氢化物发生–原子荧光光谱法同时测定锌锭中砷和锑

建立用氢化物发生–原子荧光光度计同时测定锌锭样品中砷和锑含量的方法。采用硝酸一次溶样,加入酒石酸防止锑水解。加入硫脲–抗坏血酸混合溶液作为还原剂和掩蔽剂,消除干扰元素的影响,对实验条件进行了优化。砷和锑的负高压分别为220,200 V,灯电流分别为80,60 mA,还原剂为1%硼氢化钾溶液(含0.5%KOH),载流为10%盐酸溶液,还原时间为30 min。测定砷的线性范围为0~80 ng/mL,相关系数r=0.999 8,检出限为0.35μg/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差为3.18%(n=11);测定锑的线性范围为0~80 ng/mL,相关系数r=0.999 6,检出限为0.42μg/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差为4.32%(n=11),砷和锑的加标回收率在97.46%~100.30%之间。用该方法对标准样品进行测定,测定结果与标准值相符。该方法基体干扰少,灵敏度高,适合于锌锭中砷和锑的日常测定。     

Determination of trace concentrations of antimony by the introduction of stibine into an inductively-coupled plasma for atomic emission spectrometry

A simple, rapid and sensitive method is described for the determination of trace concentrations of antimony by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with hydride generation. Hydrochloric acid (1 M) is the best medium for stibine generation, but antimony(III) is also effectively reduced to stibine in 1 M malic acid or 0.5 M tartaric acid, whereas antimony(V) gives no significant signal in either of these acids. This permits the differential determination of Sb(III) and Sb(V). Most of the inter-element interference effects can be minimized by thiourea, bur standard additions are recommended for accurate determinations. Thiourea is also effective in prereducing Sb(V) to Sb(III). The detection limit is 0.19 ng Sb ml^?1 and the calibration graph is linear up to 100 μg ml^?1. The r.s.d, at 1 and 100 ng Sb ml^?1 are 3.8 and 2.1%, respectively. The method is applied to copper metal and to speciation of antimony in waste water.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定水中砷和锑

建立在硝酸介质中用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定水中砷和锑的方法。优化了仪器工作条件、酸度、硼氢化钾及还原剂浓度。砷、锑的线性范围为0～10．0μg／L;检出限分别为0．02,0．01μg／L;测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为1．77％～3．72％,2．95％～4．87％（n=6）;加标回收率分别为98％106％,96％105％。该法操作简便,灵敏度高,快速,便于推广,适用于水中砷和锑的同时测定。     

Simultaneous determination of germanium,arsenic, tin and antimony by molecular emission cavity analysis after hydride generation and gas chromatographic separation

Arsenic (0.1–5 μg), antimony (1–40 μg), tin (0.5–10 μg) and germanium (0.2–10 μg) are determined simultaneously by reduction to their hydrides with sodium tetrahydroborate(III), followed by gas chromatographic separation on a column of 10% E-301 silicone gum rubber on Porapak Q, and measurement of the emissions at 490 nm in an oxygen/hydrogen flame within a cavity. Detection limits for 1-ml samples are 35 ng As, 400 ng Sb, 85 ng Sn and 100 ng Ge. A more sensitive determination of arsenic (0.05–3 μg) and antimony (0.1–5 μg) in binary mixtures is also described; the detection limits are 15 ng As and 40 ng Sb.     

Determination of arsenic and antimony in electrolytic copper by anodic stripping voltammetry at a gold film electrode

A simple procedure is described for the determination of arsenic and antimony in electrolytic copper. The copper is digested with nitric acid and copper is separated from arsenic and antimony by passing an ammoniacal solution of the sample through a column of Chelex-100 resin. After digestion with sulphuric acid and reduction to arsenic(III) and antimony(III) with sodium sulphite in 7 M sulphuric acid at 80°C, both arsenic and antimony are deposited at-0.30V and their total is determined by anodic stripping; antimony is then selectively deposited at -0.05 V for anodic stripping. The lower limits of determination are 56 ng As and 28 ng Sb per gram of copper; relative standard deviations (n = 5) are in the ranges 6.1–15.0% for 5.5—0.5 ppm arsenic in copper and 4.1–6.8% for 2.6—0.6 ppm antimony.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定含铜污泥中多种重金属

为了填补现有方法的技术空白,本方法采用微波消解和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ ICP-AES）相结合,实现对含铜污泥中铅、锌、铬、镉、砷、镁、铝、锑量的同时测定。首先采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸微波消解进行样品的前处理,消解后加入高氯酸置于电热板进行除碳并赶酸,溶样效果理想,且有效避免了高温溶样对易挥发元素砷、锑的损失,整个过程安全、高效、无损。溶样后以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ ICP-AES）进行测定。对含铜污泥的分解方法进行了合理选择,并对测定时的元素分析谱线及各测定元素间干扰情况等进行了讨论。该方法的加标回收率在95.31%~107.28%%,相对标准偏差（RSD）在0.31%~2.05%之间（n=7),结果表明,该方法准确度高,操作简单快捷,可同时测定多种元素,能满足批量的测定含铜污泥中铅、锌、镍、铁、镉、铬、砷、锑含量的测定要求。     

Indirect determination of sub-ng ml-1 levels of phosphorus in waters by di-isobutyl ketone extraction of reduced molybdoantimonylphosphoric acid an

Reduced molybdoantimonylphosphoric acid is extracted into di-isobutyl ketone (DIBK) and phosphorus in the extract is indirectly determined by inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometric measurement of the Mo II 202.03-nm or Sb I 206.83-nm line. Washing of the extract with acid is unnecessary because of the low solubility of DIBK in water. Arsenic(III), Si, Ge, Fe(III) and most anions do not cause serious interference but arsenic(V) must be absent. The detection limits are 5.2 and 45 pg P ml^-1, and the relative standard deviations for 1 μg of phosphorus are 2.0% and 2.5%, for molybdenum and antimony measurements, respectively. The method is applied in the analysis of river and seawater.     

双道氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定核电用钢中痕量砷和锑

建立了双道氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定核电用钢中痕量砷和锑的新方法。用王水溶解样品,以2.0 g/L L-半胱氨酸溶液作为预还原剂,在低酸度条件下实现对砷、锑的预还原。用20 g/L硼氢化钾溶液作为还原剂,氢化物发生反应在0.5 mol/L乙酸介质中进行。砷、锑的质量浓度在40μg/L范围与相应的荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)分别为0.032μg/L和0.022μg/L。应用此方法同时测定了核电用钢及不锈钢标准样品中的砷锑含量,并与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法的分析结果作了对比,测定值与标准样品的标准值相符,结果的相对标准偏差(n=8)均小于5.0%。     

原子荧光光谱法测定以磷块岩为原料制备磷酸中的砷

本文利用以水作载流的氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱仪测定了以磷块岩为原料自制的磷酸中的砷（As）。利用硫酸法溶融磷块岩自制出磷酸,优化仪器的工作条件,通过条件实验选择出适用于测定砷所需的盐酸和5% L（+）-抗坏血酸-5% 硫脲的用量。原子荧光光谱法测定结果如下：在0.5 ng·mL-1 ~ 8.0 ng·mL-1浓度范围内线性相关系数R2=0.99996;检出限为0.0018 ng·mL-1,样品的相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.82 %,样品的加标回收率在92.4 % ~ 103.4 %。通过与电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）比对,结果一致。     

复杂高铋物料中铅的Na2EDTA滴定法测定

复杂高铋物料中,铋、砷、锑、锡四元素含量高且共存时会影响铅的测定。特别是铋含量高时对铅的测定影响大。实验用EDTA—酒石酸联合掩蔽铋、砷、锑、锡,在稀硫酸介质中以硫酸钾为沉淀剂,使铅生成硫酸铅钾复盐沉淀而与铋、砷、锑、锡、铁、铜、锌、铝、钴、镍等干扰离子分离,沉淀以乙酸-乙酸钠浸取,二甲酚橙为指示剂,Na2EDTA滴定法测定铅。试验进一步优化了测定条件,确定最佳条件：硫酸（1 1）加入量为7mL、硫酸钾用量为5g、煮沸时为5min、沉淀陈化时间为2h、EDTA 50g/L 加入量为10mL、酒石酸用量为0.5g,铅的回收率99.70% ～100.65%。将实验方法应用于测定复杂高铋物料中铅,标样BY0111-1与给定值一致,相对标准偏差（n=11）RSD 0.20%～0.23%,满足生产测试要求。     

Determination of arsenic in ores, concentrates and related materials by graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry after separation by xanthate extraction

A method for determining approximately 0.2 mug/g or more of arsenic in ores, concentrates and related materials is described. After sample decomposition arsenic(V) is reduced to arsenic(III) with titanium(III) and separated from iron, lead, zinc, copper, uranium, tin, antimony, bismuth and other elements by cyclohexane extraction of its xanthate complex from approximately 8-10M hydrochloric acid. After washing with 10M hydrochloric acid-2% thiourea solution to remove residual iron and co-extracted copper, followed by water to remove chloride, arsenic is stripped from the extract with 16M nitric acid and ultimately determined in a 2% nitric acid medium by graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry, at 193.7 nm, in the presence of thiourea (which eliminates interference from sulphate) and palladium as matrix modifiers. Small amounts of gold, platinum and palladium, which are partly co-extracted as xanthates under the proposed conditions, do not interfere.     

Determination of silver, antimony, bismuth, copper, cadmium and indium in ores, concentrates and related materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry after methyl isobutyl ketone extraction as iodides

Methods for determining ~ 0.2 mug g or more of silver and cadmium, ~ 0.5 mug g or more of copper and ~ 5 mug g or more of antimony, bismuth and indium in ores, concentrates and related materials are described. After sample decomposition and recovery of antimony and bismuth retained by lead and calcium sulphates, by co-precipitation with hydrous ferric oxide at pH 6.20 +/- 0.05, iron(III) is reduced to iron(II) with ascorbic acid, and antimony, bismuth, copper, cadmium and indium are separated from the remaining matrix elements by a single methyl isobutyl ketone extraction of their iodides from ~2M sulphuric acid-0.1M potassium iodide. The extract is washed with a sulphuric acid-potassium iodide solution of the same composition to remove residual iron and co-extracted zinc, and the extracted elements are stripped from the extract with 20% v v nitric acid-20% v v hydrogen peroxide. Alternatively, after the removal of lead sulphate by filtration, silver, copper, cadmium and indium can be extracted under the same conditions and stripped with 40% v v nitric acid-25% v v hydrochloric acid. The strip solutions are treated with sulphuric and perchloric acids and ultimately evaporated to dry ness. The individual elements are determined in a 24% v v hydrochloric acid medium containing 1000 mug of potassium per ml by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry with an air-acetylene flame. Tin, arsenic and molybdenum are not co-extracted under the conditions above. Results obtained for silver, antimony, bismuth and indium in some Canadian certified reference materials by these methods are compared with those obtained earlier by previously published methods.     

氢化物发生-双道原子荧光光谱法同时测定钢中砷和锑

建立了一种氢化物发生双道原子荧光光谱法同时测定钢中痕量砷和锑的方法．对实验条件进行了优化,在最佳工作条件下,砷和锑的检出限分别为0．012ng／g和0．034ng／g,RSD分别为1．24％和1．97％．将本法应用于钢中的砷和锑的测定,采用加标回收实验控制方法的准确性,砷的回收率为96％～98％,锑的回收率98％～102％．     

Sorption of arsenic,antimony and bismuth on glycolmethacrylate gels with bound thiol groups for direct sampling in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Batch sorption of arsenic, antimony and bismuth from solutions in 1 M sulphuric acid has distribution coefficients of 10⁴–10⁵. Quantitative sorption on the hydrophilic methacrylate gel containing thiol groups (Spheron Thiol) is possible within 60 min for bismuth or arsenic and 120 min for antimony. Conditions for the electrothermal atomization of arsenic sorbed on Spheron Thiol and injected into the graphite tube as a suspension are optimized. The sensitivities possible are 3.2 ng As ml^-1, 13 ng Sb ml^-1 and 2.8 ng Bi ml^-1; the coefficient of variation for 10 ng of As is 4%. Complete recovery of 40 ng As ml^-1 added to solutions of 5% KCI or 5% MgCl₂ and to river water was obtained.     

A reactivation solution for a copperized cadmium column in the automatic determination of nitrate in natural waters

Atomic fluoreseace spectrometry (a.f.s.) with a non-dispersive system is combined with a hydride generation technique for the determination of antimony at the nanogram level. Fluorescence measurement is based on the reduction of antimony by either zinc or sodium borohydride, introduction of the stibine into the premixed argon (entrained air)-hydrogen flame, and excitation with an antimony electrodeless discharge lamp. The detection limits are 0.5 and 1.0 ng of antimony for zinc and sodium borohydride, respectively. The reagent blank for a 20-ml sample is ca. 5 ng of antimony for both reductants. Analytical working curves from peak-height or peak-area measurements are linear over ca. 4 orders of magnitude. Other hydride-forming elements and several metals, e.g. gold, nickel, palladium and platinum, interfere. The method gives satisfactory results for the determination of trace amounts of antimony in waste waters and lead.     

An improved method for the determination of trace levels of arsenic and antimony in geological materials by automated hydride generation—atomic absorption spectroscopy

An improved, automated method for the determination of arsenic and antimony in geological materials is described. After digestion of the material in sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric and perchloric acids, a hydrochloric acid solution of the sample is automatically mixed with reducing agents, acidified with additional hydrochloric acid, and treated with a sodium tetrahydroborate solution to form arsine and stibine. The hydrides are decomposed in a heated quartz tube in the optical path of an atomic absorption spectrometer. The absorbance peak height for arsenic or antimony is measured. Interferences that exist are minimized to the point where most geological materials including coals, soils, coal ashes, rocks and sediments can be analyzed directly without use of standard additions. The relative standard deviation of the digestion and the instrumental procedure is less than 2% at the 50 μg l^-1 As or Sb level. The reagent-blank detection limit is 0.2 μg l^-1 As or Sb.     

The spectrophotometric determination of antimony in water,effluents, marine plants and silicates

A spectrophotometric procedure is described for the determination of antimony in natural waters (including sea water and effluents), algae and silicates. After a preliminary oxidative digestion for waters, or acid attack for algae and silicates, the element is quantitatively coprecipitated at pH 5.0 with hydrous zirconium oxide. The precipitate is dissolved in acid, and, after reduction with titanium(III) chloride, antimony is oxidized to antimony(V) with sodium nitrite. The ion pair of the SbCl₆^- ion with crystal violet is extracted with benzene and its absorbance is measured at 610 nm (molar absorptivity 74,000 l mol^-1 cm^-1). Extraction with toluene causes some loss of sensitivity. The detection limit is 0.005 μg l^-1; relative standard deviations are 0.5% and 1.1% for spiked distilled water (0.5 μg l^-1) and sea water (0.26 μg l^-1), respectively. A wide range of anions and cations cause no interference at levels many times those in natural waters. The technique can be adapted for application to marine algae and silicates; relative standard deviations are 1.8% and 2% for samples of Pelvetia canaliculata (0.19 μg Sb g^-1) and a Pacific Ocean red clay (1.08 μg Sb g^-1), respectively. Results for the U.S. Geological Survey Standard rocks GSP1 (2.7 ppm) and DTS1 (0.53 ppm) are in good agreement with those of earlier workers.     

Direct determination of bismuth and antimony in sea water by anodic stripping voltammetry

A method based on anodic stripping voltammetry at the mercury-coated graphite electrode has been developed for the direct determination of bismuth and antimony at their natural levels in sea water. Bismuth plated at -0.4 V from sea water made 1 M in hydrochloric acid gives a stripping peak proportional to concentration at -0.2 V without interference from antimony or other metals normally present. Antimony may be plated from sea water made 4 M in hydrochloric acid and gives a stripping peak at -0.2 V proportional to the sum of bismuth and antimony. By use of the standard addition technique, satisfactory results were obtained for sea water samples with concentration ranges of 0.02–0.09 μg kg^?1 for bismuth and 0.2–0.5 μg kg^?1 for antimony.     

Determination of selenium and tellurium in electrolytic copper by anodic stripping voltammetry at a gold film electrode

A simple procedure for the determination of selenium and tellurium in electrolytic copper is described. These two elements are first separated from copper by passing an ammoniacal solution of the sample through Chelex-100 resin. Voltammetric interferences from nitrite liberated during the dissolution of the metal sample in nitric acid and from arsenic and antimony present in the metal are eliminated by addition of hydrogen peroxide. Excess of peroxide is quickly decomposed by the copper(II) ions present. As little as 0.01 μg Se g^-1 and 0.02 μg Te g^-1 can be determined; relative standard deviations (n = 5) are in the ranges 1.4–3.7% for selenium concentrations of 7.3–0.6 ppm in copper and 1.6—3.1% for tellurium concentrations of 4.6—0.5 ppm.     

The spectrophotometric determination of arsenic in sea water,potable water and effluents

Procedures are described for the determination of arsenic in sea water, potable waters and effluents. The sample is treated with sodium borohydride added at a controlled rate. The arsine evolved is absorbed in a solution of iodine and the resultant arsenate ion is determined photometrically by a molybdenum blue method. The time required for a complete analysis is about 90 min, but of this only 15 min is operator time. For sea water the range, standard deviation, and detection limit are 1–4 μgl^-1, 1.4 % and O.14 μg l^-1, respectively; for potable waters they are 0–800 μg l^-1, about 1 % (at 20μg l^-1 level) and 0.5μg l^-1, respectively. Silver and copper cause serious interference at levels of 0.5 mgl^-1, and nickel, cadmium and bismuth interfere at concentrations of a few tens of mg l^-1; however, these elements can be removed either by preliminary extraction with a solution of dithizone in chloroform or by ion exchange. Arsenic present in organo-arsenic compounds is not directly determinable, but can be rendered reactive either by photolysis with ultraviolet radiation or by oxidation with permanganate or nitric—sulphuric acid mixture. Arsenic(V) can be determined separately from total inorganic arsenic after extracting arsenic(III) as its pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate into chloroform.