抗冲聚丙烯共聚物熔体结构演化的动态流变学表征

用动态流变学方法研究了抗冲聚丙烯共聚物(IPC)熔体的流变行为.通过探讨温度、抗氧剂、氧气的存在对其熔体动态粘弹响应的影响,对IPC熔体结构的演化过程进行了描述.随温度的升高,IPC熔体的动态粘弹响应明显改变,低频率(ω)区域动态储能模量(G′)与ω的对数关系lgG′-lgω呈现平台特征;加入复合抗氧剂B215或在N2气氛下,在一定的时间范围内,IPC的特征粘弹行为完全消失,呈现均相体系的流变响应特征.低ω区域粘弹函数对IPC的结构变化存在敏感响应.通过改变温度、添加抗氧剂以及N2保护,获得了IPC熔体因降解与交联反应所引起的结构改变的信息.     

含原位聚合物核壳粒子聚丙烯共混物的流变学研究

制备了含原位聚合物核壳粒子的聚丙烯/乙丙橡胶/高密度聚乙烯(PP/EPR/HDPE)共混物,并通过动态流变方法对其熔体结构稳定性进行了研究.动态时间扫描结果表明,PP/EPR/HDPE共混物具有较好的热稳定性.动态频率扫描结果表明,当EPR含量较低时,共混物中聚合物核壳粒子分散相的存在导致体系的长时松弛行为更加显著.当熔体结构在大应变下遭到破坏后,含核壳粒子分散相的共混物具有比普通PP/EPR共混物更快的结构回复速率,且结构回复速率随着核壳粒子的尺寸增大而加快.通过增大普通PP/EPR体系的EPR含量使其橡胶粒子尺寸与三元共混物中原位聚合物核壳粒子尺寸接近时,两者呈现类似的流变行为,这表明PP/EPR/HDPE体系的熔体结构稳定性源于核壳粒子结构导致的分散相尺寸增大的作用.     

HDPE氧化交联与动态流变行为

研究了高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)熔体在200℃的动态流变行为,比较了空气、氮气及加入抗氧剂B215情况下体系动态粘弹行为的差异.研究表明,在空气环境中,HDPE在低频区域出现特征粘弹行为.随着测试前热处理时间的延长,动态储能模量(G')明显增加,在低频率(ω)区域lgG'～lgω关系呈现平台特征.同时损耗角tanδ变小并出现极大值.在氮气环境中,上述特征粘弹行为存在但不明显.在加入抗氧剂的条件下,特征粘弹行为完全消失.这些现象归因于高温下HDPE的氧化导致其发生交联.     

α-烯烃基甲基二氯硅烷调控丙烯多相共聚制备高熔体强度高抗冲聚丙烯

作为最重要的热塑性高分子材料之一,聚丙烯在材料力学性能上的缺陷主要表现为冲击韧性尤其是低温韧性差,在熔体加工中的缺陷主要表现为熔体强度低,如何综合改善这两方面的性能是丙烯聚合和聚丙烯结构设计研究的重要问题.本文利用α-烯烃基甲基二氯硅烷调控丙烯多相共聚,在聚合反应完成后通过对聚合物进行水解处理,在共聚物中产生长链支化结构,制备了同时具有高熔体强度和高冲击韧性的新型聚丙烯.共聚物的凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和熔体流变学测试结果均表明长链支化结构的存在,而试样断面扫描电镜(SEM)则清楚给出其以聚丙烯为基体和以乙丙无规共聚物橡胶(EPR)为分散相的相分离形态.共聚物在拉伸流变测试中表现出高熔体强度和显著的应变强化效应,在力学性能测试中显现出高缺口冲击强度.     

制备方法对聚合物共混物相分离与黏弹弛豫的影响

采用小角激光光散射(SALLS)和动态流变方法研究了通过不同制备方法得到的等规聚丙烯/乙丙橡胶共混物(iPP/EPR)的相分离行为与黏弹行为.依据Cahn-Hilliard-Cook理论分析了熔融共混和溶液共混法制备的质量比为60/40和40/60的iPP/EPR共混物在恒温相分离早期的动力学,发现熔融共混iPP/EPR具有更大的表观扩散系数(Dapp).相分离中后期的实验结果表明,当相区尺寸增长程度相同时,熔融共混试样所用时间更短.表明熔融共混iPP/EPR试样具有更快的相分离速率.动态流变测试结果表明,与溶液共混相比,熔融共混试样具有更快的松弛速率.考虑到相分离过程实质是由高分子链的运动与扩散所控制,两种方法制备的iPP/EPR共混物相分离速率的差异应归于其分子链运动能力的不同.     

多官能团单体对马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯流变行为的影响

研究了多官能团辅助单体偏苯三酸三丙烯酯(TATM)对马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯的熔体流动速率(MFR)和流变行为的影响.当以不含抗氧剂的聚丙烯粉料为原料时,TATM的加入对稳定接枝产物MFR的效果并不理想.但将聚丙烯粉料添加抗氧剂并造粒后,TATM的加入则可有效稳定体系的MFR,各种流变曲线显示出接枝产物的熔体弹性明显提高,说明有枝化或交联结构出现.针对PP粉料和粒料间接枝产物流变行为存在的重大差异,结合熔体自由基接枝反应的机理进行了解释.TATM能够起到稳定MFR的效果是由于其提高了接枝物的熔体弹性,从而抵消了聚丙烯熔体接枝反应中所不可避免的β断链所造成的剪切黏度下降.聚丙烯粉料和粒料中抗氧剂的差异对聚丙烯的加工降解有严重影响,造成了TATM在不同聚丙烯体系中效果的差异.     

SSBR/SiO_2混炼胶的动态黏弹行为

研究了白炭黑(SiO2)填充溶液聚合丁苯橡胶(SSBR)的动态流变行为,考察了时间-浓度叠加(time-concentration superposition,TCS)原理在粒子填充橡胶中的应用,获得以未填充SSBR为基准的流变叠加曲线.流变叠加曲线在低频下呈现模量平台,复数黏度呈现剪切变稀行为,而损耗因子tanδ在特定频率下出现峰值.基于刚性粒子所导致的应变放大效应以及SiO2粒子间SSBR分子的受限运动,探讨了TCS模量平移因子AG与频率平移因子Aω随SiO2体积分数φ的变化.AG与Aω均为φ的标度函数,但AG～φ关系不符合粒子聚集体团聚(cluster-cluster aggregation,CCA)模型.讨论了偶联剂3-辛酰基硫代-1-丙基三乙氧基硅烷(NXT)对动态流变行为的影响.NXT不影响性叠加曲线的低频平台模量与剪切变稀幂律指数.然而,与不含偶联剂的混炼胶相比,NXT造成SSBR特征弛豫时间缩短,稠度与A增大.     

动态流变学对PVDF/PTW共混物流体相容性研究

采用熔融共混法制备了聚偏氟乙烯/乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物(PVDF/PTW)共混物,利用流变仪考察了PVDF/PTW共混物的相互作用及两者的相容性.观察共混物在200℃下的流变曲线,发现在低频区,共混物中PTW含量越大,共混物的流变曲线越偏离经典流变理论,这个结果与cole-cole图相一致.通过时温叠加原理(时温等效主曲线、Han曲线和v GP曲线)系统研究了不同组成的PVDF/PTW共混体系在均相区和相分离区的黏弹行为.结果表明,在均相区,不同温度下,共混体系的动态模量利用时温叠加原理,通过水平位移就可以很好地叠加在一起,无论是储能模量还是损耗模量,在低频末端均近似地符合经典低频末端标度关系;在相分离区,动态模量偏离了经典的低频末端标度关系,其中储能模量的偏离尤为明显,从而导致了时温叠加原理的"失效",相应的Han图、v GP图也表现出不同于均相体系的特征,这些特征的响应可以用来表征共混体系的相容性,表明在研究的一系列配比(PVDF/PTW 100/0、90/10、70/30、50/50、30/70、10/90、0/100,W/W)中,当PVDF/PTW=90/10(W/W)时,两者的相容性较好.SEM也证实了这个结论.     

Microstructure, morphology, crystallization and rheological behavior of impact polypropylene copolymer

Impact polypropylene copolymer (IPC), named polypropylene catalloy, not only possesses excellent impact property, but also presents good rigidity. Its superior performances result from the complicated composition and microstructure. In the present article, recent progress in the studies on microstructure, morphology, crystallization and rheological behavior of IPC is summarized, and findings of the authors and their collaborators are reported. In general, IPC is divided into three components, i.e., ethylene-propylene random copolymer (EPR), a series of different segment lengths ethylene-propylene copolymer (EbP) and propylene homopolymer. The reasonable macromolecular structures of EbP and a multilayered core-shell model of dispersed phase structure in IPC were proposed, in which the dispersed phase consists of an outer EbP shell, an inner EPR layer and an EbP core. It is found that the annealing at melt-state may lead to an abnormal phase inversion, and the phase inversion disappears when temperature cools down to room temperature. The cause of phase inversion is ascribed to the existence of EbP component, which results in the stronger activity of the dispersed phase. The crystalline structure and morphologic results confirm the formation of β-iPP in IPC. Furthermore, it is found that the ethylene content in IPC and cooling rate of the samples have an important influence on the formation of β-iPP. Based on the crystallization kinetics analyzed by Lauritzen-Hoffman theory, crystallization behavior of different IPC samples is discussed and it is proposed that the dilution effect of ethylene propylene copolymer has a more remarkable influence on surface nucleation than on crystal growth. In addition, annealing at high temperature can result in the changes of chain structure for IPC, and this instability is ascribed to the oxidative degradation and crosslink reaction mainly in iPP component.     

通用聚丙烯的偶联反应

通过熔融接枝的方法在聚丙烯(PP)分子链上接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA),制得PP接枝物PP-g-GMA,然后采用多个胺基的偶联剂聚六亚甲基胍(PHMG)对其进行偶联反应,制备偶联的聚丙烯(MPP)。通过与通用聚丙烯(EPS)以及进口专用料(PF-814)的对比,考察了经过偶联改性的MPP熔体的流变特性。结果表明:与原料EPS和PF-814相比,改性后MPP熔体的低频剪切区储能模量、挤出胀大、稳态柔量、零剪切黏度及熔体强度等都有明显增大。     

Effects of composition on microstructure and crystallization behavior for impact polypropylene copolymer investigated by restructuring the complex core-shell dispersed particles in ternary blends

A series of ternary blends of polypropylene/ethylene-propylene random copolymer/ethylene-propylene segmented copolymer(HPP/EPR/Eb P) whose microstructures are similar to those of impact polypropylene copolymer(IPC) were prepared in order to systematically investigate the effects of composition on microstructure and crystallization behavior of IPC. The observation of primary phase morphology reveals that the dispersed phase with core-shell structure could be rebuilt in certain composition and excessive EPR leads to a bicontinuous phase structure in ternary blends. After undergoing same quiescent crystallization including isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization, these blend samples exhibit special composition-dependent melting behavior, i.e., the melting point increases markedly with the increase of EPR content until it turns down at a critical content(about 30 wt%). The crystallization behavior is mainly ascribed to the different nucleation abilities. It is suggested that although the compatibility between EPR and HPP components becomes worse with the increase of EPR content due to the increased interfacial area and the decreased concentration of Eb P, higher EPR content in the blend facilitates to heterogeneous nucleation except for the appearance of obvious bicontinuous phase structure.     

多壁碳纳米管填充聚苯乙烯熔体的恒温依时性动态模量逾渗行为

在恒温(170～190℃)热处理过程中,多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)填充聚苯乙烯(PS)熔体发生动态模量逾渗(DMP)行为,且该行为服从时-温叠加(TTS)原理.MWCNTs体积分数(φ)低于逾渗阈值(φc)时,填充熔体在恒温热处理过程中保持类液行为,热处理对MWCNTs分散状态无显著影响,动态储能模量(G')与动态损耗模量(G″)活化能(EG'与EG″)分别高于、低于PS黏流活化能(Eω),而与PS熔体恒频动态模量活化能相一致;φ>φc时,热处理促成MWCNTs进一步团聚,填充熔体在热处理过程中发生类液-类固转变,EG'与EG″均低于Eω,而动态逾渗时间活化能(Et'与Et″)显著高于Eω且随φ增高而增大.在逾渗转变区,EG'与EG″发生不连续变化.PS/MWCNTs复合体系的恒温依时DMP行为与MWCNTs聚集所导致的三维弹性网络的形成密切相关,PS大分子终端松弛不是决定DMP的关键因素.     

DYNAMIC RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH ULTRA-FINE POWDERED RUBBER PARTICLES

Dynamic rheological characteristics of polypropylene (PP) filled with ultra-fine full-vulcanized powdered rubber (UFPR) composed of styrene-butadiene copolymer were studied through dynamic rheological measurements on an Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES). A specific viscoelastic phenomenon, i.e. “the second plateau“, appeared at low frequencies, and exhibits a certain dependence on the amount of rubber particles and the dispersion state in the matrix. This phenomenon is attributed to the formation of aggregation structure of rubber particles. The analyses of Cole-Cole diagrams of the dynamic viscoelastic functions suggest that the heterogeneity of the composites is enhanced on increasing both particle content and temperature.     

超细颗粒填充高密度聚乙烯复合体的导电和流变学性质(英文)

制备了多壁碳纳米管、石墨和碳黑填充高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)复合体,研究了复合体的导电和流变学性质.利用隧道逾渗模型对关键指数分别为4.4、6.4和2.9的三种复合体的"非普适性"导电行为进行了解释.与此同时,考察了颗粒类型和含量,以及剪切速率对复合体流变学性质的影响.结果表明,复合体系的储能模量在低频区出现"第二平台",而复合黏度则表现出强烈的剪切变稀行为,标志着颗粒在聚合物内部发生聚集形成了网络结构.与石墨和碳黑填充复合体相比,具有更高纵横比的多壁碳纳米管填充复合体具有更高的储能模量和复合黏度.基于Guth-Smallwood理论结合有效介近似的G′r分析结果表明,填充HDPE复合体系的流变学逾渗阈值和导电逾渗阈值吻合良好.     

Preparation and rheological characterization of poly(n-butyl methacrylate)/montmorillonite composites

Intercalated nanocomposites constituted of poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) as the matrix and an organically modified montmorillonite as the nanosize filler were prepared and rheologically characterized in detail. The rheological behavior of the composites showed dependence on both temperature and clay content. For composites of low clay contents, the steady shear viscosity showed a Newtonian plateau in the low shear rate region at low temperatures and the plateau was replaced by a shear-thinning curve when the temperature was raised. For composites of higher clay contents, strong shear-thinning behavior were observed at all shear rates and all temperatures. The viscoelastic data of the composites showed unusual terminal behavior of a decreasing terminal slope at low frequencies with increasing temperature and clay loading. X-ray diffraction spectra showed that annealing process at higher temperatures shifted the Bragg reflection peaks to a lower angle and broadened the peaks, which provided the evidence for the existence of a temperature-induced solid-like structure that was responsible for the shear thinning and the unusual terminal viscoelastic behavior.     

Crystallization,mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of polypropylene composites reinforced by magnesium oxysulfate whisker

Polypropylene(PP) composites containing magnesium oxysulfate whisker(MOSw) or lauric acid(LA) modified MOSw(LAMOSw) were prepared via melt mixing in a torque rheometer. The heterogeneous nucleating effect of LAMOSw was clearly observed in polarized light microscopy(PLM) pictures with the presence of an abundance of small spherulites. MOSw exhibited no nucleation effect and formed a few spherulites with large size. Compared with PP/MOSw composites, PP/LAMOSw exhibited better impact strength, tensile strength and nominal strain at break, ascribing to three possible reasons:(i) more β-crystal PP formed,(ii) better dispersity of LAMOSw in PP matrix and(iii) the plasticizing effect of LA. The results of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis(DMTA) indicated that brittleness of the PP matrix at low temperature was improved by the addition of LAMOSw, while the interfacial interactions between MOSw and PP matrix were actually weakened by LA, as evidenced by the higher tanδ values over the entire range of test temperatures. In terms of the rheological properties of the composites, both the η* and G′ at low frequencies increase with the addition of MOSw or LAMOSw, indicating that the PP matrix was transformed from liquid-like to solid-like. However, a network of whiskers did not form because no plateau was found in the G′ at low frequencies. With low filler content, LAMOSw produced a stronger solid-like behavior than MOSw mainly due to the better dispersion of the LAMOSw in PP matrix. However, for highly-filled composites, the η* of PP/LAMOSw at low frequencies was smaller than that of PP/MOSw composite, since the particleparticle contact effect played a major role.     

HDPE/PA6反应增容体系的形态演化与黏弹行为

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)与先进流变扩展系统(ARES),研究了马来酸酐接枝高密度聚乙烯(HDPE-g-MAH)对高密度聚乙烯/尼龙6(HDPE/PA6)共混体系形态结构和黏弹行为的影响.发现HDPE-g-MAH的加入可原位生成尼龙6-高密度聚乙烯接枝共聚物(HDPE-g-PA6),使基体与分散相间的相容性显著改善,且随其添加量的增加两者相容性更好,导致HDPE/PA6体系形态结构变化.研究结果表明,由ARES获得的体系黏弹行为参数随HDPE-g-MAH含量的变化可与由SEM所观察到的微观形貌演化很好关联,动态流变学方法可敏感表征增容剂的加入所引起的HDPE/PA6界面性质变化,且能够反映分子链间相互作用的变化及由此导致的分散相颗粒网络的形成.     

Effect of beta-sheet crystals on the thermal and rheological behavior of protein-based hydrogels derived from gelatin and silk fibroin

Novel protein-based hydrogels have been prepared by blending gelatin (G) with amorphous Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) and subsequently promoting the formation of beta-sheet crystals in SF upon exposure to methanol or methanol/water solutions. Differential scanning calorimetry of the resultant hydrogels confirms the presence and thermoreversibility of the G helix-coil transition between ambient and body temperature at high G concentrations. At low G concentrations, this transition is shifted to higher temperatures and becomes progressively less pronounced. Complementary dynamic rheological measurements reveal solid-liquid cross-over at the G helix-coil transition temperature typically between 30 and 36 degrees C in blends prior to the formation of beta-sheet crystals. Introducing the beta-sheet conformation in SF stabilizes the hydrogel network and extends the solid-like behavior of the hydrogels to elevated temperatures beyond body temperature with as little as 10 wt.-% SF. The temperature-dependent elastic modulus across the G helix-coil transition is reversible, indicating that the conformational change in G can be used in stabilized G/SF hydrogels to induce thermally triggered encapsulant release.