剖析化学诺贝尔人才成功的环境要素及启迪

1901年至今,作为化学学科最具权威、最有影响的国际大奖——诺贝尔奖,已颁发了94次,全世界共有141人获此殊荣。诺贝尔奖是一个国家科学与技术发展的象征,是一个民族具备知识创新能力的标志,也是人类精神和学识之顶礼膜拜。在当今世界上,没有哪个奖项比诺贝尔奖更能震撼国家的     

我国10个城市污染最严重

不久前,环保总局公布了2003年度国家环境保护重点城市环境管理和综合整治年度报告。报告显示,一些城市的空气污染仍然很严重。2003年,113个城市中空气污染最严重的10个城市分别是：临汾、阳泉、大同、石嘴山、三门峡、金昌、石家庄、成阳、株洲和洛阳。环境质量较好的城市有：海口、珠海、湛江、桂林、北海等;污染控制完成较好的城市有：     

环境内分泌干扰素分析方法进展

本文详细介绍了国内外环境内分泌干扰素的分析研究进展。着重介绍了环境样品的预处理方法，并进行了比较和评价，对不同环境样品中内分泌干扰素的分析检测方法进行了介绍。     

环境电分析化学

介绍了环境电分析化学的基础、应用和发展，并与其它分析技术进行了比较。     

构建高等学校非环境类专业学生环境教育体系

针对高等学校非环境类专业环境教育的现状,对我校非环境类专业的学生进行了环境科学知识、环保意识、学校环境教育、对教学方式方法和考核的建议4个方面的问卷调查。结合问卷调查结果,提出构建高等学校结构良好的非环境类专业环境教育体系的建议。     

对环境放射化学学科体系的探讨

环境放射化学是一门新兴的边缘学科，对其学科体系进行探讨十分必要。本文简述了这门新学科产生的背景和发展的历史；论述了环境放射化学的定义，并按不同方法对这门学科的研究内容作了分类和阐述；提出了环境放射化学研究的５个特点，并对该学科当前需研究的若干问题进行了讨论。     

现代社会技术背景下的环境化学:化学教育中的迫切需要

1可持续发展的挑战 生活在充满了价值观冲突、利益冲突、有限资源分布不均世界中的人们对这个世界有着太多不太现实的物质期望,这就是我们所谓的“地球村”社会的主要问题。这个问题最终的结果之一就是造就了一个过度消费持续增长的社会,尤其是在存在所有各种环境问题的科学/技术高度发达的国家里。全世     

加强实验教学环境内涵建设 提高环境育人质量

在实验室里的实验教学过程涉及到教书育人、管理育人、服务育人和环境育人。一个良好的实验环境不仅能够对学生起到潜移默化的教育作用,而且对教书育人、管理育人和服务育人工作的开展和实施也能起到推动和促进作用。本文主要介绍厦门大学化学国家级实验教学示范中心"以学生为中心",在强化实验教学环境内涵建设、提高实验环境育人质量方面的一些做法和体会,以期更好地为实验教学"思政"提供可复制、可推广的建设方案。     

环境微量元素与大骨节病

通过对两个自然村的大骨节病的流行病学调查结果表明，患病率在１７．２％，从Ｘ线检查病变部位都在干骺端，说明致病因素的持续作用仍在发展中，所采水样中微量元素低于国家饮水标准，在今后疾病的防治中，应根据营养条件，生态环境，元素比例，农作物的病害，制作相关的防治措施。     

农药,农药污染与环境

农药(或称为化学农药)是指用于防治危害农作物及农副产品的病虫害、杂草与其他有害生物(包括卫生害虫)的化学品统称.农药的发现、生产和应用是本世纪化学家对人类做出的巨大贡献之一.我们用化学方法合成农药,农药又促进了化学(尤其是有机合成)的发展.对于农药我们并不陌生,它已从单一的农作物应用而变为多种效能.农药已走入千家万户,我们用卫生杀虫剂杀灭蚊蝇、蟑螂、老     

基于石油烃特征比值的多元统计方法进行原油鉴别

基于原油中有生源意义的生物标志物及原油特征多环芳烃的特征比值,采用主成分分析和聚类分析法,对渤海3个不同区块的4种原油,以及其中1种原油风化7d、15d和30d的风化油样和陆地油田1和陆地油田2各1种原油进行鉴别。结果显示:利用主成分分析和聚类分析可以实现大量油样的快速分类鉴别,不仅可以对差异较大的原油进行区分,还可以对原始原油及其风化原油进行很好分辨,但对差异较小的原油,两种分析方法的分辨能力仍有一定局限性。     

Characterization of Spanish unifloral honeys by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Volatile compounds have been investigated in unifloral honeys of the most popular types in Spain. A total of 21 eucalyptus samples, 35 rosemary samples, 33 heather samples, and 15 citrus samples were collected in the course of 3 years in different Spanish regions. Samples were analyzed by SPME followed by GC-MS. About 83 compounds were identified; the concentrations of 33 of them were selected to be processed by multivariate analysis. Discriminant analysis allowed correct assignment of most samples: 94% citrus, 92% eucalyptus, 84% heather, and 84% rosemary. As pure reference honeys are not available, a two step data analysis is proposed, selecting the samples most clearly classified in discriminant analysis as "reference samples" to be used in multiple regression to estimate the most representative compounds for each honey type and considering the rest of the samples as of mixed origin.     

Quantitative analysis of slurry sample by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been employed for the analysis of slurry samples. Quantitative analysis of slurry samples is crucial and challenging. The problems associated with slurry samples include splashing, surface turbulence, and the difficulties of obtaining reproducible samples due to sedimentation. The LIBS analysis has achieved limited success due to inherent disadvantages when applied to slurry samples. In order to achieve improved measurement precision and accuracy, a spin-on-glass sampling method was evaluated. Five elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Ni, and Si) were examined in five slurry simulants containing varying amounts of each ion. Three calibration models were developed by using univariate calibration, multiple linear regression, and partial least square regression. LIBS analysis results obtained from the partial least square regression model were determined to be the best fit to results obtained from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy analysis.     

五味子优良品种优选的模式识别方法

通过超高效液相色谱法,对不同生长特征的五味子样品中5种主要的木脂素成分:五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素进行测定,同时考察其抗氧化活性。 对所得到的5种木脂素成分的含量及抗氧化数据进行聚类分析和主成分分析,并且通过逐步判别分析建立判别函数,从而筛选五味子优良品种。 主成分分析和聚类结果基本一致,均将样品分为3大类,逐步判别分析的正确率高达90%。     

Digital simulation of the effect of dispatching rules on the performance of a routine laboratory for structural analysis

Several output characteristics of a laboratory for structural analysis are shown to be identical with the output of a model of that laboratory, e.g. the histograms of the input and output density (samples/day), the histograms of the number of samples present in the laboratory, the histograms of the delays and several cross-correlations. The effect of various strategies concerning priorities between various groups of samples is forecast, e.g. samples with a different expected analysis time, samples from various sources, samples with a different history in the laboratory. The effects of the introduction of an adaptable routing procedure, several technician assignment decisions and strategies on the termination of the analysis are simulated.     

Radioisotope x-ray fluorescence analysis of ancient pottery from Tel Kouzama site in Damascus, Syria

The radioisotope X-ray fluorescence method has been utilized in the analysis of thirty nine archaeological pottery fragment samples from Tel Kouzama site, Damascus city, Syria. The samples were irradiated by a 109Cd radioisotope source (-9 10(8) Bq) for 1000 s. 17 chemical elements were determined. These elemental concentrations have been processed using two multivariate statistical methods, cluster and factor analysis in order to determine similarities and correlation between the various samples. Factor analysis confirms that samples were correctly classified by cluster analysis. These two methods suggest that samples can be considered to be manufactured using four different sources of raw material.     

Interpretation of geochemical data by the use of multivariate data analysis

Different strategies of multivariate data analysis are used to interpret a data base from geological samples. Cluster and correspondence analysis are applied to classify properly 34 chemical elements from 10 representative rock samples (volcanic series from Borovitsa, Rhodopa mountains, Bulgaria). Principal components analysis is also used as display method to visualize the relation between the variables and objects of interest. The multivariate data analysis applied makes it possible to interpret the origin and orogenesis of the samples.     

有机硅改性聚氨酯的合成与性能

在无溶剂条件下利用二步法合成了一系列氨基硅油改性聚氨酯,采用红外光谱对预聚体进行了表征,同时测试了材料的力学性能、耐热性、表面水接触角及微观形态,结果表明,改性后的聚氨酯具有优良的力学性能、耐热性及表面疏水性,且材料呈微观相分离形态。     

钾盐矿床中含石膏盐分析方法的研究

由于现行标准《岩石矿物分析规程》(DZG93-08)对含石膏钾盐样品分析方法的叙述较为粗略,同时没有国家一级有证标准物质进行质量监控,因此在测定含石膏钾盐样品时较为困难。本文讨论了溶矿温度、称样量、以及放置时间对含石膏钾盐样品溶解的影响。得出在称样量为0.5000g,水温80℃,放置时间为24小时,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定,以样品中各组分百分数加和、溶液中元素阴阳离子平衡以及加标回收实验进行数据质量监控。测试数据符合《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》对钾盐样品分析质量的要求。     

Method development and validation for zotarolimus concentration determination in stented swine arteries by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry detection

Drug-eluting stents have attracted significant attention in the medical community and pharmaceutical industry due to their proven success in significantly reducing restenosis. Abbott Laboratories is developing a drug-eluting stent coated with zotarolimus and swine was recently used as an animal model for the pre-clinical study of stent implantation. In this article, we present a detailed experimental design and results for the validation and sample analysis of zotarolimus drug concentration in stented swine artery samples. Introduction of tissue quality control (QC) samples allows evaluation of the entire analytical process as well as the stability of the drug in both original tissue and homogenized tissue samples. In addition, a novel approach using 100% swine blood as the homogenization solution was developed for the consistency of the liquid-liquid extraction recovery and stability of the zotarolimus in tissue homogenates. Standards were prepared by spiking zotarolimus working solution in swine blood and tissue QC samples were used along with the artery samples during the sample analysis. The linear dynamic range of blood standard samples is from 0.61 to 333.20 ng/mL to accommodate the predicted artery homogenate concentrations. Overall tissue QC %CV during the method validation was from 4.4% to 8.6%. The overall %bias of tissue QC samples during the method validation was from -7.3% to 16.6%. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of swine artery samples. A similar approach for method validation and sample analysis has been successfully applied for the analysis of swine myocardium, kidney and liver tissue samples.