Partial difference equations in m1⩾m2⩾⋯⩾mn⩾0 and their applications to combinatorics

Various discrete functions encountered in Combinatorics are solutions of Partial Difference Equations in the subset of Nⁿ given by m₁?m₂???m_n?0. Given a partial difference equation, it is described how to pass from the standard “easy” solution of an equation in Nⁿ to a solution of the same equation subject to certain “Dirichlet” or “Neumann” boundary conditions in the domain m₁?m₂???m_n?0 and related domains. Applications include a rather quick derivation of MacMahon's generating function for plane partitions, a generalization and q-analog of the Ballot problem, and a joint analog of the Ballot problem and Simon Newcomb's problem.     

Quantum complexity of the approximation for the classes B(Wp ([0, 1])) and B(Hp ([0, 1]))

We study the approximation of functions from anisotropic Sobolev classes B(W^r_p([0,1]d)) and Hölder-Nikolskii classes B(H^r_p([0,1]d)) in the L_q([0,1]d) norm with q ≤ p in the quantum model of computation. We determine the quantum query complexity of this problem up to logarithmic factors. It shows that the quantum algorithms are significantly better than the classical deterministic or randomized algorithms.     

On the observation closest to the origin

Out of n i.i.d. random vectors in $\text{R}$^d let X¹_n be the one closest to the origin. We show that X¹_n has a nondegenerate limit distribution if and only if the common probability distribution satisfies a condition of multidimensional regular variation. The result is then applied to a problem of density estimation.     

Applications of the Wronskian and Gram matrices of {tieλkt}

A review is made of some of the fundamental properties of the sequence of functions {tⁱe^λ_k^t}, k = 1,…,s, i = 0,…,m_k?1, distinct λ _i. In particular it is shown how the Wronskian and Gram matrices of this sequence of functions appear naturally in such fields as spectral matrix theory, controllability, and Lyapunov stability theory.     

Lp-intensities of random measures

Given a random measure η and a fixed number p>1, the L_p-intensity 6η6_p of ηis defined as the total variation measure of the subadditive set function 6η(·)6_p. It is shown that 6η6_p can exist (be locally finite) only if the usual intensity measure Eη exists and $\text{η 《}\text{E}\text{η}$ a.s, and that in this case $\text{6η6}{}_{\mathrm{p}}\text{B}\text{=?}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>B</mtext>}}\text{6}\text{d}\text{η}\text{d}\text{E}\text{η}\text{6}{}_{\mathrm{p}}\text{d}\text{E}\text{η}$. If η is the conditional intensity of a simple point process ξ, then 6η6_p equals the total variation of the subadditive set functions 6P[ξB = 1|B^cξ]6_p and 6E[ξB|B^cξ]6_p. Some applications to stochastic geometry and particle systems are discussed briefly.     

Convex additively slowly varying functions

We study the problem of subtraction of slowly varying functions. It is well-known that the difference of two slowly varying functions need not be slowly varying and we look for some additional conditions which guarantee the slow variation of the difference. To this end we consider all possible decompositions L=F+G of a given increasing convex additively slowly varying function L into a sum of two increasing convex functions F and G. We characterize the class of functions L for which in every such decomposition the summands are necessarily additively slowly varying. The class OΠ₂⁺ we obtain is related to the well-known class OΠ_g where, instead of first order differences as in OΠ_g, we have second order differences.     

Conjugate transforms for τT semigroups of probability distribution functions

This paper introduces the use of conjugate transforms in the study of τ_T semigroups of probability distribution functions. If Δ⁺ denotes the space of one-dimensional distribution functions concentrated on [0, ∞) and T is a t-norm, i.e., a suitable binary operation on [0, 1], then the operation τ_T is defined for F, G in Δ⁺by τ_T(F, G)(x) = sup_{u+v = x}T(F(u), G(v)) for all x. The pair (Δ⁺, τ_T) is then a semigroup. For any Archimedean t-norm T, a conjugate transform C_T is defined on (Δ⁺, τ_T). These transforms are shown to play a role similar to that played by the Laplace transform on the convolution semigroup. Thus a theory of “characteristic functions” for τ_T semigroups is developed. In addition to establishing their basic algebraic properties, we also use conjugate transforms to study the algebraic questions of the cancellation law, infinitely divisible elements, and solutions of equations in τ_T semigroups.     

Homographic solutions of the n-body problem in E4

We prove the existence of many homographic solutions of the n-body problem in E⁴ by topological methods. Homographic solutions are associated with relative equilibria. Homothetic solutions always give rise to central configurations. In Euclidean space E⁴ central configurations are a proper subset of the relative equilibria for any n ? 3 and for any (m_i)?R₊ⁿ. We compare the existence and classification of homographic solutions of the n-body problem in E³ with the Newtonian potential and that of homographic solutions of the n-body problem in E⁴. Classifying relative equilibria leads to classifying homographic solutions.     

Nonlinear integration on Lp-spaces

For a Banach space E and for 1 ? p < ∞ let ?p<∞ let L_E^p(μ) = L_E^p(S,B,μ) denote all Bochner p-integrable E-valued functions on a measure space (S,B,μ). Under study are convergence theorems for integrals of functions in L_E^p(μ) with respect to Nemytskii measures. Weak integrals are then denoted to Hammerstein operators, and a study of topologies generated by vector measures leads to a characterization of compact Hammerstein operators.     

Remarks on ideal boundedness, convergence and variation of sequences

We answer the questions asked by Faisant et al. (2005) [2]. The first main result states that for every admissible ideal I⊂P(N) the quotient space l^∞(I)/c₀(I) is complete. The second main result states that consistently there is an admissible ideal I⊂P(N) such that the sets W(I), of all real sequences with finite I-variation, and c^?(I), of all restrictively I-convergent sequences, are equal.     

The P(φ)2 Green's functions: Smoothness in the coupling constant

The (real-time) Green's functions for the P(φ)₂ quantum field theory are studied. The main result is that they are C^∞ functions of the coupling constant λ, for λ sufficiently small and nonzero. Explicit expressions for the derivatives are obtained.     

Gauge invariance and implementability of the S-operator for spin-0 and spin-12 particles in time-dependent external fields

It is proved that the classical S-operator for relativistic spin-0 and spin-$\text{1}\text{2}$ particles in time-dependent external fields is gauge invariant, and that S_+- and S_?+ are entire functions of the coupling constant in the Hilbert-Schmidt norm. As a result the Fock space S-operator exists for any real value of the coupling constant, and is gauge invariant. The external fields and the gauge function are assumed to be real-valued resp. complex-valued functions in S(R⁴).     

On a Kohn-Vogelius like formulation of free boundary problems

The present paper is concerned with the solution of a Bernoulli type free boundary problem by means of shape optimization. Two state functions are introduced, namely one which satisfies the mixed boundary value problem, whereas the second one satisfies the pure Dirichlet problem. The shape problem under consideration is the minimization of the L ²-distance of the gradients of the state functions. We compute the corresponding shape gradient and Hessian. By the investigation of sufficient second order conditions we prove algebraic ill-posedness of the present formulation. Our theoretical findings are supported by numerical experiments.     

A Lagrangian relaxation approach to the edge-weighted clique problem

The b-clique polytope CPⁿ_b is the convex hull of the node and edge incidence vectors of all subcliques of size at most b of a complete graph on n nodes. Including the Boolean quadric polytope QPⁿ=CPⁿ_n as a special case and being closely related to the quadratic knapsack polytope, it has received considerable attention in the literature. In particular, the max-cut problem is equivalent with optimizing a linear function over CPⁿ_n. The problem of optimizing linear functions over CPⁿ_b has so far been approached via heuristic combinatorial algorithms and cutting-plane methods.We study the structure of CPⁿ_b in further detail and present a new computational approach to the linear optimization problem based on the idea of integrating cutting planes into a Lagrangian relaxation of an integer programming problem that Balas and Christofides had suggested for the traveling salesman problem. In particular, we show that the separation problem for tree inequalities becomes polynomial in our Lagrangian framework. Finally, computational results are presented.     

Sur une décomposition topologique des fonctions de Sobolev et sur la localisation de l'énergie dans les plasmas idéaux

Motivated by properties of “frozen topological invariants” in ideal plasmas theory, we consider the problem of an intrinsic characterization of the weak closure in H₀¹ (Ω) of all functions ψ₀ ∘ ϕ, with ϕ : Ω → Ω a diffeomorphism. We show that one may associate with ψ₀ a class W^weak (ψ₀) of functions which captures robust topological properties, of the level sets of {ψ₀} and, moreover, is closed under weak limits.     

An extension theorem for D-normal spaces

A second countable developable T₁-space $\text{D}$₁ is defined which has the following properties: (1) $\text{D}$₁ is an absolute extensor for the class of perfect spaces. (2) $\text{D}$₁^?₀ is a universal space for second countable developable T₁-spaces.     

An extremal problem for even positive definite entire functions of exponential type

We consider an extremal problem for even positive definite entire functions of exponential type with zero mean with power weight on the semiaxis. This problem is related to the multidimensional Jackson-Stechkin theorem in the space L ₂(?ⁿ).     

Solving of second order nonlinear PDE problems by using artificial controls with controlled error

In this paper, we find the approximate solution of a second order nonlinear partial differential equation on a simple connected region inR ². We transfer this problem to a new problem of second order nonlinear partial differential equation on a rectangle. Then, we transformed the later one to an equivalent optimization problem. Then we consider the optimization problem as a distributed parameter system with artificial controls. Finally, by using the theory of measure, we obtain the approximate solution of the original problem. In this paper also the global error inL ₁ is controlled.     

On the connection between weak and strong convergencies in Cm

In this work wome connections are pursued between weak and strong convergence in the spaces C^m (m-times continuously differentiable functions on Rⁿ). Let f_n, f?C^{m + 1}, where n = 1, 2,…, and m is a nonnegative integer. Suppose that the sequence {f_n} converges to f relative to the weak topology of C^{m + 1}. It is shown that this implies the convergence of {f_n} to f with respect to the strong topology of C^m. Several corollaries to this theorem are established; among them is a sufficient condition for uniform convergence. A stronger result is shown to exist when the sequence constitutes an output sequence of a linear weakly continuous operator.