顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法定性定量分析广藿香中的挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法(HS-SPME/GC-MS)定性定量分析广藿香药材中的挥发性成分.以百秋里醇的峰面积为指标,确定HS-SPME最佳的实验条件为:160目药材粉末用无水 Na2SO4稀释10倍,称取30 mg于15 mL萃取瓶中,以250 r/min速度搅拌预热(80 ℃) 40 min,插入65 μm聚二甲基硅烷-二乙烯(PDMS-DVB)涂层的纤维头,在相同搅拌速度下80 ℃萃取40 min,纤维头进入GC进样口在250 ℃下解吸100 s.GC色谱条件:色谱柱为DB-5MS柱;载气流速为1 mL/min;柱温的起始温度为90 ℃,以0.8 ℃/min升至110 ℃,保持5 min;1.0 ℃/min升至134 ℃,保持5 min;最后以5.0 ℃/min升至143 ℃,保持10 min.结果:百秋里醇的平均回收率为91.8%,RSD为3.0%.运用本方法对10份不同产地广藿香中百秋里醇的含量进行测定,并以其为参比对照,测定了广藿香中其它主要挥发性成分的含量.     

超声雾化提取法测定3种香料中的挥发性成分

用超声雾化提取法提取,气相色谱法检测八角茴香和小茴香中反式茴香醚以及花椒中柠檬烯的含量.最佳提取条件为100 mg样品加入15 mL正己烷提取液,在35 W的超声功率下提取5 min(八角茴香和小茴香)或30 min(花椒).测定反式茴香醚的回收率在90.9%～100.7%之间,柠檬烯的回收率在90.0%～98 6%之间.将所建立的超声雾化提取法与常用的超声辅助提取法和索氏提取法进行了比较,证明所建立的方法具有提取时间短、效率高、设备简单且没有噪音污染等优点.     

环境水样中二甲胺和二乙胺的检测方法比较

采用气相色谱法(GC)和顶空-气相色谱/质谱法(HS-GC/MS) 测定环境水样中的二甲胺和二乙胺.优化的实验条件如下:载气为高纯氮气,流速为1 mL/min,柱温:35℃,保持15 min,以 5℃/min速度升至 80℃(GC);顶空温度80 ℃,平衡时间30 min,柱温50 ℃,离子源温度230 ℃ (HS-GC/MS).将10 mL水样移入20 mL顶空瓶中,将顶空瓶用铝盖密封.放入自动顶空进样系统中加热进行分析.在上述条件下,二甲胺(1.80～35.9 mg/L)和二乙胺(1.42～28.4 mg/L)的线性良好.GC和HS-GC/MS测定二甲胺的检出限分别为8.6和10.1 mg/L,测定二乙胺的检出限分别为0.09和0.12 mg/L; 水样平均加标回收率分别为52.6%～56 2%和86.8%～109.6%;相对标准偏差分别为2.0%,5.8%,5.5%,2.0%.结果表明,在分析挥发性的胺类物质时HS-GC/MS比GC具有较强优势.它可省略蒸馏浓缩预处理步骤,直接进样,是一种测定环境水中二甲胺和二乙胺的有效分析方法.     

热解吸-气相色谱法测定植物源挥发性有机物

以Tenax-TA、Carboxen 1000和Carbosieve SⅢ为采样管填充料,将植物源挥发性有机物吸附于采样管内,样品通过二次热解吸仪解吸后,随载气进入气相色谱仪,采用氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)测定,建立了利用二次热解吸仪与气相色谱联用技术测定植物挥发性有机物的分析方法。载气N2流速为30 mL/min,60℃下吹扫吸附管2 min,然后在250℃下解吸吸附管5 min,冷却1 min后,在275℃下解吸聚焦管3 min,样品经传输线进入气相色谱。气相色谱载气N2压力为190 kPa,FID检测器温度280℃;进样口温度225℃;初始柱温40℃,停留5 min,以2℃/min升温至120℃,保留1 min,然后以20℃/min升温至200℃,保留10 min。方法重现性好,精密度高,线性相关系数大于0.99;检出限均低于9×10-9g/L;解吸效率大于96%,适用于植物源挥发性有机物的测定。     

填充柱气相色谱法快速测定发酵废水提取物中丙/乙酸含量

建立了一种快速测定发酵废水及其提取物中丙/乙酸含量的气相色谱方法.采用GC9790气相色谱仪,不锈钢填充柱,FID检测器,外标法定量,色谱条件为:载气(氮气) 55 mL/min,氢气30 mL/min,空气300 mL/min,柱箱温度140 ℃,汽化室温度170 ℃,检测器温度200 ℃,进样量1 μL.丙酸保留时间4.86 min,标准曲线ρ=6.487×10-6A-8.718×10-2,线性相关系数r=0.9990,精密度RSD=2.5%,回收率92.7%～107.2%,检测限4.4×10-3 g/L.乙酸保留时间3.49 min,标准曲线ρ=1.118×10-5A+4.042×10-2,线性相关系数r=0.9997,RSD=2.1%,回收率95.3%～106.3%,检出限7.6×10-3 g/L.此方法为从发酵废水中提取丙/乙酸和发酵控制研究提供了检测手段.     

气相色谱法测定交联透明质酸钠凝胶的修饰度

建立一种气相色谱测定交联透明质酸钠凝胶中修饰度的分析方法。通过沸水酸解的方法提取凝胶中的丙三醇物质，以丙三醇为外标，采用气相色谱法进行定量分析。采用PEG-20M毛细管柱（30.0 m×0.32 mm,0.50μm），柱温为250℃，采用氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）检测，检测器温度为290℃，载气流量为30 mL/min，载气为高纯氮气，流量为3.0 mL/min。丙三醇质量浓度在8.16～122μg/mL范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好，线性方程为y=3 266.9x-8 404.7，相关系数r=0.999 7，方法检出限为0.037μg/mL，定量限为0.83μg/mL，样品加标回收率为99.17%～99.94%，测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.77%(n=6)。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法分析粪便中碱性和中性挥发性代谢产物

建立了一种快速分析人和大鼠粪便中碱性和中性挥发性代谢产物的气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS).粪便样品采用75%甲醇溶液提取,加入氨水,使溶液中氨水的终浓度为1%(pH=10)后,GC-MS检测分析.采用CP-Sil 5毛细管柱(25 m × 0.25 mm × 0.12 μ);载气: 高纯氦气,流速1 mL/min;程序升温;使用电子轰击(EI)离子源,电子能量:-70 eV;进样口温度: 220℃,离子源温度: 230℃,传输线温度: 280℃;电子倍增器电压: 0.95 kV,全扫描模式,扫描范围: m/z 10~600;溶剂延迟: 3 min.通过检索NIST标准谱库,采用对照品比对及质谱数据解析的方法,在人的粪便样品中检测到11种碱性和中性挥发性代谢产物,在大鼠的粪便样品中检测到7种碱性和中性挥发性代谢产物.本方法处理过程简单,灵敏度高,适用于人和大鼠粪便中碱性和中性挥发性代谢产物的快速分析.     

超声提取-反相高效液相色谱法测定新疆大蓟中绿原酸和芦丁的含量

以黄酮提取量为指标,选用正交实验对新疆大蓟总黄酮的超声提取工艺进行优化,结果表明最佳提取条件为:超声电流250mA,料液比1∶30(g/mL),时间40min,总黄酮提取量为2.89mg/g。同时建立了高效液相色谱法测定新疆大蓟中绿原酸及芦丁含量的方法。采用SinoChrom ODS-BP色谱柱,甲醇-1%冰乙酸为流动相,检测波长为340nm,流速为0.9mL.min-1。方法测定绿原酸的线性范围为1.675～16.75μg/mL,相关系数R=0.99995;测定芦丁的线性范围为2～20μg/mL,相关系数R=0.9999,回收率分别为99.45%、99.65%。该法简单准确,适用于新疆大蓟中绿原酸及芦丁的定量分析。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定柴胡舒肝丸10种挥发性成分

建立气相色谱-串联质谱法测定柴胡舒肝丸挥发性成分藁本内酯、α-香附酮、十六烷酸、去氢木香内酯、人参炔醇、厚朴酚、和厚朴酚、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚、β-谷甾醇含量的方法。称取5 g柴胡舒肝丸样品,以乙酸乙酯为提取溶剂,样品浸泡30 min,冰水浴超声提取10 min,以气相色谱-串联质谱法对10种挥发性成分定性,内标法定量。10种挥发性成分在对应质量浓度范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数（r）均大于0.995,样品加标回收率为93.4%～102.8%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.2%～5.1%(n=6)。该方法重复性高、稳定性和精密度良好、专属性强、操作简便,适用于柴胡舒肝丸多组分的质量控制。     

气相色谱法快速测定饮料中甜蜜素

建立以正己烷为提取试剂,超声波辅助提取,HP-5毛细色谱柱分离的饮料中甜蜜素含量的气相色谱测定方法。色谱柱初始温度为50 ℃,保持3 min,以10 ℃/min的速率升至100 ℃,保持0.5 min,以20 ℃/min的速率升至200 ℃,保持3 min;检测器温度为265 ℃;氢气流量为35 mL/min;空气流量为350 mL/min。通过优化的实验方法与国标法对比分析并绘制色谱图。甜蜜素衍生物出峰时间相对缩短,甜蜜素的质量浓度在0～1.6 mg/mL范围内与色谱峰面积具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 2,检出限为0.01 g/kg。样品测定结果的相对标准偏差小于0.7%(n=6),加标回收率为88.5%～103.3%。该检测方法操作便捷,检测高效,结果重现性好,为饮料中甜蜜素含量测定提供参考依据。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。