免标记地检测二元磷脂膜中磷脂分布的表面增强拉曼成像方法

以银纳米粒子自组装层为增强基底,我们报道了一种用于检测二元磷脂膜中具有相似结构磷脂分布的表面增强拉曼成像方法,这种方法具有免标记及花费低廉的优点.对探针分子对巯基苯胺（p-aminothiophenol）,实验中所用的银纳米粒子自组装层表现出强的表面增强拉曼活性及良好的重现性.原子力显微镜表征结果证明了完整的磷脂膜在银纳米粒子自组装层上的形成.以这种银自组装层为基底,我们得到了磷脂膜中二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰甘油（DMPG）和二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰胆碱（DMPC）的表面增强拉曼光谱,并且利用DMPG的光谱特征峰,1482cm-1,区分这两种磷脂.而通过1482cm-1和1650cm-1的峰强比（R1482/1650）,可以同时得知在混合磷脂膜上某点这两种磷脂所占的比例：R1482/1650值的增加意味着DMPG的增加和DMPC的减少.磷脂膜的表面增强拉曼成像则是由R1482/1650值和对应的位置信息组合而得到,其成像结果表明了带电的磷脂DMPG在混合磷脂膜中的聚集.我们所报道的基于表面增强拉曼成像技术的方法提供了一种便利的、免标记的和花费低廉的途径来研究磷脂膜的结构,例如磷脂域和脂阀.     

膜材性质及制备方法调控下的脂质体负载干扰素的研究

依据干扰素(IFN)分子、磷脂分子本身的理化性质和结构特点, 分别用三种制备方法, 以四种脂质体为膜材, 制备IFN脂质体, 考察了不同膜材、不同制备方法对脂质体粒径及包封率的影响. 结果表明, 以二肉豆蔻酰胆碱和二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱复合材料为主要膜材, 采用薄膜蒸发法制备的IFN脂质体有良好的稳定性, 60 d内其粒径可以保持在200~350 nm, 包封率可保持30%~40%.     

磷脂酰胆碱与牛血清白蛋白相互作用的FT-IR研究

利用傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)和拉曼(FT-Raman)光谱研究了高浓度磷脂酰胆碱(PC)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用,及Eu3＋对该作用的影响.FT-IR结果显示,PC/BSA混合体系中二者的相互作用主要发生在PC头部极性基团,且这一作用随BSA含量的增加而增强,作用后蛋白质二级结构中α螺旋的比例有所增加. FT-Raman光谱说明PC与BSA的相互作用影响磷脂CH链的排列有序程度. PC/BSA/Eu3＋体系的红外光谱显示, Eu3＋与PC的磷氧键发生了强相互作用,并使蛋白α螺旋的比例进一步增加.     

磷脂膜的相行为对氧化石墨烯与磷脂膜相互作用的影响

通过使用不同相变温度的磷脂分子并调节二者的比例构筑了不同相态的磷脂膜,并利用表面增强红外光谱和激光共聚焦显微镜研究了磷脂膜的相行为对氧化石墨烯和磷脂膜相互作用的影响.结果表明,氧化石墨烯对磷脂膜中磷脂分子的抽提作用具有显著的相态选择性,其选择性地抽提流动相的磷脂分子;氧化石墨烯对流动相磷脂的抽提作用受到膜中凝胶相磷脂存在比例的影响,只有在流动相磷脂分子占磷脂膜中磷脂分子的绝大部分时才能够发生抽提作用,且只有流动相的磷脂分子被抽提.     

用液相二次离子质谱技术探测Melittin与磷脂膜的相互作用

利用液相二次离子质谱技术(LSIMS)结合特异性蛋白酶降解研究了膜结合Melittin的“抛锚”状态.结果显示,Melittin(蜂毒素)分子在磷脂膜上为平躺α-螺旋结构,其螺旋中含Lys_7,Lys_(21),Arg_(22)的一侧朝向磷脂膜的外部.这一发现对蜂毒素插膜机制的研究具有十分重要的意义.结果还表明,质谱技术与专一性蛋白水解酶的结合为膜插入机制的研究提供了一个崭新的、行之有效的方法.     

磷脂单分子膜普适状态方程研究

从现有的磷脂单分子膜状态方程入手, 以磷脂临界相变面积(A_c)和相变温度(T_c)为参比, 引入对比面积(A_r), 对比温度(T_r), 并通过分析磷脂分子间作用力和底液分子与磷脂分子间作用力的影响, 提出了第三参数——相对铺展因子的概念, 导出了磷脂单分子膜普适状态方程. 运用1,2-二豆蔻酰基-sn-丙三基-3-磷脂酸, 1,2-二豆蔻酰基-sn-丙三基-3-磷脂酰胆碱, 1,2-二棕榈酰基-sn-丙三基-3-磷脂酰胆碱等磷脂单分子膜的实验数据进行一致性校验的结果表明, 该模型在扩展膜(LE)直至凝聚膜(LC)的整个区域均能较好地描述磷脂单分子膜的π-A曲线. 所获得的各磷脂的相对铺展因子绝对值直接表明了该物质的成膜特性.     

蜂毒肽及其类似物的抗菌活性、溶血活性及与磷脂膜的作用

用CD谱测定了蜂毒肽及其类似物在Tris缓冲液、含2mol/LNaCl的Tris缓冲液和质量分数为10%的六氟异丙醇(HFIP)水溶液中的二级结构.结果表明,蜂毒肽及其类似物在Tris缓冲液中无确定的二级结构.在含2mol/LNaCl的Tris缓冲液中的α-螺旋结构的含量大大增加,表明其形成聚集体.未发现聚集与抗菌活性或溶血活性之间有相关性.在10%HFIP溶液(模拟生物膜环境)中的α-螺旋结构的含量大大增加,表明这些多肽具有内在形成α-螺旋结构的倾向.比较二级结构与抗菌和溶血活性发现,细菌细胞膜促进α-螺旋结构形成的环境比红血球细胞膜和HFIP水溶液强得多,而红血球细胞膜和HFIP水溶液的环境类似.     

DOPC/DPPC单层膜中分子间的相互作用及形态特征

利用Langmuir-Blodgett(LB)技术制备了不同表面压力下的1,2-二油酸-甘油-3-磷脂酰胆碱(DOPC)/1,2-二棕榈酸甘油-3-磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)(摩尔比为1:1)和DOPC/DPPC/Chol(摩尔比为2:2:1)单层膜, 对单层膜内分子间的相互作用进行了热力学分析, 并用荧光显微镜和原子力显微镜对其形态进行了观测.热力学分析表明, DOPC与DPPC分子在单层膜结构中相互作用为排斥力, 诱导单层膜出现相变; DOPC, DPPC与胆固醇(Chol)间的相互作用均为吸引力, 当表面压力(π)大于18 mN/m时, DPPC与胆固醇的作用力大于DOPC.荧光显微镜观测表明, DOPC/DPPC单层膜出现明显相分离现象, 富含DPPC微区成“花形”结构, 且随着表面压力的升高微区逐渐增大, “花瓣”增多; 当胆固醇加入到DOPC/DPPC体系时, 单层膜相态由液相与凝胶相共存转变为液态无序相与液态有序相共存结构, 富含DPPC的微区形状从“花形”转变成“圆形”.原子力显微镜对单层膜的表征验证了荧光显微镜的观测结果, 表明胆固醇加入到DOPC/DPPC体系中对单层膜排列具有明显的影响, 压力和溶液状态等是影响脂膜结构的重要因素.     

纳米雄黄与脂质体仿生膜的相互作用研究

本工作以卵磷脂与胆固醇组成的磷脂小单层脂质体（small unilamelarvesicles,suv）作为仿生膜的简单模型,采用表面等离子共振技术（SPR）、荧光偏振、拉曼（Raman）光谱、核磁共振（NMR）及原子力显微镜（AFM）研究纳米雄黄与SUV仿生膜的相互作用,证实了磷脂是纳米雄黄作用的关键靶分子．随纳米雄黄结合,SUV仿生膜的相对粘度聃值增大,膜的流动性减小．Raman光谱数据计算表明,作用后膜的纵向有序性参数s。。及横向有序性参数Slat值增大,说明纳米雄黄的结合使磷脂膜的脂酰基链全反式构型比例上升,膜的流动性减小．由Raman光谱和引PNMR结果推测,磷脂极性头部是纳米雄黄与磷脂的主要结合位点。AFM实时观测,纳米雄黄通过在膜表面打“孔”或“洞”的方式,损坏磷脂膜．     

盐浓度及磷脂分子结构对多组分带电膜弯曲刚性的影响

磷脂膜弯曲刚性模量很难直接测量, 本实验用循环冻融法制备尺寸大小与膜弯曲刚性相关的熵稳定单层囊泡. 粒度仪测量发现, 囊泡尺寸随盐浓度增加呈现先剧烈减小然后缓慢增加的分段变化规律. 但当组分中含有头部带电同时尾链带有不饱和键的二油酰磷脂酰甘油酯时, 囊泡尺寸却在较大的盐浓度范围内不出现回升. 囊泡膜的负Zeta-电势绝对值均表现为先急剧减小然后趋于平稳的变化规律, 数值大小只与带电组分的含量有关. 而对直接水合法制备的多层囊泡的统计发现, 囊泡尺寸随盐浓度增加急剧减小, 随后趋于稳定值, 均不随分子组合变化而回升. 结果表明在不同的盐浓度范围里, 主导磷脂膜弯曲刚性模量的因素不同. 低盐浓度的体系, 静电屏蔽效应为主导因素; 高盐浓度的体系, 膜双电层中反离子的分布起主导作用. 磷脂分子头部与尾部的不同结构组合会影响膜双电层, 使膜的弯曲刚性不同. 多层囊泡体系中, 高盐浓度下膜的热涨落掩盖了分子结构及双电层分布差异对膜弯曲刚性的影响.     

Observing a model ion channel gating action in model cell membranes in real time in situ: membrane potential change induced alamethicin orientation change

Ion channels play crucial roles in transport and regulatory functions of living cells. Understanding the gating mechanisms of these channels is important to understanding and treating diseases that have been linked to ion channels. One potential model peptide for studying the mechanism of ion channel gating is alamethicin, which adopts a split α/3(10)-helix structure and responds to changes in electric potential. In this study, sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS), supplemented by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), has been applied to characterize interactions between alamethicin (a model for larger channel proteins) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) lipid bilayers in the presence of an electric potential across the membrane. The membrane potential difference was controlled by changing the pH of the solution in contact with the bilayer and was measured using fluorescence spectroscopy. The orientation angle of alamethicin in POPC lipid bilayers was then determined at different pH values using polarized SFG amide I spectra. Assuming that all molecules adopt the same orientation (a δ distribution), at pH = 6.7 the α-helix at the N-terminus and the 3(10)-helix at the C-terminus tilt at about 72° (θ(1)) and 50° (θ(2)) versus the surface normal, respectively. When pH increases to 11.9, θ(1) and θ(2) decrease to 56.5° and 45°, respectively. The δ distribution assumption was verified using a combination of SFG and ATR-FTIR measurements, which showed a quite narrow distribution in the angle of θ(1) for both pH conditions. This indicates that all alamethicin molecules at the surface adopt a nearly identical orientation in POPC lipid bilayers. The localized pH change in proximity to the bilayer modulates the membrane potential and thus induces a decrease in both the tilt and the bend angles of the two helices in alamethicin. This is the first reported application of SFG to the study of model ion channel gating mechanisms in model cell membranes.     

4，5-环氧-α-紫罗兰酮的合成研究

研究以H2O2为氧化剂,钨酸钠／磷酸／十六烷基氯化毗啶原位合成的过氧钨配合物催化α-紫罗兰酮合成4,5-环氧-α-紫罗兰酮的反应,考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、pH值、溶剂及季铵盐等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,以1,2-二氯乙烷作溶剂,nα-紫罗兰酮：n钨酸钠：n磷酸：n十六烷基氯化吡啶：n过氧化氢=100：0.3：0．1：0．2：120,pH值为4．0,65℃的条件下反应6h,收率可达85％,其结构通过MS、^1H-NMR、IR、EA等检测技术进行表征。     

Conformational studies of copoly (N 5-ω-hydroxyalkyl-L-glutamine-L-glutamic acid)s

Copoly (α-amino acid)s consisting ofL-glutamic acid residue andN ⁵-ω hydroxyalkyl-L-glutamine residue, i.e., 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, and di-2-hydroxyethyl derivatives were prepared by the reactions of copoly (L-glutamic acid) containing succinimide ester with corresponding amino alcohols. The conformation of these copolymers was examined by the CD and infrared measurements. These three copolymers containing about 20–30% hydroxyalkyl groups undergo a methanol-induced and a pH-induced conformational transitions. The copolymer containing about 50% 3-hydroxypropyl group assumes the α-helical conformation in the pH region from 2.5 to 11.6, and in a methanol-water mixture (9∶1). On the other hand, the copolymer containing about 60% di-2-hydroxyethyl groups does not allow any helical conformation even at lower pH and also even in a trifluoroethanol-water mixture (9∶1), suggesting that the branched hydroxyalkyl group is unfavorable for the formation of α-helix. Furthermore, the poly(N ⁵-di-2-hydroxyethyl-L-glutamine) is shown to have a rather disordered structure in the solid state.     

pH值和钙离子对尖吻蝮蛇抗血小板凝集素二级结构的影响

尖吻蝮蛇毒中抗血小板凝集素是凝血因子IX/凝血因子X结合蛋白，它具有抗凝血和抑制血小板凝集双重活性。用红外光谱、拉曼光谱和CD谱研究了抗血小板凝集素的二级结构以及pH值和钙离子对其二级结构的影响。用CD谱测得，在水溶液中，抗血小板凝集素的主要骨架构象为β-折叠(26.3%)和α-螺旋(19.6%)结构。拉曼光谱显示，在粉末状态，其α-螺旋含量显著降低。CD谱还表明，抗血小板凝集素在pH值3.0～11.0范围内保持稳定的天然结构，钙离子诱导的抗血小板凝集素结构变化是可逆的，钙离子在稳定抗血小板凝集素的天然结构中起重要作用。     

Comparison between the behavior of different hydrophobic peptides allowing membrane anchoring of proteins

Membrane binding of proteins such as short chain dehydrogenase reductases or tail-anchored proteins relies on their N- and/or C-terminal hydrophobic transmembrane segment. In this review, we propose guidelines to characterize such hydrophobic peptide segments using spectroscopic and biophysical measurements. The secondary structure content of the C-terminal peptides of retinol dehydrogenase 8, RGS9-1 anchor protein, lecithin retinol acyl transferase, and of the N-terminal peptide of retinol dehydrogenase 11 has been deduced by prediction tools from their primary sequence as well as by using infrared or circular dichroism analyses. Depending on the solvent and the solubilization method, significant structural differences were observed, often involving α-helices. The helical structure of these peptides was found to be consistent with their presumed membrane binding. Langmuir monolayers have been used as membrane models to study lipid–peptide interactions. The values of maximum insertion pressure obtained for all peptides using a monolayer of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine (DOPE) are larger than the estimated lateral pressure of membranes, thus suggesting that they bind membranes. Polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy has been used to determine the structure and orientation of these peptides in the absence and in the presence of a DOPE monolayer. This lipid induced an increase or a decrease in the organization of the peptide secondary structure. Further measurements are necessary using other lipids to better understand the membrane interactions of these peptides.     

火菇素的圆二色性与溶液二级结构

为了弄清火菇素蛋白的结构与功能的关系并揭示抗癌机理,使其更好地发挥临床作用,测定了火菇素的圆二色性,并用蛋白质二级结构解析程序分析了火菇素的溶液二级结构。火菇素远紫外圆二色性的研究表明,其水溶液在208nm处表现为宽大负峰,最大平均残基摩尔椭圆度[θ]~2~0~8=-6574deg·cm^2·dmol^-^1,在223nm处为肩,经二级结构解析程序计算分析,火菇素的二级结构和二硫键和芳香氨基酸对火菇素圆二色性的贡献分别为77.4%和22.6%,二级结构的组成为：α-螺旋19.7%,β-折叠和β-转角50.1%,无规卷曲和γ-转角30.2%。火菇素二级结构对pH,SDS和乙醇有一定的稳定性,在pH4.6～9.4范围内,火菇素的结构几乎不发生变化,但在碱性太强的环境中火菇素发生不可逆变性,火菇素对热变性很敏感。     

Phospholipid Bilayer-Perturbing Properties Underlying Lysis Induced by pH-Sensitive Cationic Lysine-Based Surfactants in Biomembranes

Amino acid-based surfactants constitute an important class of natural surface-active biomolecules with an unpredictable number of industrial applications. To gain a better mechanistic understanding of surfactant-induced membrane destabilization, we assessed the phospholipid bilayer-perturbing properties of new cationic lysine-based surfactants. We used erythrocytes as biomembrane models to study the hemolytic activity of surfactants and their effects on cells' osmotic resistance and morphology, as well as on membrane fluidity and membrane protein profile with varying pH. The antihemolytic capacity of amphiphiles correlated negatively with the length of the alkyl chain. Anisotropy measurements showed that the pH-sensitive surfactants, with the positive charge on the α-amino group of lysine, significantly increased membrane fluidity at acidic conditions. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that surfactants induced significant degradation of membrane proteins in hypo-osmotic medium and at pH 5.4. By scanning electron microscopy examinations, we corroborated the interaction of surfactants with lipid bilayer. We found that varying the surfactant chemical structure is a way to modulate the positioning of the molecule inside bilayer and, thus, the overall effect on the membrane. Our work showed that pH-sensitive lysine-based surfactants significantly disturb the lipid bilayer of biomembranes especially at acidic conditions, which suggests that these compounds are promising as a new class of multifunctional bioactive excipients for active intracellular drug delivery.     

吸附类蛋白质分子二级结构变化的研究

采用蒙特卡罗方法和基于三维格点的ODI模型,研究了类蛋白质分子二级结构变化与表面吸附能的关系.分别计算了链长为29,39,49时、不同吸附能下类蛋白质分子二级结构的个数.包括α螺旋、β折叠、紧密接触对.吸附能参数aε<2εh时,这三类二级结构个数均没有明显的变化,而在2εh<εa<4εh,二级结构的个数迅速减小,εa>4hε时,二级结构的个数基本维持不变.同时发现吸附能增强对螺旋结构变化的影响最大,对折叠结构的影响其次,对紧密接触对影响最小.这体现在螺旋结构的减小幅度为90%,折叠结构减小的幅度为45%,而紧密接触对减小的幅度为35%.通过统计吸附单体个数,得到当吸附单体占总单体数的40%时,二级结构开始变化,直至吸附单体为总单体数的90%时,二级结构基本不变.另外还计算了二级结构个数的涨落δNh、δNc以及吸附单体个数的涨落δNa.在εa>2εh时,涨落突然增大,在aε=2εh时,δNh和δNb具有涨落极大值,这是二级结构相变的临界点.在εa=3.75εh处,δNc和δNa具有极大值.     

The interaction of lipid modified pseudopeptides with lipid membranes

We have studied the structure of two lipopeptides based on the simple dipeptide building block L-Phe-D-Oxd. These peptides have been reported previously to form fiber-like materials. The lipopeptides synthesized here had the structures C(n)(2)H((2n+1))CO-L-Phe-D-Oxd-OBn or C(n)(2)H((2n+1))CO-D-Phe-L-Oxd-OBn with n = 5 or 11. Addition of the N-terminal lipid modification did not cause a major disturbance of the structures these molecules form. The lipid modifications themselves showed highly rigid structures as inferred from solid-state (2)H NMR. The peptide backbone showed (13)C NMR chemical shifts in agreement with β-sheet secondary structure. Addition of a lipid modification to the N-terminus is a common motif in biology to attach proteins to the membrane. Therefore, we also investigated the lipopeptides in the presence of synthetic POPC bilayers. Two different molecular species were detected under these circumstances: (i) lipopeptide monomers that showed chain order parameters similar to those of the host membrane, (ii) lipopeptide aggregates that exhibited very similar structures and dynamics as the crystalline aggregates. Overall, the lipopeptides showed a well defined and rigid secondary structure that is in agreement with fibrillar aggregates previously detected for those peptides without the lipid modification.     

含有D型氨基酸的新型毒肽——芋螺马芬在pH 5的溶液结构

Conomarphin, a novel conopeptide containing D-amino acid, was identified from the venom of Conus marmoreus and classified into M-superfamily of conotoxin. In this article, we reported the 3D structure of conomarphin at pH 5 determined using 2D 1H NMR method in aqueous solution. Twenty converged structures of this peptide were obtained based on 205 distance constraints, 8 dihedral angle constraints, and 2 hydrogen bond constraints. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) values of the backbone atoms were (0.074依0.029) nm. The refined structure of conomarphin at pH 5 contained a short 310-helix at C-terminal of the peptide. It was also characterized by a loose loop centered at Ala6. Comparison of structural and electrostatic potential between conomarphin at pH 3 and pH 5 were presented. Although the solution structure of conomarphin at pH 5 shared part of the same secondary structure element with the structure of conomarphin at pH 3, it adopted a distinctive backbone conformation with the overall molecule resembling a“flexcual arm”when viewed fromthe front. Structural differences imply that this conopeptide is rather pH sensitive and its bioactivity in vivo might be related to the acidity.