不同类型尿石的XRD,FTIR和热释光谱分析

采用热释光谱仪(TLD)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和红外光谱仪(FTIR)研究了四类不同类型肾结石的化学组分,它们分别是:草酸钙、尿酸、磷酸钙和磷酸铵镁结石.实验结果表明,在所研究的305例尿石中,草酸钙为主要组分的占63%,尿酸22%,磷酸钙8%,磷酸铵镁5%,其他组分2%.四类肾结石的热释光谱存在显著差异,可为临床上诊断肾结石的类型提供启示.     

Low-frequency sound propagation in porous media: Glass spheres and pea gravel

The sound propagation properties of two air-filled granular materials: large sifted pea gravel and 10 mm diameter glass spheres have been measured in an impedance tube. The experimental method was essentially the same as reported earlier [Swenson et al. Low-frequency sound wave parameter measurement in gravels. Appl Acoust 2010; 71: 45–51] for two other kinds of gravel: crushed limestone and undifferentiated pea gravel. Additional sampling and processing steps were applied to the microphone signals such that instead of tones, band-limited random noise was used as the input signal, and spectral domain complex pressures are now offered as input to the estimation algorithm. The estimation process extracts the best-fit attenuation coefficient, phase velocity, and characteristic impedance for the material over the signal frequencies, all with better precision than we previously obtained. Quadratic approximations for the acoustical parameters are given over the frequency range 25–160 Hz. The media are both slightly attenuating and dispersive, having attenuation coefficients within 0.13–0.34 Np/m, phase velocities smaller than those in air (180–240 m/s), and characteristic impedance approximately 3–5 times that for air. Pea gravel was more attenuating, and had slightly higher characteristic impedance, but lower phase velocities than the glass spheres.     

The dispersion of acoustic phonons in CoCl2

The acoustic phonon dispersion curves for CoCl₂ have been measured, in the three principal symmetry directions, by inelastic neutron scattering at room temperature. From the initial slopes the sound velocities have been derived and the elastic constants calculated. The two dimensional nature of the structure of CoCl₂ is apparent in the difference between the sound velocities parallel and perpendicular to the closed packed layers.     

Unusual phonon softening in delta-phase plutonium

The phonon density of states and adiabatic sound velocities were measured on fcc-stabilized 242Pu0.95Al0.05. The phonon frequencies and sound velocities decrease considerably (soften) with increasing temperature despite negligible thermal expansion. The frequency softening of the transverse branch along the [111] direction is anomalously large ( approximately 30%) and is very sensitive to alloy composition. The large magnitude of the phonon softening is not observed in any other fcc metals and may arise from an unusual temperature dependence of the electronic structure in this narrow 5f-band metal.     

Infrared Analysis of Urinary Stones,Using a Single Reflection Accessory and a KBr Pellet Transmission*

This work is a comparative study of two FTIR techniques applied to urinary stones analysis: single reflection diamond attenuated total reflection (ATR) and KBr pellet transmission (KPT). We show that the two methods allow the identification of all stone components. The ATR technique is more useful and rapid to identify the species without sample pretreatment. Nevertheless, KPT is more appropriate for components determination in urinary stones.

These techniques were applied to the study of a series of 313 calculi. The stone constituents were first identified by ATR, and in a second step, the proportion of each species present in the stone was determined by KPT in whole‐stone mixture.

The results obtained showed the presence of 11 different components classified as follows with the frequency of detection in the stones studied: calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite), 78.9%; carbapatite, 33.9%; calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite), 24%; uric acid anhydrous, 19.2%; ammonium hydrogen urate, 7%; struvite, 4.8%; cystine, 1%; ammonium sodium urate and other phosphates (amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate, brushite, whitlockite), each in less than 1%.     

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy identification of urinary stone composition from ureteroscopic lithotripsy urine powder

Urolithiasis is a prevalent, disturbing, and highly recurrent disease. Knowing the composition of a urinary stone is important for prevention purposes. Traditional urinary stone analysis methods need large stone fragments for analysis. However, the advancement of ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) has resulted in micro‐stone fragments and unapparently expelled urinary stone powder. In this study, we developed a micro‐Raman spectroscopy (MRS) based diagnosis method for detecting micro‐stones or stone powders in urine after URSL. In our experiment, urine samples of 10 ml each were collected from 12 patients over the fragmented stone site in the ureter after the URSL procedure. The post‐URSL urine sediments extracted from urine were analyzed by MRS. The small urinary stones caught by grasping forceps were analyzed by both MRS and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We have identified common urinary stone compositions: calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), calcium phosphate hydroxide (hydroxyl apatite or HAP), and uric acid, by using a 632.8 nm He‐Ne laser for excitation, a 100× microscope objective lens for irradiation and collection, and a short photobleaching time for fluorescent background reduction. Thus, we developed an MRS‐based method for analyzing the composition of urinary stone powders directly from the urine samples after the URSL procedure. This approach provides a quick and convenient method for urinary stone analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Infrared spectroscopy for the study of urinary calculi

The occurance of the urinary stones varies according to the geographical regions. The presence of stones in the urinary system causes pain and discomfort. These generate colics and hence are sometimes life threatening. In the present study, infrared measurements have been made on several stone samples. It has been found that calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, magnesiunm ammonium phosphate, calcium carbonate, uric acid, -cystine and xanthin are present, as expected. Also, silicon dioxide is found to be present in some of the stones but in small quantity, in addition to the above constituents. This constituent is responsible to exhibit piezoelectricity in the urinary calculi.     

Temperature dependence of acoustic impedance for specific fluorocarbon liquids

Recent studies by our group have demonstrated the efficacy of perfluorocarbon liquid nanoparticles for enhancing the reflectivity of tissuelike surfaces to which they are bound. The magnitude of this enhancement depends in large part on the difference in impedances of the perfluorocarbon, the bound substrate, and the propagating medium. The impedance varies directly with temperature because both the speed of sound and the mass density of perfluorocarbon liquids are highly temperature dependent. However, there are relatively little data in the literature pertaining to the temperature dependence of the acoustic impedance of these compounds. In this study, the speed of sound and density of seven different fluorocarbon liquids were measured at specific temperatures between 20 degrees C and 45 degrees C. All of the samples demonstrated negative, linear dependencies on temperature for both speed of sound and density and, consequently, for the acoustic impedance. The slope of sound speed was greatest for perfluorohexane (-278 +/- 1.5 cm/s-degrees C) and lowest for perfluorodichlorooctane (-222 +/- 0.9 cm/s-degrees C). Of the compounds measured, perfluorohexane exhibited the lowest acoustic impedance at all temperatures, and perfluorodecalin the highest at all temperatures. Computations from a simple transmission-line model used to predict reflectivity enhancement from surface-bound nanoparticles are discussed in light of these results.     

Experimental estimation of the transmission loss contributions of a sound package placed in a double wall structure

The objective of this paper is to propose a practical impedance tube method to optimize the sound transmission loss of double wall structure by concentrating on the sound package placed inside the structure. In a previous work, the authors derived an expression that breakdown the transmission loss of a double wall structure containing a sound absorbing blanket separated from the panels by air layers in terms of three main contributions; (i) sound transmission loss of the panels, (ii) sound transmission loss of the blanket and (iii) sound absorption due to multiple reflections inside the cavity. The sound transmission loss contributions of the blanket can thus be estimated from three acoustic measurements using impedance tube techniques: two reflection coefficients at the front face and the rear face of the blanket placed in specific positions characteristic of its position inside the double wall structure and its sound transmission coefficient. The method is first validated in the case of a double wall structure filled with a 2 in. foam material. Next, it is applied to investigate (i) the effect of frame compression of a 2 in. fibre glass in an aeronautic-type double wall structure and (ii) the effect of double porosity with or without porous inclusions in a building-type double wall structure.     

Vibro-acoustic behaviors of an elastically restrained double-panel structure with an acoustic cavity of arbitrary boundary impedance

An analytical study on the vibro-acoustic behaviors of a double-panel structure with an acoustic cavity is presented. Unlike the existing studies, a structural–acoustic coupling model of an elastically restrained double-panel structure with an acoustic cavity having arbitrary impedance on sidewalls around the cavity is developed in which the two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) modified Fourier series are used to represent the displacement of the panels and the sound pressure inside the cavity, respectively. The unknown expansions coefficients are treated as the generalized coordinates and the Rayleigh–Ritz method is employed to determine displacement and sound pressure solutions based on the energy expressions for the coupled structural–acoustic system. The effectiveness and accuracy of the present model is validated by numerical example and comparison with finite element method (FEM) and existing analytical method, with good agreement achieved. The influence of key parameters on the vibro-acoustic behaviors and sound transmission of the double-panel structure is investigated, including: cavity thickness, boundary conditions, sidewall impedance, and the acoustic medium in the cavity.     

现代仪器在泌尿系结石元素分析中的运用

对泌尿系结石所含元素进行准确的分析可为治疗尿石症和预防其复发提供重要的参考,文章综述了现代仪器分析技术在泌尿系结石元素分析中的运用及其研究进展,这些技术包括：X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、质子激发X射线发射光谱(PIXE)、能量分散X射线分析(EDX)、电子束探针微区分析(EPMA)、原子发射光谱(AES)、原子吸收光谱(AAS)、电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱(ICP)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)及离子选择性电极等。     

高声压级时多孔金属板的吸声特性研究

针对高声压级下有限厚度多孔金属板在线性阻抗背衬条件下(背衬表面声压与声质点速度为线性关系)的吸声问题,提出了一个描述不同声压级下材料层法向吸声性能的一维模型,并给出求解材料层内部声质点速度的线化与差分方法,以预测多孔金属板在高声压级下的非线性吸声特性。在阻抗管中对两块多孔金属板进行了声学测试,得到了材料层法向表面阻抗和吸声系数随入射声压级变化的实验结果。研究表明:实验与理论预测符合良好,验证了模型与数值方法的正确性。本文所提原理和方法,可用于一般硬质多孔材料。      

泌尿系结石组分分析方法及其研究进展

对泌尿系结石组分进行准确的分析可为治疗尿石症和预防其复发提供重要的参考。文章综述了现代仪器分析方法在草酸钙结石、磷酸盐结石、尿酸和尿酸盐结石及胱氨酸类结石等组分分析中的应用及其研究进展,这些技术包括拉曼光谱、差热-热重(TGA/DTA)、核磁共振(NMR)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等。     

Wave impedances of drill strings and other periodic media

It is commonly known that wave reflections are caused by abrupt spatial variations in the physical parameter called wave impedance. When a material contains a spatially periodic distribution of wave impedances some very interesting and complex wave propagation phenomena will occur. Two examples of such periodic structures immediately come to mind: the first is a sandwiched structure of two types of plates, say for example, identical layers of thin steel plates interspersed with identical thick aluminum plates; and the second is a large number of identical long thin pipes that are connected from end to end with identical short heavy threaded couplings. The pipe assembly is our primary concern here because it represents the drill string, used worldwide to drill for natural energy resources. We want to understand how waves propagate through drill strings because we want to use them as a means of communication. But while the second structure is our primary concern, it is the study of the first structure, composed of layers, that is the truly historical problem and the source of much of our understanding of this rich set of wave physics. Traditionally, wave propagation in periodic media has been studied as an eigenvalue problem. The eigenvalues themselves yield information about phase velocities, group velocities, passbands, and stopbands. Most often the analysis has stopped there and the eigenvectors have been ignored. Here we turn our attention to the eigenvectors, using them to evaluate the impedance of the periodic structure with particular emphasis on the periodic drill string. As you might expect the impedance of the drill string is a complex number, which is evaluated from a very complicated expression. However, we have discovered that the impedance at two physical locations along the length of each piece of drill pipe in the drill string always reduces to a real number. This is immensely important because it allows us to match the impedance of the drill string to our communication devices. We show how this leads to the effective design of repeaters, noise cancelers, wave terminators, and quarter-wave transformers for a drill-string communication system.     

A model comparison of the absorption coefficient of a Microperforated Insertion Unit in the frequency and time domains

The absorption coefficient of acoustic materials can be measured either in the frequency or the time domain. At normal incidence, a sample of the material is fitted within an impedance tube and the absorption coefficient is calculated in the frequency domain from the measurement of the transfer function between two microphones [ISO 10534-2. Acoustics - determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes - Part 2: transfer function method. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland; 1996]. When the acoustic material must be characterized at oblique incidence or in situ (noise barriers, for instance) the absorption coefficient is calculated from measurements of the loudspeaker-microphone impulse response in the time domain, both in free field and in front of the sample [CEN/TS 1793-5. Road traffic noise reduction devices - test method for determining the acoustic performance - Part 5: intrinsic characteristics - in situ values of sound reflection and airborne sound insulation. CEN, Brussels, Belgium; 2003, ISO 13472-1. Acoustic measurement of sound absorption properties of road surfaces in situ - Part I: extended surface method. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland; 2002]. Since the absorption is an intrinsic property of the acoustic material, its measurement in either domain must provide the same result. However, this has not been formally demonstrated yet. The aim of this paper is to carry out a comparison between the absorption coefficient predicted by the impedance model of a Microperforated Insertion Unit and the absorption coefficient predicted from a simulated reflection trace taken into account the finite length of the time window.     

红外光谱法在草酸钙结石研究中的应用

泌尿系结石是一种世界范围的常见病。草酸钙是泌尿系结石中最常见的组分 ,尿石中的草酸钙主要是以一水草酸钙 (COM)、二水草酸钙 (COD)的形式存在。区分草酸钙结石中的COM和COD及其比例 ,对于准确诊断结石的成因和提出正确的预防其复发的方法非常重要。红外光谱法是研究泌尿系结石的一种较理想的常用方法 ,具有快速、简便、鉴定成分准确、使用样品少、可以回收等优点。文中重点综述了傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR)在泌尿系结石研究中对COM和COD的定性和定量分析方法 ,并介绍了零交叉点一次导数光谱法、FTIR与四极质谱仪、FTIR与傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪 (FTRS)联合分析尿石的方法。     

Using a multi-layered transducer model to estimate the properties of paraffin wax deposited on steel

When using ultrasound for detecting low impedance materials on the surface of high impedance materials, a major challenge is the contrast difference between the strong reverberations from the high impedance material and the weak echoes received from the low impedance material. The purpose of this work is to present the theoretical and experimental validation of an ultrasonic methodology for estimating the acoustical properties of paraffin wax on the surface of steel. The method is based on modeling and inversion of the complete electro-acoustic channel from the transmitted voltage over the active piezoelectric element, to the received voltage resulting from the acoustic reverberations in the multilayered structure. In the current work, two conceptually different models of the same multi-layer transducer structure attached to steel is developed and compared with measurements. A method is then suggested for suppressing the strong reverberations in steel, hence isolating the wax signals. This contrast enhancement method is fitted to the model of the structure, facilitating parameter inversion from the wax layer. The results show that the models agree well with measurements and that up to three parameters (travel time, impedance and attenuation) can be inverted from the wax simultaneously. Hence, given one of the three parameters, density, sound speed or thickness, the other two can be estimated in addition to the attenuation.     

Practical industrial method of increasing structural damping in machinery,I: Squeeze-film damping with air

There is frequently a need to reduce sound radiation due to resonant flexural motion of stiff machinery panels. This can be achieved by applying squeeze-film damping to the vibrating panel by attaching an auxiliary plate parallel to the surface, thereby trapping a thin layer of air. Relative vibration of the plates pumps this air at high velocities, resulting in energy loss due to the air viscosity. In this study the damping below the critical frequency of the “thick plate” with an “attached plate” and air layer has been investigated by using an impedance approach. This model is incorporated into a two element Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) model to predict the damping well above the critical frequency of the thick plate. The agreement between the predicted and measured results is remarkably good. Below the critical frequency the damping is pumping controlled, while above critical the plate couplings are the controlling factor.     

窄脉冲声用于大样品的吸声测量

本文利用逆滤波器原理,在空间产生了波形可控、长度在毫秒量级的窄脉冲声信号,分别采用脉冲分离法和脉冲叠加法,对一种毛毡材料和三种不同厚度的海绵材料进行了吸声系数的测量。实验证明,基于窄脉冲声信号的吸声测量结果与ISO13472-1:2002中的MLS脉冲法及阻抗管的测量结果基本吻合。采用窄脉冲进行吸声测量,可以减少样品边缘和周围环境对测量信号的干扰,提高现场测量的准确性。     

低孔隙度疏松锡的高压声速与相变

为研究微孔洞对锡的高压相变的影响, 对含亚微米孔洞的疏松锡(疏松度m=1.01)进行了冲击加载-卸载实验. 利用DPS(Doppler pins system)测得了31.8-66.1 GPa冲击压力下疏松锡/LiF界面粒子的速度剖面, 获得了各压力下的纵波声速与体波声速, 给出了该疏松锡的冲击熔化起始压力约为49.1 GPa, 获得了各压力下的剪切模量与泊松比. 结合密实锡与疏松锡的高压纵波声速、体波声速与剪切模量, 界定密实锡的冲击熔化压力在53.5-62.3 GPa之间, 高于疏松锡的值, 表明微孔洞明显降低了冲击熔化压力. 对密实锡准确的冲击熔化压力值还需要进一步的实验数据. 测试的固态压力范围内的声速数据没有明显奇异点, 表明疏松锡没有类似密实锡的固态bcc 相变发生.