RP-3替代燃料自点火燃烧机理构建及动力学模拟

通过对RP-3 航空煤油成分的分析, 以及对8 组替代模型的对比实验, 选取了73.0%(质量分数)正十二烷, 14.7% 1,3,5-三甲基环己烷, 12.3%正丙基苯作为RP-3 航空煤油的替代模型. 使用本课题组自主研发的机理自动生成程序ReaxGen, 构建了RP-3 替代燃料的高温燃烧详细机理, 用该机理模拟了激波管点火延时, 并与实验数据进行比较. 用物质产率分析和近似轨迹优化算法(ATOA)简化方法简化了详细机理. 最后对燃烧机理在不同化学计量比及压力条件下的点火延时做了敏感度分析, 考察了燃烧机理在不同化学计量比下关键反应的异同. 结果表明, 该替代模型的燃烧机理能很好地描述RP-3煤油的高温点火特性.     

碳氢燃料燃烧机理的自动简化

采用自行开发的碳氢燃料燃烧详细机理自动简化程序ReaxRed分别对包含257个物种和874步反应的RP-3航空煤油替代模型以及包含1389个物种和5935步反应的汽油混合替代模型进行机理自动简化.对RP-3替代模型,分别得到78个物种框架机理和61个物种全局简化机理,在较宽的参数范围内重现RP-3详细机理在点火延迟时间、熄火以及物种浓度分布等方面的模拟结果;通过强制敏感度及物种产率分析进一步说明了简化机理的合理性.对汽油混合替代模型,得到包含266个物种框架机理在较宽范围内重现单组分、两组分及多组分混合的点火延迟时间的模拟结果,并通过元素流动分析阐明了4种单组分燃料的燃烧路径.框架机理保留了详细机理的层级结构以及全局信息,更易于系统分析汽油的燃烧过程.     

RP-3航空煤油替代燃料及其化学反应动力学模型

本文提出了40%(摩尔分数, 下同)正癸烷、42%正十二烷、13%乙基环己烷和5%对二甲苯的四组分RP-3 航空煤油替代燃料模型, 并通过实验充分验证了替代燃料模型与实际RP-3 航空煤油在理化特性上的相似性. 采用对冲火焰实验台架, 测量了RP-3航空煤油以及四组分替代燃料的层流火焰传播速度. 对比结果表明本文提出的替代燃料能够准确描述实际RP-3航空煤油的燃烧速率. 进一步发展了包含168组分、1089反应的半详细反应动力学模型, 验证结果表明本文机理能够准确预测RP-3航空煤油着火延迟时间和火焰传播速度.     

煤油裂解产物/空气与煤油/空气在宽温度范围内点火延迟的对比研究（英文）

煤油是一种理想的吸热性碳氢燃料,其热裂解在高速飞行器的热防护中起着重要作用。本工作利用加热激波管测量了煤油裂解产物/空气和煤油/空气的点火延时,点火温度657–1333 K,化学计量比1.0,点火压力1.01×10~5–10.10×10~5Pa。通过对高温点火延时数据的拟合获得了两种混合物关于点火延时间和点火条件(温度和压力)的Arrhenius型关系。测量结果显示,在高温区( 1000 K)两种混合物的点火延时很接近,并且点火延时随着温度或压力的增加而变短。但在低温区(1000 K),两种混合物的点火延迟特性却非常不同。煤油裂解产物的点火延时在此低温区域仍然随着温度的减小而增长,没有出现着火延迟的负温度效应;煤油的点火延迟在此温度区域却表现出明显的负温度效应。在830–1000 K温度区间,煤油裂解产物的点火延时快于煤油的;当温度低于830K时,煤油的点火延迟时却变得比煤油裂解产物的快很多。本实验结果与机理模拟结果的比较显示,对煤油裂解产物和煤油燃烧反应机理的完善是必要的。本研究结果对了解煤油裂解产物的点火延迟特性和发展高速飞行器再生冷却技术非常有帮助。     

航空煤油裂解产物燃烧机理构建与动力学模拟

针对航空煤油典型裂解工况的裂解产物,本文提出了以2.99%氢气、45.05%甲烷、36.96%乙烯、0.76%环己烯、8.89%甲苯和5.35%正十二烷(摩尔分数)的六组分煤油裂解产物替代模型,构建了包含323个物种,1544步反应的化学动力学机理。使用Chemkin-pro程序进行宽温度范围裂解产物的动力学模拟,点火延迟模拟结果与实验值吻合较好;点火延迟敏感性分析的结果表明HO_2+OH=H_2O+O_2是机理中的关键反应,同时燃烧中间产物与氧气、HO_2和OH自由基的反应也对点火影响较大。该机理模拟精度较高,能够较好的再现航空煤油裂解产物的燃烧特性。     

甲基环己烷的高温燃烧机理及动力学模拟

本文根据高碳链烷烃和环烷烃高温燃烧的反应类型,开发了高温燃烧反应机理的自动生成程序ReaxGen,并据此建立了甲基环己烷的高温燃烧详细机理。采用激波管反应器模型开展了动力学模拟,研究了燃烧点火温度、点火压力、燃料摩尔分数和当量比对点火延时的影响。通过绝热燃烧平衡计算,得到产物浓度和绝热火焰温度。动力学模拟结果与文献实验结果及国际上同类机理的模拟结果进行了比较和讨论。     

燃烧反应机理构建的极小反应网络方法： C1燃料燃烧

使用极小反应网络方法, 在指定中间物种条件下, 构建反应步数最小的详细燃烧反应机理. 确定了关 于C1燃烧机理的17个物种和14个独立反应, 其中包含氢气燃烧的8个物种6个反应, 对缺乏动力学参数的独立反应进行组合替代, 反应速率常数采用Arrhenius双参数形式. 采用构建的25步反应C1多燃料燃烧机理(MRN-C1)进行了点火延迟时间和层流火焰速度的模拟. 考虑到工程应用对机理组分数的限制, 以CH₄和CH₃OH单组分燃料为例, 考察了去除“滞留”物种后单组分机理与总机理的模拟结果差别.     

高碳烃宽温度范围燃烧机理构建及动力学模拟

发动机中燃料点火特性以及燃烧能量的释放对于发动机设计具有非常重要的作用,为了提高燃料的燃烧效率以及减少燃料在燃烧过程中污染物的排放,基于反应动力学机理对燃料燃烧过程的模拟就显得十分必要。因此需要更加深入的认识碳氢燃料的燃烧机理,探索其在燃烧过程中十分复杂的化学反应网络。为了发展能够适用于实际燃料多工况条件(宽温度范围、宽压力范围和不同当量比)燃烧的燃烧机理,基于碳氢燃料机理自动生成程序ReaxGen构建了正癸烷燃烧详细机理(包含1499个物种,5713步反应)和正十一烷燃烧详细机理(包含1843个物种,6993步反应)。详细机理主要由小分子核心机理和高碳烃类(C5以上)机理两部分组成。为了验证机理的合理性与可靠性,本文对于高碳烃燃烧新机理在点火延时时间以及物种浓度曲线进行了动力学分析,并与实验数据及国内外同类机理进行了对比,结果表明本文提出的正癸烷和正十一烷燃烧新机理在比较宽泛的温度、压力和当量比条件下都具有较高的模拟精度,为发展精确航空煤油燃烧模型提供了基础数据。同时考虑到详细机理的复杂性以及机理分析的计算量大和时耗长,本文基于误差传播的直接关系图形(Directed Relation Graph with Error Propagation,DRGEP)方法简化得到的包含709组分2793反应的正癸烷和包含820组分3115反应的正十一烷简化机理,使用DRGEP方法时所采用的数据点选自压力范围从1.0×10~5 Pa到1.0×10~6Pa,当量比范围从0.5到2.0,初始温度范围从600到1400时恒压点火的模拟结果在点火延迟时间附近区域的抽样,同时在正癸烷机理简化中选取正癸烷、O_2和N_2作为初始预选组分,正十一烷的机理简化中主要选取正十一烷、O_2和N_2作为初始预选组分,得到的简化机理在比较宽泛的条件下的预测结果与详细机理吻合很好。最后结合敏感度分析方法分析了正癸烷和正十一烷的点火延迟敏感性,考察了机理中影响点火的关键反应。结果表明:这些机理能够合理描述正癸烷和正十一烷的自点火特性,在工程计算流体力学仿真设计中有很好的应用前景。     

异辛烷/正庚烷/乙醇三组分燃料着火的化学动力学模型

提出一个包括异辛烷、正庚烷和乙醇的三组分燃料的着火动力学模型, 该机理包括50 个组分和193 个反应. 通过路径分析和灵敏度分析, 给出了基础燃料在高低温条件下的不同反应路径和影响氧化过程的重要基元反应. 该机理预测的单组分(异辛烷、正庚烷、乙醇)燃料、双组分基础燃料和三组分燃料的点火延迟时间与实验值有很高一致性. 本文机理包含较少的组分数与反应数, 因而可适用汽油掺烧乙醇的多维计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟.     

正十二烷高温燃烧机理的构建及模拟

基于燃料燃烧反应机理的计算机自动生成方法,构建了正十二烷高温燃烧的详细反应机理; 分别采用物质产率分析和反应路径流量分析方法对详细机理进行简化,得到包含202个物种、738步反应的半详细机理和53个物种、228步反应的骨架机理; 对正十二烷点火延时、高温裂解以及层流火焰速度的模拟结果表明半详细机理和骨架机理具有很高的模拟精度,在工程计算流体力学仿真设计中有很好的应用前景.最后分析了正十二烷高温燃烧的反应路径,并对点火延时做了敏感度分析,考查了机理中的关键反应.     

煤油裂解产物/空气与煤油/空气在宽温度范围内点火延迟的对比研究

Kerosene is an ideal endothermic hydrocarbon. Its pyrolysis plays a significant role in the thermal protection for high-speed aircraft. Before it reacts, kerosene experiences thermal decomposition in the heat exchanger and produces cracked products. Thus, to use cracked kerosene instead of pure kerosene, knowledge of their ignition properties is needed. In this study, ignition delay times of cracked kerosene/air and kerosene/air were measured in a heated shock tube at temperatures of 657–1333 K, an equivalence ratio of 1.0, and pressures of 1.01 × 10⁵–10.10 × 10⁵ Pa. Ignition delay time was defined as the time interval between the arrival of the reflected shock and the occurrence of the steepest rise of excited-state CH species (CH*) emission at the sidewall measurement location. Pure helium was used as the driver gas for high-temperature measurements in which test times needed to be shorter than 1.5 ms, and tailored mixtures of He/Ar were used when test times could reach up to 15 ms. Arrhenius-type formulas for the relationship between ignition delay time and ignition conditions (temperature and pressure) were obtained by correlating the measured high-temperature data of both fuels. The results reveal that the ignition delay times of both fuels are close, and an increase in the pressure or temperature causes a decrease in the ignition delay time in the high-temperature region (> 1000 K). Both fuels exhibit similar high-temperature ignition delay properties, because they have close pressure exponents (cracked kerosene: τ_ign∝P^-0.85; kerosene:τ_ign∝P^-0.83) and global activation energies (cracked kerosene: E_a = 143.37 kJ·mol^-1; kerosene: E_a = 144.29 kJ·mol^-1). However, in the low-temperature region (< 1000 K), ignition delay characteristics are quite different. For cracked kerosene/air, while the decrease in the temperature still results in an increase in the ignition delay time, the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) of ignition delay does not occur, and the low-temperature ignition data still can be correlated by an Arrhenius-type formula with a much smaller global activation energy compared to that at high temperatures. However, for kerosene/air, this NTC phenomenon was observed, and the Arrhenius-type formula fails to correlate its low-temperature ignition data. At temperatures ranging from 830 to 1000 K, the cracked kerosene ignites faster than the kerosene; at temperatures below 830 K, kerosene ignition delay times become much shorter than those of cracked kerosene. Surrogates for cracked kerosene and kerosene are proposed based on the H/C ratio and average molecular weight in order to simulate ignition delay times for cracked kerosene/air and kerosene/air. The simulation results are in fairly good agreement with current experimental data for the two fuels at high temperatures (> 1000 K). However, in the low-temperature NTC region, the results are in very good agreement with kerosene ignition delay data but disagree with cracked kerosene ignition delay data. The comparison between experimental data and model predictions indicates that refinement of the reaction mechanisms for cracked kerosene and kerosene is needed. These test results are helpful to understand ignition properties of cracked kerosene in developing regenerative cooling technology for high-speed aircraft.     

煤油自点火特性的实验研究

在加热激波管中利用反射激波点火,采用壁端压力和CH*发射光作为点火指示信号,测量了气相煤油/空气混合物的点火延时,点火温度为1100-1500K,压力为2.0×105和4.0×105Pa,化学计量比(Φ)为0.2、1.0和2.0.分析了点火温度、压力和化学计量比对点火延时的影响.结果显示,化学计量比为1.0和2.0时活化能几乎是相同的,但与化学计量比为0.2时的活化能差异很大,拟合得到了不同化学计量比条件下点火延时随温度变化的关系式.点火延时与已有的动力学机理进行对比,实验结果与Honnet等人的动力学机理吻合得很好.对不同化学计量比条件下的反应进行了敏感度分析,结果表明在化学计量比为0.2时,对点火延时敏感的关键反应与化学计量比为1.0时的有很大差异.     

航空煤油替代燃料模型构建方法及HEF航空煤油替代燃料模型

本文在完善燃烧化学特性参数,发展更准确的混合物特性参数计算方法的基础上,提出一套完整的、精确的航煤替代燃料模型构建方法。并采用定容燃烧弹实验系统首次测量了初始温度420和460 K、压力0.1 MPa,实际HEF航煤以及代表性组分十氢萘的层流火焰传播速度,为本文发展和验证替代燃料模型提供充分的实验数据。依据该方法提出了摩尔分数为65%正十二烷、10%正十四烷、25%十氢萘三组分HEF航煤替代燃料模型。充分的的实验和计算结果验证表明,替代燃料模型与实际HEF航煤在物理特性和燃烧化学特性方面有很高的相似性。本文提出的HEF航煤替代燃料模型和实验测量的层流火焰传播速度,为后续化学反应机理的发展与验证奠定了基础。     

On the chemical kinetics of n-butanol: ignition and speciation studies

Direct measurements of intermediates of ignition are challenging experimental objectives, yet such measurements are critical for understanding fuel decomposition and oxidation pathways. This work presents experimental results, obtained using the University of Michigan Rapid Compression Facility, of ignition delay times and intermediates formed during the ignition of n-butanol. Ignition delay times for stoichiometric n-butanol/O(2) mixtures with an inert/O(2) ratio of 5.64 were measured over a temperature range of 920-1040 K and a pressure range of 2.86-3.35 atm and were compared to those predicted by the recent reaction mechanism developed by Black et al. (Combust. Flame 2010, 157, 363-373). There is excellent agreement between the experimental results and model predictions for ignition delay time, within 20% over the entire temperature range tested. Further, high-speed gas sampling and gas chromatography techniques were used to acquire and analyze gas samples of intermediate species during the ignition delay of stoichiometric n-butanol/O(2) (χ(n-but) = 0.025, χ(O(2)) = 0.147, χ(N(2)) = 0.541, χ(Ar) = 0.288) mixtures at P = 3.25 atm and T = 975 K. Quantitative measurements of mole fraction time histories of methane, carbon monoxide, ethene, propene, acetaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 1-butene and n-butanol were compared with model predictions using the Black et al. mechanism. In general, the predicted trends for species concentrations are consistent with measurements. Sensitivity analyses and rate of production analyses were used to identify reactions important for predicting ignition delay time and the intermediate species time histories. Modifications to the mechanism by Black et al. were explored based on recent contributions to the literature on the rate constant for the key reaction, n-butanol+OH. The results improve the model agreement with some species; however, the comparison also indicates some reaction pathways, particularly those important to ethene formation and removal, are not well captured.     

Chemical kinetic study of the effect of a biofuel additive on jet-A1 combustion

The kinetics of oxidation of kerosene Jet A-1 and a kerosene/rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) mixture (80/20, mol/mol) (biokerosene) was studied experimentally in a jet-stirred reactor at 10 atm and constant residence time, over the temperature range 740-1200 K, and for variable equivalence ratios (0.5-1.5). Concentration profiles of the reactants, stable intermediates, and final products were obtained by probe sampling followed by on-line and off-line gas chromatography analyses. The oxidation of these fuels in these conditions was modeled using a detailed kinetic reaction mechanism consisting of 2027 reversible reactions and 263 species. The surrogate biokerosene model fuel used here consisted of a mixture of n-hexadecane, n-propylcyclohexane, n-propylbenzene, and n-decane, where the long-chain methyl ester fraction was simply represented by n-hexadecane. The proposed kinetic reaction mechanism used in the modeling yielded a good representation of the kinetics of oxidation of kerosene and biokerosene under jet-stirred reactor conditions and of kerosene in a premixed flame. The data and the model showed the biokerosene (Jet A-1/RME mixture) has a slightly higher reactivity than Jet A-1, whereas no major modification of the product distribution was observed besides the formation of small unsaturated methyl esters produced from RME's oxidation. The model predicts no difference in the ignition delays of kerosene and biokerosene. Using the proposed kinetic scheme, the formation of potential soot precursors was studied with particular attention.     

正十一烷/空气在宽温度范围下着火延迟的激波管研究

在加热激波管上测量了气相正十一烷/空气混合物的着火延迟时间,着火温度为宽温度范围731-1399 K,着火压力在2.02 × 10⁵和10.10 × 10⁵ Pa附近,化学计量比分别为0.5、1.0和2.0。通过监测管侧壁观测点处的反射激波压力和OH^*发射光测出着火延迟时间。实验结果显示：在910 K以上,着火延迟时间随着火温度的降低而变长,从910到780 K,着火延迟时间随着火温度的降低而变短（显示出了负温度系数效应）,在780 K以下,着火延迟时间随着火温度的降低再次变长。在所研究的压力下,着火压力的增加使着火时间变短。化学计量比对着火延迟的影响在着火压力为2.02 × 10⁵和10.10 × 10⁵ Pa时是不同的,与在高温区相比,着火延迟在低温区对化学计量比非常敏感。在整个温度范围内,当前实验结果和LLNL（LawrenceLivermore National Laboratory）机理的预测值表现出了很好的一致性。现在的正十一烷/空气的着火数据和先前实验测量的正庚烷/空气、正癸烷/空气和正十二烷/空气的着火延迟时间相比较显示了着火延迟时间随着直链烷碳原子数的增加而减小。敏感度分析显示,高、低温条件下影响正十一烷着火延迟过程的反应是显著不同的。在高温条件下起最大促进作用的反应是H + O₂=O+OH,然而在低温条件下,起最大促进作用的反应是过氧十一烷基（C₁₁H₂₃O₂）的异构化反应。本文研究首次提供了正十一烷/空气的激波管着火延迟时间。     

RP-3航空煤油高温骨架机理构建及验证

依据RP-3航空煤油的成分,考虑平均分子量及碳氢摩尔比等性质,本文提出其三组分替代燃料模型,其中正癸烷74.24%、1,3,5-三甲基环己烷14.11%和正丙基苯11.65%(质量分数)。采用机理生成程序ReaxGen得到详细化学反应机理;采用机理简化程序ReaxRed,运用直接关系图法与主成分分析法获得高温骨架机理(79物种,311反应)。该机理针对多个工况进行了点火延迟时间与层流火焰速度的验证,能较好地预测实验结果。路径分析结果表明高温下替代燃料通过氢提取反应、单分子裂解反应及β-断键反应消耗。敏感性分析表明高温点火过程由多种小分子自由基(H、CHO、C2H3等)的氧化及分解反应和大分子燃料的氢提取反应控制;影响火焰传播过程的关键反应来源于C0-C3的小分子核心机理。本文所提出的这个尺寸较小但精度较高的骨架机理可用于发动机燃烧过程的高保真数值模拟。