Partially resolved transition array model for atomic spectra

The unresolved transition array (UTA) model of atomic spectra describes the lines in a configuration-to-configuration transition array with a single feature that conserves the total strength as well as the energy first and second strength-weighted moments. A new model is proposed that uses a relatively small detailed line-by-line calculation together with the extant variance formula to generate a series of Gaussians to describe the transition array. This partially resolved transition array (PRTA) model conserves the known array properties, yields improved higher moments, and systematically accounts for initial level populations. Numerical examples show that the PRTA model provides excellent fidelity to line-by-line methods using only a small fraction of the computational effort for the full calculations.     

On the size of the hysteresis in pseudoelasticity

Pseudoelasticity is a phenomenon that occurs in alloys with shape memory: In a loading-unloading cycle a body will return to its original configuration, but its path in a load-deformation diagram will run through a hysteresis loop.Pseudoelastic behaviour can be modelled by statistical mechanics which produces a non-monotone load-deformation isotherm. Once such a nonmonotone curve has been calculated there is the possibility of a phase transition that is connected with a hysteresis loop.The paper describes a method for the calculation of the width of the hysteresis. It comes to the conclusion that this width is determined by the interfacial energy associated with domain boundaries between the phases. The bigger that energy is the bigger is the hysteresis loop.     

斜波压缩下锡的相变和层裂行为

获取不同热力学路径下锡的动态响应实验数据,是深入研究其相变和损伤物理过程的基础.利用小型磁驱装置CQ-4完成了金属锡的斜波加载实验,获取了锡含有相变和层裂损伤物理信息的实验数据.实验结果显示,在加载段锡依次经历了弹塑性转变和β-γ相变两种物理过程,屈服强度约0.194 GPa,相变压力随着锡厚度的增加从7.54 GPa减小到7.14 GPa.在卸载段出现了明显的层裂损伤,层裂强度约1.1 GPa,与相同加载压力下冲击实验结果有巨大差异,层裂片厚度约0.38 mm.结合由锡的多相Helmholtz自由能计算的多相状态方程、Hayes相变动力学方程和损伤度理论,对斜波压缩实验过程进行一维流体动力学数值模拟,计算结果可以很好描述锡的弹塑性转变、相变和层裂三个物理过程.     

倾斜界面耦合弹性层中的渡越辐射能

物理学中,摄动源在非均匀介质中或非均匀介质附近匀速直线运动所产生的能量辐射现象称为渡越辐射.列车沿轨道运行,由轮轨接触产生的弹性波在非均匀轨道和基础中传播将发生渡越辐射,而轨道和基础的非均匀性集中体现在不同轨道基础之间的过渡段(如路桥过渡段、桥隧过渡段或有砟-无砟轨道过渡段).为研究车致弹性波在过渡段中引发的渡越辐射现象,本文以典型高速铁路路桥过渡段结构形式为依据,建立了二维平面应力渡越辐射能计算模型.其中,两个材料参数不同的半无限弹性层由一倾斜界面耦合,底端固定,上表面自由,一个集中载荷在自由表面上匀速运动.界面两侧弹性体中的波动方程均分解为本征场、自由场两个部分分别求解,其中自由场波动方程采用分离变量法数值求解.通过模型求解得到了不同载荷移动速度和界面倾斜角度条件下的渡越辐射能及界面附近应变能密度.结果表明,渡越辐射能的大小随载荷移动速度增大单调非线性增大,移动载荷速度达到刚度较大一侧介质表面波速的74%时产生的渡越辐射能就将超过载荷本身激发的本征场应变能;界面倾斜角度越大,即两侧介质刚度过渡距离越短,渡越辐射能与本征场应变能比值越大.      

引信安全系统过程识别理论及其可靠性

将马尔可夫（Ｍａｒｋｏｖ）过程理论应用于引信安全系统的状态转移过程,通过状态转移过程分析和状态转移概率的计算,建立起引信安全系统过程识别理论,并得到计算该系统可靠性的方法。     

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of pseudoelasticity

Solid-solid phase transitions often exhibit hystereses, and a hysteresis indicates energy dissipation. Pseudoelasticity refers to a hysteretic loadingunloading characteristic observed in the stress-induced martensitic transformation of shape memory alloys.This paper describes the thermodynamic model ofideal pseudoelasticity, a largely schematized adaptation of the experimental observations, and it reviews the works of other authors on thermodynamics of pseudoelasticity. Different approaches vary widely and we have chosen to put them into perspective by contrasting their assumptions and predictions against those of ideal pseudoelasticity.Ideal pseudoelasticity receives support from the experimental results of Fu [1] and its thermodynamic properties have been exploited by Huo [2]. The model makes use of an analytical ansatz proposed by Müller [3] in which the hysteresis is assumed to be due to the presence of a coherency energy in solid phase mixtures. This model permits the study of stability of the equilibrium states and the calculation of the energy dissipation or entropy production during the phase transition: The equilibrium states of a phase mixture are found to be unstable in load-controlled processes and the dissipated energy is related to the coherency coefficient.We also discuss some open problems concerning the states inside the hysteresis loop and the formation of interfaces.     

Stick-slip transition in capillary flow of linear polyethylene: 3. Surface conditions

Effects of surface topology and energy on the stick-slip transition were studied in capillary flow of highly entangled polyethylene (PE) melts. Surface roughness was shown to increase the critical stress of the stick-slip transition because of the increased resistance to interfacial disentanglement. Lowering the surface energy of a smooth die wall by treatment with a fluorocarbon completely eliminates the stick-slip transition and produces massive interfacial slip at PE/wall boundary down to a stress level of 0.05 MPa. On the other hand, considerable roughness on the same low energy surface can produce a stick hydrodynamic boundary condition and restore the stick-slip transition despite the weak PE/wall interfacial interactions. Additionally, a slip-slip transition was found in the die with a nearly non-adsorbing wall that appears to involve a secondary chain-debonding process.     

温度对冲击相变波传播的影响

冲击加载下,相界面的传播是一热力耦合过程。相变波阵面不仅是力学和物质间断面,也是温度界面。为考虑温度对相变波传播的影响,本文首先建立了相界面上的热传导方程和热力耦合的相变本构方程,然后采用一维特征线理论和有限差分数值计算相结合的方法,分析了温度界面和相变波的基本相互作用规律,进而给出了连续温度梯度下和绝热冲击下相变波传播规律。结果表明,温度对相变波传播的作用主要体现在两个方面,一方面是作为温度界面将与各类间断面相互作用,另一方面冲击相变波阵面后区域热力学状态变化影响卸载波结构。其原因在于相变方式（可逆、不可逆）和相变阈值应力具有强烈的温度相关性。     

Nb3Sn单晶超导相转变时的弹性性能变化

Nb3Sn超导体失超，是超导磁体装备运行过程中的重要现象。失超，即超导体从超导相转变为正常相的过程；在强磁场超导磁体工程中，由于超高的储能密度，失超伴随着力/热/电等物理参量在瞬时的剧烈变化。失超瞬时，超导相转变的同时伴随着弹性力学性能的突变，研究超导相转变时弹性性能的变化是失超诱发应力跨尺度分析的关键。本文首先采用第一性原理方法计算了弹性常数随温度的变化规律，结果表明由于未考虑A15结构的超导材料在环境温度变化的情况下产生的特殊电子能带结构，基于准静态近似方法的材料弹性常数计算从0K外推至有限温度时，会导致模拟结果与实验观测结果出现定性上的差异；之后，基于晶格自由能函数，给出了描述立方相Nb3Sn单晶弹性性能随温度变化的解析模型，模型预测结果与实验观测结果定性吻合，初步实现了对Nb3Sn单晶超导相转变时弹性性能变化的理论描述和预测。研究结果对于超导体失超应力的跨尺度模拟及超导磁体的安全分析具有一定的理论参考价值。     

基于能量守恒的空间旋转目标消旋力矩计算方法

针对空间旋转目标电磁消旋技术,提出一种计算空间旋转目标消旋力矩的新方法。首先,介绍了电磁消旋的常用计算方法;然后,介绍了能量守恒法的基本思想,从系统能量守恒的角度出发,从整体考虑电磁消旋过程中各物理场之间的相互作用,提出了一种基于能量守恒的消旋力矩计算方法,并通过球壳模型消旋力矩的计算过程对能量守恒法进行阐述。最后,进行了地面消旋实验,对比了实验结果和有限元法、电磁张量法和能量守恒法的计算结果。实验及仿真结果表明,本文提出的基于能量守恒的空间旋转目标消旋力矩计算方法有效。     

ENERGY DISTRIBUTION IN MODES IN THE WAKE OF A FINITE-LENGTH CYLINDER BEFORE AND AFTER TRANSITION

The flow in the wake of a finite-length cylinder has been studied experimentally both before and after the transition to turbulence. This instability occurs at Reynolds numbers around 180–190. One end of the cylinder was fixed to the bottom of the test-section of a wind tunnel, whilst the other terminated in the open flow (free end). For these boundary conditions four main frequency modes within the wake can be identified. These are a centre-cell mode at the Strouhal frequency, end-cell modes with a frequency below the Strouhal frequency, a mode exhibiting the difference frequency between the centre-cell and end-cell modes, and a low-frequency mode (appearing only after transition to turbulence). In this work the energy content of these four modes has been determined throughout the wake, both before and after transition to turbulence. For three of the modes, the energy content is the same before and after transition, whereas the low-frequency mode exhibits energy two to four orders of magnitude greater after transition than before. Hence it is clear that the additional turbulence energy appearing in the wake after transition is located predominantly in this low-frequency mode. The appearance of this low-frequency mode is characterized by the simultaneous appearance of a peak in the power spectra of the velocity fluctuations centred about zero frequency (but with finite width). Consequently, the appearance of this zero frequency peak can be taken as the signature of the onset of turbulence. By considering the downstream growth rates of this low-frequency mode, evidence is presented which suggests that transition to turbulence may occur as a result of wake transition in the downstream central plane of the cylinder.     

Transition of Energy to a Nonlinear Localized Mode in a Highly Asymmetric System of Two Oscillators

Redistribution of energy in a highly asymmetric system consisting ofcoupled linear and highly nonlinear damped oscillators isinvestigated. Special attention is paid to the excitation of a nonlinearnormal mode while the energy is initially stored in other modes of thesystem. The transition proceeds via the mechanism of subharmonicresonance which is possible because of the strong nonlinearity of thesystem. The conditions of the energy transition to NNM being effectiveare revealed and guidelines to design such a systems are formulatedin detail.     

一种耗能剪力墙结构地震反应的简化计算方法

本文用哈密顿原理建立了一种带竖缝耗能剪力墙结构在地震作用下的动力平衡方程，用Ritz法求解该方程，采用基于割线刚度和阻尼比等概率 幅值平均的等效线性方法求解竖缝中的耗能装置的刚度和阻尼比，并通过对一耗能剪力墙结构模型振动台试验的计算分析表明了该方法计算简单，且有较好的计算精度，为便于工程应用，对由耗能装置提供给结构的附加阻尼进行强行解耦，用振型分解反应谱的方法进行耗能结构地震反应的简化计算，并通过对一算例的计算分析表明了该简化方法具有一定的精度，该简化方法使对耗能结构的抗震计算与普通结构比较一致，该方法主要适用于小震作用下的耗能结构的抗震计算。     

基于能量原理的大规模地下爆炸不可逆位移计算方法

岩体是复杂的等级构造地质体,在高地应力作用下,因摩擦和粘结作用,内部封存能量,可看作具有内部能量源和能量汇的介质。基于岩体块系构造, 对岩体在扰动下的运动积分和等效动能进行分析,提出了在高地应力赋存环境中岩体受爆炸地震波扰动下的等效地冲击能量因子,并给出了大规模地下爆炸诱发远区局部不可逆范围的计算公式。与G.G.Kocharyan等基于块体运动分析给出的计算公式比较表明,本文中提出的计算理论物理过程清晰,更具有适用性。     

Morphological evolution of heteroepitaxial islands during Stranski–Krastonov growth

Three-dimensional finite element method is used to simulate the formation, self-assembly and shape transition of heteroepitaxial islands during Stranski–Krastonov growth. In the formulation, strain energy, surface energy, surface anisotropy and elastic anisotropy of a cubic lattice structure are taken into account. In the simulations, the SiGe/Si material system is used as a model system. An empirical surface energy as a function of surface orientation is proposed. The minimum energy surfaces are identified based on existing experimental observations. The simulation results show that the coupling of elastic energy relaxation, surface energy anisotropy and elastic anisotropy strongly influences the surface roughening morphology, self-assembly and shape transition of epitaxial islands, resulting in diverse evolution pathways.     

考虑跃迁的指数型炸药空爆荷载等效静载动力系数

为对比抗爆设计规范采用的线性荷载计算模式,建立了考虑跃迁的指数型衰减荷载表达式,通过爆炸荷载等效单自由度微分方程,求解了关于跃迁时长、超压峰值、指数型形状调整参数、结构自振频率与荷载作用时长的等效静载抗力动力系数表达式。根据跃迁时长与形状调整参数,分析了四种典型计算工况,结果表明:现行结构抗爆设计规范等冲量线性衰减荷载可设计范围明显偏小,动力系数在延性比β<3.0下偏保守,而β≥3.0,wt_+>1.4δ时偏不安全,最大偏低17.4%;跃迁时长比值越大,动力系数越大,跃迁时长比为1%～2%时,对动力系数影响程度为0.4～0.7%,指数型荷载形状调整参数对柔度特别大的结构动力系数无影响,对其它结构动力系数增大或减少影响程度不一。     

Integration of a nonlinear energy sink and a piezoelectric energy harvester

A mechanical-piezoelectric system is explored to reduce vibration and to harvest energy. The system consists of a piezoelectric device and a nonlinear energy sink(NES), which is a nonlinear oscillator without linear stiffness. The NES-piezoelectric system is attached to a 2-degree-of-freedom primary system subjected to a shock load. This mechanical-piezoelectric system is investigated based on the concepts of the percentages of energy transition and energy transition measure. The strong target energy transfer occurs for some certain transient excitation amplitude and NES nonlinear stiffness. The plots of wavelet transforms are used to indicate that the nonlinear beats initiate energy transitions between the NES-piezoelectric system and the primary system in the transient vibration, and a 1:1 transient resonance capture occurs between two subsystems.The investigation demonstrates that the integrated NES-piezoelectric mechanism can reduce vibration and harvest some vibration energy.     

Path integral solution of vibratory energy harvesting systems

A transition Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov(FPK) equation describes the procedure of the probability density evolution whereby the dynamic response and reliability evaluation of mechanical systems could be carried out. The transition FPK equation of vibratory energy harvesting systems is a four-dimensional nonlinear partial differential equation. Therefore, it is often very challenging to obtain an exact probability density. This paper aims to investigate the stochastic response of vibration energy harvesters(VEHs)under the Gaussian white noise excitation. The numerical path integration method is applied to different types of nonlinear VEHs. The probability density function(PDF)from the transition FPK equation of energy harvesting systems is calculated using the path integration method. The path integration process is introduced by using the GaussLegendre integration scheme, and the short-time transition PDF is formulated with the short-time Gaussian approximation. The stationary probability densities of the transition FPK equation for vibratory energy harvesters are determined. The procedure is applied to three different types of nonlinear VEHs under Gaussian white excitations. The approximately numerical outcomes are qualitatively and quantitatively supported by the Monte Carlo simulation(MCS).     

直梁靠模成形变分原理问题的探讨

对矩形截面的理想弹塑性直梁在靠模成形过程中边界待定问题,用势能变分原理推导出理想弹塑性材料的靠模悬臂梁弯曲成形的挠曲线方程,从而得到直梁靠模成形的弯曲问题的解.计算表明,推导出的直梁靠模成形的挠曲面方程可应用于工程实际.     

AN ENERGY APPROACH TO RAPIDLY ESTIMATE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR BASED ON INTRINSIC DISSIPATION

材料疲劳损伤的累积过程是一个伴随着温度变化的能量耗散过程. 相比于疲劳过程中试件的局部温升,固有耗散是材料能量变化的直接反映,与材料微观结构演化联系也更为紧密,因此以材料的固有耗散作为疲劳损伤指标具有更加明确的物理意义. 基于对试件表面温升的一维双指数回归,构建了一种材料固有耗散的计算模型,并在此基础上提出了一种快速评估材料疲劳性能的能量方法. 利用该能量方法,对FV520B 钢的疲劳性能进行了实验研究,并对实验结果进行了分析与对比,从而证明了该能量方法及计算模型的可行性和有效性.