S-苯并噻吩盐的合成的方法及其反应的研究进展

综述了近年来合成苯并噻吩盐的多种方法,讨论了其存在的优缺点,并详细介绍了S-苯基苯并噻吩盐的[4+2]Diels-Alder反应、加热反应、光解反应以及开环反应,并对其发展前景做出了展望.     

水分子簇的研究进展

水分子簇结构与功能的探索已引起科学界的广泛关注并逐渐成为簇科学研究领域中的一个热点。本文综述了近年来水分子簇间作用力研究的进展、内容和方法并加以比较, 重点介绍了远红外振转隧道光谱法, 简述了超冷水的分子结构特征, 并对该领域的研究前景作了展望。     

新型聚苯并咪唑的研究进展

聚苯并咪唑是一类重复基元含苯并咪唑结构的芳香杂环聚合物,具有耐高温、耐腐蚀、高机械强度、高阻燃性等特点,被广泛应用于耐高温质子交换膜、防火阻燃及航空航天领域。近年来,各种不同结构的新型聚苯并咪唑不断被合成报道,新颖的结构基元赋予聚苯并咪唑改善的溶解性、提升的抗氧化性、高的酸负载水平及多孔特性,进一步拓展了聚苯并咪唑在吸附分离及燃料电池方面的应用。综述了新型聚苯并咪唑的研究进展,重点介绍了新型聚苯并咪唑的结构种类及其功能应用,旨在促进聚苯并咪唑研究的发展。     

开发校本课程培养学生的环保意识——泾河平凉段水污染情况的调查研究

平凉师范化学与环保课程于2005-2008年开设以来,结合教学,并多次组织学生对泾河平凉段水污染情况进行了实地考察,采集水样,并对采集的水样进行了简单的化学分析。通过调查,明确了泾河河水被污染的原因和造成的危害,并提出了治理泾河污染的一些建议,同时培养了学生的环境保护意识。     

苯并环丁烯类化合物的合成

苯并环丁烯类化合物是一类具有优异特性的聚合物材料,它具有极其广泛的用途和商业开发前景。本文给出了当前苯并环丁烯单体、衍生物和聚合物的合成方法,并简要介绍了苯并环丁烯类化合物在合成研究和工程中的应用。     

苯并(a)芘的高效液相色谱荧光分析法的研究Ⅰ

本文对苯并(a)芘的荧光性质进行了研究,建立了苯并(a)芘的高效液相色谱分离荧光检测法.并用于环境水样分析,结果令人满意。     

一种结构新颖的二苯并碘五环内盐的合成

研究了用Eschweiler-Clarke反应的3,7-二氨基二苯并碘五环 氯化物的N-甲基化,生成了一个新的二苯并碘五环内 盐, 用IR, NMR和MS测定了内 盐的结构.     

中美大学化学教育评估的比较

本文简要介绍美国大学化学系的评估种类,并与中国现行的评估方法进行了比较。对评估中存在的问题进行了分析,并对解决这些问题的方法进行了探讨。     

冠醚萃取苦味酸钪与配合物的晶体结构研究

研究了苯并15冠5(B15C5)和二苯并18冠6(DB18C6)萃取苦味酸钪的萃取平衡。在pH2～3,用斜率法确定了两种萃合物的组成,并由此计算了它们的表观萃取平衡常数。通过苯并15冠5苦味酸钪配合物的合成、表征及晶体的结构测定,讨论了萃取机理。     

亚微米尘粒电凝并的分形研究

在对电场中亚微米尘粒运动及凝并规律进行理论分析的基础上,应用分形生长理论建立了亚微米粒子电凝并过程的分形生长数学模型,再现了凝并体的分形结构,确定了凝并体的分形维数及其对除尘效率的影响.分形维数可定量描述尘粒凝并的难易程度,研究表明,对直径为0.01～1 μ m的球形尘粒,其凝并体具有较大的分形维数2.725432,随着粉尘粒度组成的变化,分形维数也将发生改变.分维数越大,凝并体结构越不规则,向空间扩展生长的能力越强,尘粒越容易聚集凝并,除尘器效率越高.     

Sulfonated carbon nanotubes/sulfonated poly(ether sulfone ether ketone ketone) composites for polymer electrolyte membranes

A series of composite membranes consisting of sulfonated carbon nanotubes (sCNTs) and sulfonated poly(ether sulfone ether ketone ketone) were successfully fabricated via the solution casting method. The chemical structure, as well as the long‐term stability of the sCNTs in different solvents, was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and solubility experiment, respectively. The morphology, tensile strength, proton conductivity, and methanol permeability of the composite membranes were also investigated. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation indicated the good dispersion of the carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix as well as the strong interfacial bonding between the sulfonated poly(ether sulfone ether ketone ketone) (SPESEKK) matrix and sCNTs. The addition of either pristine carbon nanotubes or modified carbon nanotubes significantly enhanced the tensile strength of the SPESEKK membrane. The proton conductivity of the SPESEKK membrane increased while the methanol permeability decreased as the sCNTs content increased, showing a strong interaction between the modified nanotubes and SPESEKK. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Proton conductive membranes of sulfonated poly(ether ketone ketone)

Poly(ether ketone ketone) was sulfonated using fumic sulfuric acid and used for preparation of proton conductive membranes. The sulfonation degree was evaluated by elemental and thermal analysis and the IEC values were determined by titration. The proton conductivity of membranes with sulfonation degrees up to 70% was determined as a function of temperature by impedance spectroscopy. Membranes with sulfonation degree 38–70% were tested in DMFC experiments. Their performance was comparable to Nafion^® with the same pretreatment and clearly better than sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes with similar functionalization. The methanol crossover was lower than that of Nafion^® in the same conditions.     

Proton Conductivity Improvement Effect of Cellulose on SPEEKK Based PEM

The proton exchange membranes(PEMs) were prepared through the solution mixing method of sulfonated poly(etlier ether ketone ketoneXsPEEKK) and cellulose. Cellulose was dissolved by 1-ally 1-3-methylimidazolium chioride(AMIMC1) and then mixed with sPEEKK solution. sPEEKK/cellulose(SC) composite membranes were prepared by solution casting. The membranes have high flexibility and transparency, which meant the compounding in molecular level. Meanwhile, the composite membranes showed excellent mechanical properties and high proton conductivity. The mechanical property reached 29 MPa, and the proton conductivity was as high as 0.32 S/cm. Thus, as a kind of biomaterials, cellulose could be ail excellent reinforcing material for poly(aryl ether ketone)(PAEK) based PEMs.     

含有POSS的复合型质子交换膜的制备及性能

本文以一种具有含萘结构的磺酸化聚芳醚酮作为主体材料, 采用具有相似化学结构的含萘、 醚和酮结构的聚甲亚胺作为增强组分, 通过溶胶-凝胶的方法在复合膜中引入提高质子传输能力的酸功能化聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS-SO3H), 制备新型的三元复合型质子交换膜, 并对其微结构和性能进行了研究.     

磺化侧苯基杂萘联苯聚醚酮酮的合成与性能

以4-(3-苯基-4-羟基苯基)-2,3-二氮杂萘-1-酮(DHPZ-P)、 4-(4-羟基苯基)-2,3-二氮杂萘-1-酮(DHPZ)和1,4-二(4'-氟苯甲酰基)苯(BFBB)为原料, 经溶液亲核取代缩聚反应, 通过调节DHPZ-P和DHPZ的比例, 合成了一系列侧苯基杂萘联苯聚醚酮酮(PPEKK-P), 然后以浓硫酸为磺化剂, 制备出一系列磺化侧苯基杂萘联苯聚醚酮酮(SPPEKK-P). 利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和氢核磁共振谱(¹H NMR)对聚合物结构进行表征, 结果表明, 磺酸基团引入到聚合物链的侧苯基上. 采用溶液浇铸法制备SPPEKK-P质子交换膜. SPPEKK-P膜的吸水率、 溶胀率和质子传导率均随离子交换容量(IEC)的增加而增加, 且具有较好的耐氧化性. IEC最高的SPPEKK-P-100膜的质子传导率在95℃能达到7.44×10^-2 S/cm, 且甲醇渗透系数为5.57×10^-8 cm²/s, 阻醇性能优于Nafion117膜.     

PEEK–WC-Based Mixed Matrix Membranes Containing Polyimine Cages for Gas Separation

Membrane-based processes are taking a more and more prominent position in the search for sustainable and energy-efficient gas separation applications. It is known that the separation performance of pure polymers may significantly be improved by the dispersion of suitable filler materials in the polymer matrix, to produce so-called mixed matrix membranes. In the present work, four different organic cages were dispersed in the poly(ether ether ketone) with cardo group, PEEK-WC. The m-xylyl imine and furanyl imine-based fillers yielded mechanically robust and selective films after silicone coating. Instead, poor dispersion of p-xylyl imine and diphenyl imine cages did not allow the formation of selective films. The H₂, He, O₂, N₂, CH₄, and CO₂ pure gas permeability of the neat polymer and the MMMs were measured, and the effect of filler was compared with the maximum limits expected for infinitely permeable and impermeable fillers, according to the Maxwell model. Time lag measurements allowed the calculation of the diffusion coefficient and demonstrated that 20 wt % of furanyl imine cage strongly increased the diffusion coefficient of the bulkier gases and decreased the diffusion selectivity, whereas the m-xylyl imine cage slightly increased the diffusion coefficient and improved the size-selectivity. The performance and properties of the membranes were discussed in relation to their composition and morphology.     

Studies on cellulose acetate and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) blend ultrafiltration membranes

New ultrafiltration membranes based on chemically and thermally stable arylene main-chain polymers have been prepared by blending the sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) with cellulose acetate in various compositions in N,N^′-dimethylformamide as solvent by phase inversion technique. Prepared membranes have been subjected to ultrafiltration characterizations such as compaction, pure water flux, water content, and membrane hydraulic resistance. The pore statistics and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the membranes have been estimated using proteins such as trypsin, pepsin, egg albumin and bovine serum albumin. The pore size increased with increasing concentrations of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) in the casting solution. Similarly, the MWCOs of the membranes ranged from 20 to 69 kDa, depending on the various polymer compositions. Surface and cross-sectional morphologies of membranes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The effects of polymer compositions on the above parameters were analyzed and the results are compared and discussed with those of pure cellulose acetate membranes.     

Comparative effect of phthalazinone units in sulfonated poly(arylene ether ether ketone ketone) copolymers as proton exchange membrane materials

A new series of aromatic poly(arylene ether ether ketone ketone) copolymers containing pendant sulfonic acid groups (SPAEEKK‐D) were synthesized from commercially available monomers 1,3‐bis(4‐fluorobenzoyl)‐benzene, sodium 6,7‐dihydroxy‐2‐naphthalenesulfonate, and 4‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2,3‐phthalazin‐1‐one (DHPZ). Structure–property relationships of the phthalazinone SPAEEKK‐D series poly(arylene ether ether ketone ketone) copolymer were compared with copolymers SPAEEKK‐B and SPAEEKK‐H containing different diols such as 4,4′‐biphenol and hydroquinone, respectively, prepared in our earlier work. Ion exchange capacity (IEC_w, weight‐based; IEC_v, volume‐based), thermal stabilities, swelling, proton and methanol transport properties of the membranes were investigated in relation to their structures and compared with those of perfluorinated ionomer (Nafion 117). The SPAEEKK‐D membrane incorporating the phthalazinone monomer DHPZ showed relatively lower water uptake and methanol permeability compared with earlier SPAEEKK‐B and SPAEEKK‐H membranes incorporating biphenol and hydroquinone monomers, respectively. Inclusion of phthalazinone in the SPAEEKK‐D copolymers led to lower water absorption, enabling increased proton exchange concentrations in the hydrated polymer matrix that resulted in more desirable membrane properties for future direct methanol fuel cell applications. The SPAEEKK‐D membranes also showed improved mechanical and thermal properties and oxidative stability compared with the earlier SPAEEKK‐B and ‐H membranes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 989–1002, 2008     

Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) and Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate Based Semi-Interpenetrating Network Membranes for Fuel Cells

Polymer electrolyte membranes are prepared from novel semi-interpenetrating polymer network material where the sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) is the linear polymer and the poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) is the cross-linking constituent. The semi-IPN is prepared by in situ polymerization of PEGDA in the presence of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone). SPEEK is prepared by direct sulfonation of commercial PEEK (Gatone? 1100) by reported procedures. SPEEK with degree of sulfonation 63% (calculated from FT-NMR) is selected as the base membrane and different semi-IPN membranes were prepared by varying the PEGDA and SPEEK ratio. The degree of sulfonation of SPEEK and the formation of semi-IPN were confirmed by spectroscopy studies. The various semi-IPN membranes were characterized for ion-exchange capacity, water uptake, hydrolytic stability, proton conductivity and thermal stability for evaluating the suitability of these membranes for fuel cells. The proton conductivity of the membranes decreased with increasing PEGDA content. The Semi-IPN membranes exhibited conductivities (30°C) from 0.018 S/cm to 0.006 S/cm. These interpenetrating network membranes showed higher hydrolytic stability than the pure SPEEK membrane. This study shows that semi-IPN membranes based on PEGDA and SPEEK can be viable candidates for electrolyte membranes.     

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) composite membranes based on amino-modified halloysite nanotubes that effectively immobilize phosphotungstic acid

In this work, we prepared amino-modified halloysite nanotubes (PEI-DHNTs) via the co-deposition of self-polymerized dopamine and polyethylenimine (PEI) on the surface of nanotubes, which was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A series of composite proton exchange membranes (PEMs) were prepared by incorporating PEI-DHNTs and phosphotungstic acid (HPW) into sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK). It was found that both PEI-DHNTs and HPW were well dispersed in the polymer matrix, exhibiting excellent filler-matrix compatibility. The composite membranes demonstrated enhanced proton conductivity, reaching as high as 0.078 S cm⁻¹ with 33.3 wt.% HPW loading, which was ~90% higher than that of SPEEK control membrane. Such improvement was mainly attributed to the strong acid–base pairs formed by PEI-DHNT with both SPEEK and HPW, which shortened proton hopping distance and created more continuous proton conduction pathways. Furthermore, the membrane conductivity remained almost constant after 1 year's immersion in liquid water, indicating the successful immobilization of HPW in the composite membranes.