预混火焰影响的实验研究

利用低压层流预混火焰结合同步辐射真空紫外光电离技术和分子束取样质谱技术,探测到并计算了甲醇摩尔掺混比为0%、11%、28%和50%的甲醇/正庚烷/氧气/氩气火焰中62种燃烧中间产物和最终产物的摩尔分数.结果发现,甲醇的加入对正庚烷的消耗速率和大分子裂解没有影响,其主要作用表现在对C1和C2小分子摩尔分数的影响.甲醇的氧...     

甲烷-空气预混火焰中OH∗,CH∗发光的定量测量及模拟

基于燃烧化学自发光的诊断技术对发动机诊断、监控有重要意义.针对碳氢燃料燃烧中OH*,CH*激发态物质的生成机理,及其与释热率、当量比的关系进行了实验与模拟探究.首先,利用提出的辐射标定手段对当量比0.7~1.33范围内甲烷-空气预混火焰进行了化学发光量化测量,通过波长分辨的光学收集系统,同时获得各发光组分的浓度,具有很强的便利性.然后采用一维燃烧反应模拟,对与实验工况相同条件下的发光辐射进行定量计算,并对比了释热分布与激发态物质（OH*,CH*,C₂*,CO₂*）的相互关系,计算结果表明,在甲烷-空气层流火焰中,OH*,CH*最合适标识释热率,C₂*次之,CO₂*与释热率分布几乎无相关性.通过实验与计算的对比结果,分析了现有OH*,CH*的各反应通道和常数的准确度,并评估了两自发光组分的主要生成反应路径.      

甲醇、乙醇富燃层流预混火焰的模拟及试验研究

为了对两个流行的反应动力学机理和一个本组前期发展的修订机理进行全面比较,采用同步辐射真空紫外光电离质谱技术,对甲醇和乙醇富燃((?)=1.4)低压层流预混火焰进行了试验研究。同时采用这三个机理分别对火焰进行了模拟。结果表明,与前两个机理相比,修订机理的预测精度更高,模拟和试验结果为发展甲醇和乙醇的高温氧化模型提供了参考。     

Morphological Aspects of In-Situ Compatiblized Binary Polymer Blends With Variable Viscosity Ratios of Components

The in-situ compatiblized binary polymer blend polypropylene(PP)/polystyrene(PS)/ anhydrous aluminum chloride(AlCl₃) was selected as a model system of a reactive polymer blend to investigate the effect of viscosity ratio of components at a constant shear rate on the phase morphological behavior in in-situ compatibilized systems. The results showed that the well-known interfacial compatibilization effect was related to variations of viscosity ratios of components in the reactive PP/PS blends with different contents of AlCl₃ catalyst. The phase morphology evolution of the in-situ compatiblized reactive blend was determined by both the interfacial compatibilization and the variation of the viscosity ratio of components under the fixed mixing conditions, which showed characteristics obviously different from and much more complex than those in binary polymer blends generally compatiblized by added compatiblizers. The results implied that the variation of the viscosity ratio of components should be checked carefully and taken into account if necessary, when the phase morphology of binary polymer blends is investigated, especially in complex in-situ compatiblized reactive polymer blends.     

Rheological Characterization of in situ Compatibilized Binary Polymer Blends With Variable Steady Shear Viscosities of Components

Zero shear viscosities of binary polymer blends, η_0,bc, of polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS), in situ compatibilized by anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) catalyst, were obtained by fitting their shear rate sweep curves according to the modified Carreau model. The results showed that the dependence of η_0,bc on AlCl₃ content was complicated and obviously influenced by viscosity variations of the components as well as the interfacial compatibilization effect of the in situ formed PP-g-PS copolymer. For further investigation, η_0,bc was divided into three parts: contribution of the viscosity of components, contribution of phase geometry, and contribution of the interfacial compatibilization effect. The results showed that when the apparent value of the third part was experimentally determined, the significant influence of viscosity variations of the components had to be considered, while the influence of phase morphology geometry resulting from viscosity variations of the components could be ignored experimentally and reasonably within the whole experimental range of AlCl₃ content. The contribution of the interfacial compatibilization effect to η_0,bc could be used as the rheological parameter to characterize the interfacial character and could be used to interpret the variations of η_0,bc of the in situ compatibilized polymer blend successfully. In addition, η_0,bc is more sensitive to the shear viscosity variations of the components than the phase structure geometry evolution of the reactive blends.     

Predicting the Mechanical Properties of Binary Blends of Immiscible Polymers

We couple a morphological study of an immiscible binary AB mixture with a micromechanical simulation to determine how the spatial distribution of the A and B domains and the interfacial region (interphase) affects the mechanical behavior of the blend. The morphological studies are conducted through a three-dimensional Cahn-Hilliard (CH) simulation. Through the CH calculations, we obtain the size and structure of the domains for different blend compositions. The output of the CH model serves as the input to the Lattice Spring Model (LSM), which consists of a three-dimensional network of springs. In particular, the location of the different phases is mapped onto the LSM lattice and the appropriate force constants are assigned to the LSM sites. A stress is applied to the LSM lattice and we calculate the elastic response of the material. We find that the local stress and strain fields are highly dependent on the morphology of the system. By integrating the morphological and mechanical models, we can isolate how modifications in the composition of the mixture affect the macroscopic behavior. Thus, we can establish how choices made in the components affect the ultimate performance of the material.     

Phase Structure Characterization by SALS of In Situ Compatiblized Binary Polymer Blends and Its Relation to Rheology

Phase structures of polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) blends, in situ compatiblized by a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction with anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) as a catalyst, were investigated by small angle light scattering (SALS). The invariant Q, the content of compatible domain between the two phases, i.e., the interphase volume fraction, and the interphase thickness of the in situ compatiblized binary polymer blends were determined by Rayleigh scattering, as well as the phase structure parameters, such as correlation distance and average chord lengths. The results showed that the obtained blend is a partially compatible system. The invariant Q, the interphase volume fraction, and the interphase thickness all can be used to characterize the in situ interfacial compatiblization of the blends and all showed a nonlinear dependence on the in situ formed copolymer content. Further investigations revealed that the contribution of the interfacial modification to the zero shear viscosity of the in situ compatiblized blends showed exponential decay with the increasing invariant Q and showed exponential growth with the increasing volume fraction and thickness of the interphase in the blends. The nonlinear relations between the three phase structure parameters and the in situ formed copolymer content, as well as the nonlinear relations between the three phase structure parameters and the contribution of the interfacial modification to the zero shear viscosity of the blends, might be closely related to the in situ formation of the copolymer and its effect at the interfacial surface in the blends.     

Effects of compression and stretch on the determination of laminar flame speeds using propagating spherical flames

The effects of flow compression and flame stretch on the accurate determination of laminar flame speeds at normal and elevated pressures using propagating spherical flames at constant pressure or constant volume are studied theoretically and numerically. The results show that both the compression-induced flow motion and flame stretch have significant impacts on the accuracy of flame speed determination. For the constant pressure method, a new method to obtain a compression-corrected flame speed (CCFS) for nearly constant pressure spherical bomb experiments is presented. Likewise, for the constant volume method, a technique to obtain a stretch-corrected flame speed (SCFS) at elevated pressures and temperatures is developed. The validity of theoretical results for both constant pressure and constant volume methods is demonstrated by numerical simulations using detailed chemistry for hydrogen/air, methane/air, and propane/air mixtures. It is shown that the present CCFS and SCFS methods not only improve the accuracy of the flame speed measurements significantly but also extend the parameter range of experimental conditions. The results can be used directly in experimental measurements of laminar flame speeds.     

Flame propagation speed and Markstein length of spherically expanding flames: Assessment of extrapolation and measurement techniques

Laminar burning velocities are of great importance in many combustion models as well as for validation and improvement of chemical kinetic schemes. Determining laminar burning velocities with high accuracy is quite challenging and different approaches exist. Hence, a comparison of existing methods measuring and evaluating laminar burning velocities is of interest. Here, two optical diagnostics, high speed tomography and Schlieren cinematography, are simultaneously set up to investigate methods for evaluating laminar flame speed in a spherical flame configuration. The hypothesis to obtain the same flame propagation radii over time with the two different techniques is addressed. Another important aspect is the estimation of flame properties, such as the unstretched flame propagation speed and Markstein length in the burnt gas phase and if these are estimated satisfactorily by common experimental approaches. Thorough evaluation of the data with several extrapolation techniques is undertaken. A systematic extrapolation approach is presented to give more confidence into results generated experimentally. The significance of the linear extrapolation routine is highlighted in this context. Measurements of spherically expanding flames are carried out in two high-pressure, high-temperature, constant-volume vessels at RWTH in Aachen, Germany and at ICARE in Orleans, France. For the discussion of the systematic extrapolation approach, flame speed measurements of methane / air mixtures with mixture Lewis numbers moderately away from unity are used. Conditions were varied from lean to rich mixtures, at temperatures of 298–373 K, and pressures of 1 atm and 5 bar.