无机纳米稀土发光材料的制备方法*

无机纳米稀土发光材料作为一种重要的发光材料,由于具有独特的光、电和化学性质,使其在高性能磁体、发光器件、显示、生物标记、光学成像和光学治疗等方面得到了广泛的应用。稀土发光材料的这些性质与材料的尺寸和形状密切相关,近年来研究者已经利用多种合成方法制备了不同形状的纳米稀土发光材料,包括纳米线、纳米棒、纳米管、纳米纤维和纳米片等。本文综述了无机纳米稀土发光材料的几种常用的制备方法,包括水热/溶剂热法、有机/无机前驱体热分解法和超声辅助合成法等,评述了这些方法的优缺点,并结合课题组在无机纳米稀土发光材料制备方面的工作,对无机纳米稀土发光材料制备方法的发展进行了展望。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备钛酸钡超细粉体的研究

钛酸钡是一种非常重要的铁电材料 ,其合成方法主要分为固相反应法和液相反应法。传统的固相反应法是以ＴｉＯ2 和ＢａＣＯ3 经高温反应制取钛酸钡粉体 ,该法产品杂质含量高 ,颗粒粗 ,均匀性差 ,粉体烧结温度高。与高温固相反应相比 ,液相法合成的钛酸钡粉体具有化学纯度高 ,颗粒细小 ,粒度分布均匀等优点。特别是以醇盐为原料 ,采用溶胶 凝胶法制备的钛酸钡粉体 ,其性能非常优异 ,已为许多研究者所关注[1,2 ] 。文献[3 ] 报道了以异丙醇钛和醋酸钡为原料 ,采用溶胶 凝胶法制备钛酸钡物体的研究 ,但未见有以钛酸丁酯及醋酸钡为原料制备钛酸钡…     

纳米晶ZnO∶Er3+的制备及其室温上转换发射

采用化学沉淀法成功地将Er3+掺杂到纳米晶ZnO基质晶格中, 所制备的纳米晶ZnO∶Er3+粉体具有强室温发射现象, 并观测到其室温上转换发射现象. 纳米晶ZnO∶Er具有较高的上转换效率, 用978 nm激光激发, 肉眼可观察到绿色发光. 本文制备的纳米晶ZnO∶Er3+粉体发光材料不同于Er掺杂的体材料ZnO粉体.     

不同形貌的SrMoO_4材料的微乳液及其辅助的溶剂热法制备

通过微乳液法及其辅助的溶剂热法制备出了不同形貌的SrMoO4粉体材料,探讨了工艺参数对SrMoO4材料形貌的影响。微乳液体系中表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)浓度、反应物浓度及溶剂热过程中反应时间、CTAB浓度都会对SrMoO4材料的形貌造成影响。通过调整上述工艺参数可以调控SrMoO4材料的形貌,得到了近球状、哑铃状、纺锤体状、花簇状等特殊形貌的SrMoO4微晶材料。SrMoO4样品的室温光致发光谱是由发光中心在约420nm处的单一紫光组成,样品的形貌不同发光强度和发光峰位置略有不同。     

高效长余辉发光薄膜及粉体的溶胶—凝胶工艺研究

研究了溶胶－凝胶工艺制备SrAl2O4:Eu^2 ,Dy^3 高效长余辉发光薄膜及粉体的工艺条件,以无机盐为原料,成功制备了均一、稳定、透明的SrAl2O4溶胶,并在较低温度下制备了均匀、无裂纹的发光薄膜和颗粒均匀的针状纳米发光粉体。通过热失重和X射线衍射结果分析了样品的结晶过程和晶相组成,并通过扫描电镜、透射电镜和荧光光谱的分析对薄膜和粉体的微结构、表面形态及发光性能进行了表征。结果表明,在本文的工艺条件下,制备的薄膜和粉体的发光特性与传统的高温固相烧结法相似,但烧结温度可降低300℃左右。     

聚集诱导发光材料在聚合物制备及性能检测中的应用进展

聚集诱导发光(AIE)材料因其独特的发光性能,已在荧光检测、生物成像及有机发光器件等领域展现出较为广阔的应用前景。本文综述了AIE材料在监测聚合物制备过程(本体聚合、溶液聚合、乳液聚合及悬浮聚合过程等)中的应用,介绍了利用AIE分子的荧光信号响应检测聚合物玻璃化转变温度、粘度、相分离程度、分子量等物理性能的研究,为AIE材料在聚合过程可视化监测及聚合物荧光功能化领域的应用提供了参考。最后对AIE材料在高分子科学研究中的应用前景进行了展望。     

快燃技术制备Y3Al5O12纳米粉体及其表征

在Y3Al5 O12前躯体纳米粉末的制备过程中,容易引起团聚,或者带入杂质而降低其纯度,且其粒度均匀性也可能受到影响,这些缺陷是大多数合成方法都在一定程度上存在的.而YAG透明陶瓷和掺杂YAG发光材料等必须要用高纯、超细并且团聚少的粉体.为此,探索采用一种基于sol-gel法的快燃技术来制备Y3Al5O12前躯体纳米粉...     

力刺激响应发光聚合物

具有力刺激响应发光特性的聚合物材料是刺激响应发光材料的重点研究方向,在聚合物力化学、应力检测、聚合物损伤监控、特种包装材料等领域受到了化学家和材料学家的广泛关注。这类材料通常是将具有力刺激响应发光特性的小分子作为发光力敏团,通过化学键合或物理掺杂的方式引入聚合物基体中制备得到。力刺激作用通过聚合物基体传导到发光力敏团,引起发光信号变化,实现力刺激响应发光。本文结合发光力敏团的力刺激响应发光原理和力刺激响应发光聚合物的制备方法,对力刺激响应发光聚合物进行了综述,期望对力刺激响应发光聚合物的研发设计和实际应用提供借鉴。     

焙烧温度对ZnO粉体结晶及其光学性能的影响

以草酸铵和醋酸锌为原料,采用直接沉淀法制备ZnO粉体,考察了焙烧温度对粉体结晶和光学性能的影响。采用热重分析(TGA-DTA)、X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射(UV-Vis)、荧光分光光度计(FS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法对样品进行了分析。结果表明,制备的前驱物为C2O4Zn·2H2O,最低焙烧温度400℃,随着焙烧温度的提高,粉体结晶度提高,一次粒径增大;600℃焙烧后有较强紫外发光峰,粉体由200 nm的粒子排列成层叠状;900℃焙烧后有较强可见发光峰,粉体粒子大于500 nm,团聚严重;粉体有较强的紫外吸收,吸收峰有蓝移。     

焙烧温度对ZnO粉体结晶及光学性能的影响

以草酸铵和醋酸锌为原料,采用直接沉淀法制备ZnO粉体,考察了焙烧温度对粉体结晶和光学性能的影响。 采用热重分析（TGA-DTA）、X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射（UV-Vis）、荧光分光光度计（FS）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等方法对样品进行了分析。 结果表明,制备的前驱物为C2O4Zn·2H2O,最低焙烧温度400 ℃,随着焙烧温度的提高,粉体结晶度提高,一次粒径增大;600 ℃焙烧后有较强紫外发光峰,粉体由200 nm的粒子排列成层叠状;900 ℃焙烧后有较强可见发光峰,粉体粒子大于500 nm,团聚严重;粉体有较强的紫外吸收,吸收峰有蓝移。     

LiFePO_4电化学反应机理、制备及改性研究新进展

作为用于可持续能源的有效能量存储装置,锂离子电池因具有优异的电化学性能而得到广泛研究,是非常有发展潜力的储能电池体系,其技术发展及应用的关键在于电极材料的研发。LiFePO_4作为锂离子电池正极材料之一,具有循环寿命长、能量密度大、充放电平稳、热稳定性良好、安全性好、重量轻和低毒性等优点,备受国内外专家的专注。然而,LiFePO_4正极材料的研究还存在一些技术瓶颈,由于其存在电导率相对较低、锂离子扩散系数小以及振实密度不高等问题,导致循环性能、低温特性和高倍率充放电性能等并不理想,因而制约着它的应用和发展。近几年研究工作者通过改进制备工艺以及进行相关改性研究,旨在逐步解决上述问题。本文简要综述了LiFePO_4正极材料的最新研究成果,就其结构特征、电化学反应机理、制备方法和改性进行了系统介绍。探讨了目前LiFePO_4正极材料面临的主要问题及可能的解决策略,并对其未来的研究方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

α-芳基-α-羟基酮(酯)与全氟烷基磺酰氟/甲基三乙氧基硅烷/碱体系不期望的氧化反应

研究了全氟烷基磺酰氟/甲基三乙氧基硅烷/碱体系与α-芳基-α-羟基酮(酯)化合物不期望的氧化反应, 以中等到优良的收率生成了相应的1,2-二酮(α-酮酸酯)产物. 所用全氟烷基磺酰氟为全氟正丁基磺酰氟或全氟正辛基磺酰氟; 碱为1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU). 提出了一种可能的反应机理. 为制备芳基取代的1,2-二酮(或α-酮酸酯)化合物提供了一种新方法.     

Thermal studies of novel molecular perovskite energetic material (C6H14N2)[NH4(ClO4)3]

(C6H(14)N2)[NH4(ClO4)3] is a newly developed porous hybrid inorganic-organic framework material with easy access and excellent detonation performances,however,its thermal properties is still unclear and severely hampered further applications.In this study,thermal behaviors and non-isothermal decomposition reaction kinetics of(C6H(14)N2)[NH4(ClO4)3] were investigated systematically by the combination of differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and simultaneous thermal analysis methods.In-situ FTIR spectroscopy technology was applied for investigation of the structure changes of(C6H(14)N2) NH4(ClO4)3]and some selected referents for better understanding of interactions between different components during the heating process.Experiment results indicated that the novel molecular perovskite structure renders(C6H(14)N2)[NH4(ClO4)3] better thermal stability than most of currently used energetic materials.Underhigh temperature s,the stability of the cage skeleton constructed by NH4^+and ClO4^-ions determined the decomposition process rather than organic moiety confined in the skeleton.The simple synthetic method,good detonation performances and excellent thermal properties make(C6H(14)N2)[NH4(ClO4)3] an ideal candidate for the preparation of advanced explosives and propellants.     

有序介孔TiO2的合成及光解水产氢应用

二氧化钛(TiO₂)材料由于其低成本、 天然丰度高、 对环境友好、 具有良好的化学稳定性和优异的光学性能越来越受到关注. 其中, 有序介孔TiO₂材料因其高比表面积、 大的孔体积、 可调的孔结构和形态, 在物理、 化学和材料科学等方面得到广泛应用. 本文总结了通过合理控制钛前体水解和交联速率合成有序介孔TiO₂材料的重要进展, 同时讨论了其在光催化分解水产氢方面的应用, 并对该领域的发展趋势和所面临的挑战提出了展望.     

高活性氮化碳纳米片的制备策略

Layered graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is a typical polymeric semiconductor with an sp² π-conjugated system having great potential in energy conversion, environmental purification, materials science, etc., owing to its unique physicochemical and electrical properties. However, bulk g-C₃N₄ obtained by calcination suffers from a low specific surface area, rapid charge carrier recombination, and poor dispersion in aqueous solutions, which limit its practical applications. Controlling the size of g-C₃N₄ (e.g., preparing g-C₃N₄ nanosheets) can effectively solve the above problems. Compared with the bulk material, g-C₃N₄ nanosheets have a larger specific surface area, richer active sites, and a larger band gap due to the quantum confinement effect. As g-C₃N₄ has a layered structure with strong in-plane C-N covalent bonds and weak van der Waals forces between the layers, g-C₃N₄ nanosheets can be prepared by exfoliating bulk g-C₃N₄. Alternatively, g-C₃N₄ nanosheets can otherwise be obtained through the anisotropic assembly of organic precursors. Nevertheless, some of these methods have various limitations, such as high energy consumption, are time consuming, and have low yield. Accordingly, developing green and cost-effective exfoliation and preparation strategies for g-C₃N₄ nanosheets is necessary. Herein, the research progress of the exfoliation and preparation strategies (including the thermal oxidation etching process, the ultrasound-assisted route, the chemical exfoliation, the mechanical method, and the template method) for two-dimensional C₃N₄ nanosheets are introduced. Their features are systematically analyzed and the perspectives and challenges in the preparation of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets are discussed. This study emphasizes the following: (1) The preparation method of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets should be properly selected according to the practical application needs. Additionally, various strategies (such as chemical method and ultrasonic method) can be combined to exfoliate nanosheets from bulk g-C₃N₄; (2) More reasonable nano- or even subnanostructured g-C₃N₄ nanosheets should be continuously explored; (3) Novel modification strategies, such as defective engineering, heterojunction construction, and surface functional group regulation, should be introduced to improve the reactivity and selectivity of the g-C₃N₄ nanosheets; (4) The application of in situ characterization techniques (such as in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy) should also be strengthened to monitor the detailed catalytic process and investigate the g-C₃N₄ nanosheet structure-efficiency relationship. (5) To gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the macroscopic properties and the microscopic structure, the combination of theoretical calculations and experimental results should be strengthened, which will be beneficial for exploiting high-quality g-C₃N₄ nanosheets.      

Preparation and Pseudo-capacitance Performance of NiCo2O4 Nanosheets

Ternary nickel cobaltite(NiCo₂O₄), as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors, has attracted increasing attention for its excellent electrochemical properties. In this study, novel NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets were rationally designed and prepared using dealloying process, followed by an oxidation treatment. The as-prepared sample was characterized by microstructural and electrochemical techniques in view of its possible application in supercapacitors. The as-prepared sample exhibited high specific capacitance and excellent durability. The specific capacitance reached 663 F/g at 1 A/g and the rate capacitance high up to 73.6% when the current density increased from 1 A/g to 20 A/g. After 5000 cycles of galvanostatic charge-discharge durability test at 4 A/g, the capacity retention rate was 82.1%. The results indicate that versatile dealloying can be used to prepare robust electrode for supercapacitor application.     

Excess capacity on compound phases of Li2FeTiO4 composite cathode materials synthesized by hydrothermal reaction using optional titanium sources to boost battery performance

Li₂FeTiO₄ composites have been produced using commercial LiAC, FeCl₂ and different titanium sources by hydrothermal synthesis (HS) at 175 ℃ and subsequent annealing at 700 ℃. Impure phase TiO₂, Fe₂O₃ and FeTiO₄ were detected out among the Li₂FeTiO₄ composites with different titanium sources. Micron and nano-sized particles of Li₂FeTiO₄ were prepared from various titanium raw materials, with nano-sized particles predominating when titanium raw materials were layered hydrogen titanate nanowire (H₂Ti₃O₇NW, HTO-NW) and titanium oxide nanotubes (TiO₂NB). The Li₂FeTiO₄ composites synthesized by HTO-NW shows a primary particle size of 50-200 nm of high crystallinity staggered with undissolved nanowire with a diameter size of about 100 nm. The samples using one-dimensional nanometer titanium oxide (TiO₂ NB) as the raw material can get a super high initial discharge capacity of 367.8 mAh/g at the rate of C/10 and excellent cycling stability. The selection of raw materials and adopting multi-phase modification can be considered as an effective strategy to improve the electro-chemical properties of Li₂FeTiO₄ composite cathode materials for the lithium secondary battery.     

尖晶石型八面体结构锰酸锂的制备及其电化学性能

采用模板导向法和高温固相法制备尖晶石型八面体结构的LiMn₂O₄锂离子电池正极材料,研究了该材料的结构和电化学性能。 电化学性能研究表明,该电极材料具有良好的循环稳定性和倍率性能,在2.5~4.5 V电压范围,电流密度为100 mA/g时,首周充放电比容量分别为147和179 mA·h/g,循环50周后,其充放电比容量仍分别保持在180/181 mA·h/g。 优良的电化学性能可能归因于尖晶石LiMn₂O₄的形貌结构特征,该方法为制备锂离子电池正极材料提供了思路和依据。     

煅烧工艺对熔盐法合成钛钾镁片晶的影响

钛酸镁钾具有优异的力学性能,被广泛用作各类高级轿车刹车片的摩擦材料。而材料的组成及形貌对刹车效果的影响很大,传统的合成工艺无法对其进行有效地控制。本文通过对煅烧工艺的优化,从而得到结晶度和形貌俱佳的钛酸镁钾片晶。以Mg(OH)_2、K_2CO_3和TiO_2为原料,加入KCl为熔盐,采用熔盐法合成钛酸钾镁片晶(KMTO)。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术手段研究了煅烧工艺(升温速率、煅烧温度、保温时间)对钛酸钾镁片晶组成及形貌的影响,并对其反应机理进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,不同的煅烧工艺对熔盐法合成钛酸镁钾片晶的组成及形貌产生了显著的影响,以200℃/h升温至800℃后,再以100℃/h升温至1000℃,保温2 h,通过水洗干燥,即可得到结晶度较高、形貌比较均匀的K_(0.8)Mg_(0.4)Ti_(1.6)O_4片晶。     

控制碘化铅形貌两步连续刮涂法大面积制备甲脒基钙钛矿薄膜

钙钛矿太阳能电池在实现高性能光伏器件方面展现出巨大的商业化应用前景,但面临着一个最主要的挑战是开发工业化规模生产的大面积高质量钙钛矿薄膜制备工艺。在本研究中,为解决大面积印刷难题,通过两步连续刮涂法制备甲脒基钙钛矿吸光层。两步法中第一步沉积的PbI₂很容易形成致密的薄膜,这将导致后续沉积的有机胺盐无法和PbI₂充分完全反应,在钙钛矿薄膜中残留PbI₂,这会严重影响载流子的传输。为了实现理想的多孔PbI₂薄膜结构,我们通过在PbI₂前驱体溶液中引入四亚甲基亚砜(THTO)。通过形成PbI₂·THTO络合物,PbI₂的结晶过程被有效控制,易形成片状的PbI₂晶粒并沿着垂直基底方向上排列,得到了理想的纳米通道。这为后续的有机胺盐渗入提供了理想的纳米通道。最终5 cm × 5 cm模组实现了18.65%的功率转化效率,并具有出色的存储和热稳定性。这一结果展现了两步连续刮涂法策略在制备大面积钙钛矿太阳能电池方面具备一定的优势。