Predictions of decay modes for the superheavy nuclei most suitable for synthesis

The competition between α-decay and spontaneous fission of superheavy nuclei(SHN) is investigated by the generalized liquid drop model(GLDM) and the modified Swiatecki's formula respectively. The theoretical decay modes are in good agreement with the experimental results. Predictions are made for as-yet unobserved superheavy nuclei. The theoretical calculations show that the nuclei~(298)120,~(295)119,~(290)118,~(291)117,~(287)117,~(294)116,~(289)116,~(286)116,~(285)116,~(284)115,~(283)115,~(283)114,~(282)114,~(280)113,~(276)112,~(275)112,~(274)112,~(273)111,~(272)110,~(265)109 may be synthesized experimentally in the near future since they not only have relatively large predicted cross sections but can also be identified via α-decay chains.     

Optimal reactions for the synthesis of superheavy nucleus 270Hs

The superheavy nucleus 270 Hs iS expected to be a "double-magic" deformed nucleus.We have calculated its cross sections of evaporation residue for the reactions 248Cm(26Mg,4n)270Hs,244pu(30Si,4n)270Hs,238U(36S,4n)270Hs and 226Ra(48Ca,4n)270Hs using a two-parameter Smoluchowski equation.It is found from our results that 226Ra(48Ca,4n)270Hs and 238U(36S,4n)270Hs are two optimal reactions for the synthesis of the superheavy nucleus 270Hs due to their large negative Q-values.     

基于双核模型对超重元素合成机制的研究

在双核模型基础上，考虑了熔合与准裂变的竞争，通过数值法求解主方程，计算了⁵⁰Ti，⁵⁸Fe+²⁰⁸Pb，²⁰⁹Bi这4个反应系统通过冷熔合反应合成超重元素的激发函数，得到了与实验比较符合的结果.计算了不同入射能量时各角动量分波对熔合概率和超重核存活概率的影响以及对蒸发剩余截面的贡献.这些结果对进一步理解超重核的合成机制有重要意义. 关键词： 超重元素 双核模型 熔合反应 蒸发剩余截面     

Production cross sections of the superheavy nucleus 117 based on the dinuclear system model

Within the framework of the dinuclear system model,the capture of two colliding nuclei,and the formation and de-excitation process of a compound nucleus are described by using an empirical coupled channel model,solving the master equation numerically and the statistical evaporation model,respectively.In the process of heavy-ion capture and fusion to synthesize superheavy nuclei,the barrier distribution func-tion is introduced and averaging collision orientations are considered.Based on this model,the production cross sections of the cold fusion system 76-82Se+209Bi and the hot fusion systems 55Mn+238U,51V-+244Pu,59 Co+232 Th,48 Ca+247-249 Bk and 45 Sc+246-248 Cm are calculated.The isotopic dependence of the largest production cross sections is analyzed briefly,and the optimal projectile-target combination and excitation energy of the ln-4n evaporation channels are proposed.It is shown that the hot fusion systems 48Ca+247 249Bk in the3n evaporation channels and 45Sc+248Cm in the 2n-4n channels are optimal for synthesizing the superheavy element 117.     

双核模型下超重核117的生成截面研究

Within the framework of the dinuclear system model, the capture of two colliding nuclei, and the formation and de-excitation process of a compound nucleus are described by using an empirical coupled channel model, solving the master equation numerically and the statistical evaporation model, respectively. In the process of heavy-ion capture and fusion to synthesize superheavy nuclei, the barrier distribution function is introduced and averaging collision orientations are considered. Based on this model, the production cross sections of the cold fusion system ^76-82Se＋^209Bi and the hot fusion systems ^55Mn＋^238U, ^51V＋^244pu, ^59Co＋^232Th, ^48Ca＋^247-249Bk and ^45Sc＋^246-248Cm are calculated. The isotopic dependence of the largest production cross sections is analyzed briefly, and the optimal projectile-target combination and excitation energy of the 1n-4n evaporation channels are proposed. It is shown that the hot fusion systems ^48Ca＋^247-249Bk in the 3n evaporation channels and ^45Sc＋248Cm in the 2n-4n channels are optimal for synthesizing the superheavy element 117.     

Fusion near the Coulomb barrier for the synthesis of heavy and superheavy elements: A theoretical approach

The compound nucleus formation is considered as a two-step process of touching and subsequent tunneling of the projectile into the target. The deep minima in the potential energy curve are due to shell effects in the experimental binding energies and give possible target-projectile combinations for the synthesis of heavy and superheavy elements. The asymmetric channels thus obtained are in remarkable agreement with the known experimental channels. In our model, the colliding partners are first shown to be captured in the pocket behind the outer (touching) barrier and the composite system so formed finally tunnels through the inner (fusion) barrier to form the resulting compound nucleus. These calculations reveal the importance of the fusion barrier, which occur only for the asymmetric target-projectile combinations. The calculated fusion cross-sections show a reasonable comparison with the observed one-neutron evaporation residue cross-sections. An estimate of the excitation energy carried by the compound nucleus is also obtained from our model calculations.     

On the mechanism of heavy ion collision leading to a compound system and to deep inelastic reactions

A model is presented that describes the dynamics of heavy ion collisions leading into the compound system. By indluding an anisotropic friction and using folding potentials it is able to reproduce most of the data on the compound formation cross-section. In addition. In addition the qualitative features of deep inealastic direct reaction appears in a natural way.     

合成和发现超铀化学元素、探索超重核稳定岛

合成新元素拓展元素周期表、探索原子核存在极限是核物理前沿研究领域。相关研究工作涉及的重大物理问题有：存在多少种化学元素？超重元素具有什么样的化学性质？超重元素化学性质是否符合元素周期律的外推预期？最大的核幻数是什么？是否存在稳定的或长寿命的超重核素？在极强库仑场中原子核具有哪些奇特的结构和性质？等等。经过逾半个世纪的不懈努力,元素合成取得了巨大成就,已将周期表从92号扩展至118号元素,完成了周期表上第七周期元素填充。文章回顾了在自然界寻找超重元素的历程,评述了利用人工核反应合成超铀元素和探索理论预言的超重核稳定岛的进展、成果、现状以及目前面临的困难,展望了未来的研究工作,简介了基于国家重大科技基础设施——强流重离子加速器装置开展超重研究的计划。     

Optimal reactions for the synthesis of superheavy nucleus 270Hs

The superheavy nucleus ²⁷⁰Hs is expected to be a “double-magic” deformed nucleus. We have calculated its cross sections of evaporation residue for the reactions ²⁴⁸Cm(²⁶Mg,4n)²⁷⁰Hs, ²⁴⁴Pu(³⁰Si,4n)²⁷⁰Hs, ²³⁸U(³⁶S,4n)²⁷⁰Hs and ²²⁶Ra(⁴⁸Ca,4n)²⁷⁰Hs using a two-parameter Smoluchowski equation. It is found from our results that ²²⁶Ra(⁴⁸Ca,4n)²⁷⁰Hs and ²³⁸U(³⁶S,4n)²⁷⁰Hs are two optimal reactions for the synthesis of the superheavy nucleus ²⁷⁰Hs due to their large negative Q-values.     

Comprehensive analysis of binary events in heavy ion reactions observed with dielectric track detectors

The dielectric track detectors are very efficient in registering the main fragments of a heavy ion reaction in the presence of lightly ionizing products and γ-radiations because of their threshold nature of registration and wide-angle acceptance. The binary events, revealed after chemical etching of these detectors, appear as the events having two correlated prongs in the body of the detector. The measurements of the geometrical parameters of these prongs provide the necessary data for subsequent kinematical analysis. We have made a thorough analysis of the two-pronged events in order to understand the physical mechanism of their production, using the track data from the reactions,     

航天侦察系统中的碳化硅指向摆镜的有限元分析

在航天侦察系统中,由于光学系统的视场角较小,难以满足系统宽覆盖范围的要求,所以往往采用指向摆镜,并绕两轴连续地或间歇地摆动来对地面不同位置的目标进行观测。但是由于空间工作环境会使光学指向摆镜的形状及内部应力发生变化,进而会对其光学特性产生明显的影响,因此对它进行工程分析就显得尤为重要。运用有限元法,对轻量化后的碳化硅指向摆镜在不同加速度条件下的面形和内部应力的变化作了研究和分析,同时对轻量化后的碳化硅指向摆镜在不同的温度场中的面形和内部应力的变化也作了研究和分析,为侦察系统的光学设计和结构设计提供了一些可供参考的数据。     

Yields of evaporation residues and average angular momentum in heavy ion induced fusion reactions leading to compound nucleus96Ru

Cross-sections for production of evaporation residues from the compound nucleus⁹⁶Ru* formed by fusion reactions²⁸Si+⁶⁸Zn,³²S+⁶⁴Ni,³⁷Cl+⁵⁹Co and⁴⁵Sc+⁵¹V have been obtained from the yields of their characteristicγ-rays. The measurements span an excitation energy range of 55 MeV to 70 MeV of the compound nucleus. The evaporation residue (ER) cross-sections have been analysed in terms of statistical model for the decay of the compound nucleus. A good agreement is found between statistical model calculation and the experimental evaporation residue cross-sections in all the four cases. It is shown that the average angular momentum of the compound nucleus can be deduced from a comparison of the experimentally measured and the statistical model predictions for the ER cross-sections. The validity of this method of deriving has been discussed for the case of¹⁶O+¹⁵⁴Sm system.     

Application of statistical methods for analysis of heavy-ion reactions in the framework of a dinuclear system model

Heavy-ion reactions are investigated by statistical methods in the framework of a dinuclear system model (DNS). Synthesis of superheavy elements in cold and hot fusion reactions on Pb and Bi targets, as well as in incomplete fusion reactions, is considered. We also take a look at production of neutron-deficient isotopes and pre-scission neutron emission in quasifission reactions. The results of calculations are compared with the available experimental data. The sensitivity of these results to the method of calculation of the level density and to various theoretical predictions of nuclear properties is analyzed.     

Effect of the entrance channel on the synthesis of superheavy elements

Cross-sections for the synthesis of superheavy elements were analyzed using the concept of a dinuclear system. Experimental values for the production of elements Z = 104, 108, 110, 111 and 112 by cold fusion reactions with targets of ²⁰⁸Pb and ²⁰⁹Bi were reproduced. The model reveals the importance of entrance channel dynamics and competition between quasi-fission and complete fusion processes. Energy windows were observed which allow capture of the reacting nuclei and formation of the compound nucleus. The quantities were studied which are significant for the interaction dynamics of massive nuclei in the entrance channel.     

On the widths ofK levels of heavy elements

The ratios of the widths ofK levels of heavy elements with atomic number 70 to 92 have been calculated with relativistic wave functions, retardation, screening and field theoretical corrections to relativistic energy. The calculated values have been compared with the available observed data and good agreement has been obtained.     

Application of quartz glass tubes as the track detectors for chemical identification of short-lived isotopes of elements 104, 105 and 106

The quartz glass open chromatographic columns with thermal gradient, which usually were used for the investigation of chemical properties of short-lived Z104 nuclides, were first used as the track detectors of spontaneously fissioning isotopes of elements 104, 105 and 106. The recoil nuclei of these elements were captured by the flow of gaseous chlorides then go to the quartz tube with reducing thermal gradient 400°C-100°C. The quartz tube was etched in 40% HF. The tracks due to spontaneous fission of isotopes ²⁵⁹104, ²⁶²105 and ²⁶³106 which were etched at the internal wall of quartz tubes were counted under optical microscope.     

Extension of the Monte-Carlo code MOCADI to fusion-evaporation reactions

The Monte-Carlo code MOCADI has been extended, besides to fission and fragmentation reactions, also to fusion-evaporation reactions. The updated version includes the cross sections and the reaction kinematics for the production of evaporation residues calculated according to the statistical model code PACE2, while the atomic interaction with matter can be treated either with the code ATIMA or with the code TRIM. The present version of MOCADI can now be employed world-wide for design studies of new low-energy nuclear physics facilities and for the optimization of experiments involving fusion-evaporation reactions, e.g. mass measurements, laser spectroscopy, super-heavy synthesis.     

Dynamical effects on the way to fusion of very heavy nuclei

The central collision of ⁴⁰Ar and ²⁰⁸Pb is studied considering the ellipsoidal deformations and isovector dipole mode of motion in the approaching phase. The collective energy dissipation is suggested to originate from the Fermi surface deformation which is treated as a kinematically independent mode of motion within the canonical Lagrange-Rayleigh dynamics. The possible extensions of the approach are discussed. The potential energy surface, calculated using the generalized (folded) surface potential, is studied. The saddle point in the potential energy surface lying at the border of strongly deformed compact configurations is located. The potential energy at this point is about 10MeV smaller than that of the ions touching each other in the spherical shape. The examination of trajectories followed by the system in its evolution shows that the inertia forces strongly hinder the motion of ions along the potential energy valley. The collective energy dissipated during the approach is found to be smaller than the difference in the potential energies at saddle point and at the touching configuration of unpolarized ions.     

Effects of heavy alkali elements in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with efficiencies up to 22.6%

We report on the use and effect of the alkali elements rubidium and caesium in the place of sodium and potassium in the alkali post deposition treatment (PDT) as applied to Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) solar cell absorbers. In order to study the effects of the different alkali elements, we have produced a large number of CIGS solar cells with high efficiencies resulting in a good experimental resolution to detect even small differences in performance. We examine the electrical device parameters of these fully functional devices and observe a positive trend in the I –V parameters when moving from devices without PDT to KF‐, RbF‐, and eventually to CsF‐PDT. A diode analysis reveals an improved diode quality for cells treat‐ed with heavier alkalis. Furthermore, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) measurements reveal a competitive mechanism induced within the class of alkali elements in the CIGS absorber induced by the alkali post deposition treatment. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)