Metallic iron nanoparticles: Flame synthesis,characterization and magnetic properties

Metallic iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) with a typical core–shell structure have been prepared by a simple and continuous flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) method, which are stabilized by the corresponding Fe₃O₄ shell with a thickness of 4–6 nm. The size of metallic Fe cores is about 30–80 nm. The core–shell structured iron NPs show an air stability as long as one month as a result of the protection of oxide shell. Through the control of the residence time of materials in flame and flame atmosphere, metallic Fe and iron oxides are obtained, showing a better external magnetic field responsibility. It is concluded that the evolution of morphology and composition of flame-made magnetic NPs could be attributed to the competition mechanism between reduction and oxidation reactions of in situ flame combustion, which offers more choices and better effective design strategy for the synthesis of advanced functional materials via FSP techniques.     

Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles via sonochemical method and their characterization

Preparation of iron oxide ( -Fe 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles was carried out via a sonochemical process. The process parameters such as temperature, sonication time and power of ultrasonication play important roles in the size and morphology of the final products. The iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. From transmission electron microscopy observations, the size of the iron oxide nanopar...     

Magnetic filtration of an iron oxide aerosol by means of magnetizable grates

The cleaning of gases with low concentrations of small ferromagnetic or paramagnetic particles is a difficult task for conventional filtration. A new alternative procedure, magnetic filtration, is used in this work. Iron oxide aerosol was generated by elutriation of iron oxide particles from a fluidized bed consisting of a mixture of Geldart-C iron oxide powder and large spherical Geldart-B sand particles. The aerosol was filtered by means of a magnetic filter which consisted of one, two or three iron grates staggered to each other. The experimental installation contained also an isokinetic sampling system and a Microtrac SRA 150 Particle Analyser. A theoretical expression for filtration efficiency was deduced from a previous model taking into account the different forces acting on the iron oxide particles. Experimental filtration efficiency matches quite well calculated theoretical efficiency. It was found that an increase in particle size, in thee number of grates or in the applied magnetic field produced higher filtration efficiencies up to 100% in some cases. In all filtration experiments pressure drop through the magnetic filter was very small.     

Rapid determination of iron oxide content in magnetically modified particulate materials

Magnetically responsive composite materials have been used in interesting applications in various areas of bioscience, biotechnology, and environmental technology. In this work, a simple method to determine the amount of magnetic iron oxide nano- and microparticles attached to magnetically-modified particulate diamagnetic materials has been developed using a commercially available magnetic permeability meter. The procedure is fast and enables dry particulate magnetically modified materials to be analysed without any modification or pretreatment. We show that the magnetic permeability can be measured for materials containing up to 20% magnetic iron oxide. The magnetic permeability measurements are highly reproducible.     

Sedimentation acceleration of remanent iron oxide by magnetic flocculation

Sedimentation based processes are widely used in industry to separate particles from a liquid phase. Since the advent of the ＂Nanoworld＂ the demand for effective separation technologies has rapidly risen, calling for the development of new separation concepts, one of which lies in hybrid separation using the superposition of a magnetic field for magnetic particles. Possible product portfolio of such separation consists of pigment production, nanomagnetics production for electronics and bio separation, A promising step in that direction is magnetic field enhanced cake filtration, which has by now progressed from batch to continuous ooeration. In sedimentation processes in a mass force field the settling behaviour of particles strongly depends on physico-chemical properties, concentration and size distribution of the particles. By adjusting the pH, the interparticle forces, in particular the electrostatic repulsion, can be manipulated. For remanent magnetic particles such as magnetite, pre-treatment in a magnetic field could lead to a change of interparticle interactions. By magnetizing the particles apart from van der Waals attraction and electrostatic repulsion, an additional potential is induced, the magnetic attraction, which could easily dominate the other potentials and result in agglomeration in the primary minimum. By sedimentation analysis, a wide spectrum of parameters like pH, magnetic field strength and concentration have been investigated. The results show a strong increase of sedimentation velocity by magnetic flocculation of the raw suspension. This leads to a rise in throughput due to the acceleration of sedimentation kinetics by imparting a non-chemical interaction to the physico-chemical properties in the feed stream of the separation apparatus.     

Solvothermal synthesis of magnetic Fe_3O_4 microparticles via self-assembly of Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles

Ferromagnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were synthesized and then self-assembled into microparticles via a solvothermal method,using FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O as the iron source,sodium oleate as the surfactant,and ethylene glycol as the reducing agent and solvent.The obtained Fe 3 O 4 microparticles were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),Raman spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).The size and morphology of the particles were examined using transmission ...     

Effects of magnetic field on fluidization properties of magnetic pearls

An experimental study of the influence of external magnetic field on the fluidization behavior of magnetic pearls was carried out. Magnetic pearls are a magnetic form of iron oxide that mainly consists of Fe2O3 which are recovered from a high-volume power plant fly ash from pulverized coal combustion. Due to its abundance, low price and particular physical and chemical properties, magnetic pearls can be used as a heavy medium for minerals or solid waste dry separation based on density difference. This paper introduces the properties of magnetic pearls and compares the performance of magnetic pearls fluidised bed operation with or without an external magnetic field. Experimental results show that an external magnetic field significantly improves the fluidization performance of magnetic pearls such as uniformity and stability.     

Dextran-modified iron oxide nanoparticles

Dextran-modified iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by precipitation of Fe（Ⅱ） and Fe（Ⅲ） salts with ammonium hydroxide by two methods. Iron oxide was precipitated either in the presence of dextran solution, or the dextran solution was added after precipitation. In the second method, the iron oxide particle size and size distribution could be controlled depending on the concentration of dextran in the solution. The nanoparticles were characterized by size-exclusion chromatography, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Optimal conditions for preparation of stable iron oxide colloid particles were determined, The dextran/iron oxide ratio 0-0,16 used in precipitation of iron salts can be recommended for synthesis of nanoparticles suitable for biomedical applications, as the colloid does not contain excess dextran and does not coagulate.     

Size-dependent elastic properties of a single-walled carbon nanotube via a molecular mechanics model

An analytical model based on a molecular mechanics approach is presented to relate the elastic properties of a single-walled carbon nanotube to its atomic structure. We derive closed-form expressions for elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio as a function of the nanotube diameter. Properties at different length scales are directly connected via these expressions. The analytically calculated elastic properties for achiral nanotubes using force constants obtained from experimental data of graphite are compared to those based on tight binding numerical calculations. This study represents a preliminary effort to develop analytical methods of molecular mechanics for applications in nanostructure modeling.     

Controllable magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite particles derived from layered double hydroxide precursors

Cobalt ferrite CoxNi1-xFe2O4 (x=0, 0.5, 1) particles with controllable magnetic properties have been pre-pared by calcination of co-substituted NiFe2+Fe3+-layered double hydroxide (NiFe2+Fe3+-LDH) precursors prepared via a scalable method involving separate nucleation and aging steps (SNAS). Their structural and magnetic characteristics were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Measurements of magnetic properties show that the saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) of the calcined products increased with increasing cobalt content. The LDH precursor-based product obtained by calcination of a mixture of CoFe2+Fe3+-LDH and NiFe2+Fe3+-LDH powders with a Co/Ni molar ratio of 1:1, exhibits a moderate value of Ms and an increased value of Hc compared to the corresponding values for an Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 material prepared by calcination of a Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2+Fe3+-LDH precursor, and a physical mixture of CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 with a Co/Ni molar ratio of 1 : 1. These results may provide a way to regulate magnetic anisotrupy of ferrite spinels by varying the composition of the LDH precursors.     

单壁碳纳米管的扭转力学特性研究

利用基于高阶Cauchy-Born准则所建立的单壁碳纳米管本构模型,针对不同手性的单壁碳纳米管的扭转力学特性进行了研究.研究发现结构呈现对称性的锯齿型和扶手型单壁碳纳米管具有完全对称的扭转特性,而结构不对称的手性型单壁碳纳米管具有正反相异的扭转特性.同时,针对一系列手性不同的单壁碳纳米管的扭转力学特性展开了详细的研究.研究的部分结果与采用其他方法得到的结果进行了对比,证实了所提出方法以及预测结果的有效性和可行性.     

Continuous synthesis of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles via thermal decomposition

Iron oxide nanoparticles have become of great interest in the medical field for their potential uses in areas such as biomagnetic imaging and hypothermia cancer treatment. Traditionally, particles for these applications are produced through batch-based methodologies. Herein, we demonstrate an alternative continuous flow production method for the synthesis of Fe₃O₄ iron oxide nanoparticles. Advantages of continuous flow over the batch method include consistent formation of uniformly spherical particles, thorough mixing of reactants, and capacity for high-volume particle production. In this study, a continuous flow reaction mechanism was proposed in which stoichiometric control of reactants had the potential to control final particle size. The project was conducted under the supposition that the iron oleate/ligand ratio in the precursor was the greatest size control factor, with a higher ratio resulting in smaller particles. The resulting particles produced by this continuous method were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and magnetometry.     

Fluid structure interaction of cantilever micro and nanotubes conveying magnetic fluid with small size effects under a transverse magnetic field

Micro and nanotubes have found major application in fluidic systems as channels for conveying fluid. In some micro and nanofluidic applications such as drug delivery, a transverse magnetic field can be used to guide the fluid flow by generating an axial force in the flow direction. An important issue in the design of micro and nanofluidic systems is the structural vibration caused by the fluid flow. In the current study, we investigate the effect of transverse magnetic field on the vibration of cantilever micro and nanotubes conveying fluid by considering the small size effects. We couple the nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli beam model with Navier–Stokes theory to determine a fluid structure interaction (FSI) model for the vibration analysis of the system. We modify the FSI governing equation by driving a velocity correction factor to consider the effect of transverse magnetic field on the fluid flow’s pattern through the tube. Then, we use the Galerkin’s method to obtain the frequency diagrams for the instability analysis of the system. We show that the transverse magnetic field can have a substantial effect on the dynamics of tube conveying fluid by increasing the system’s natural frequencies and critical flow velocity which contributes to the flutter instability. We also discover that although the transverse magnetic field plays a crucial role on dynamics of microstructures, its effect on the dynamics of nanotubes is not significant and can be ignored.     

Magnetic nanoparticles and concentrated magnetic nanofluids： Synthesis, properties and some applications

This paper reviews some recent results concerning chemical synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles and preparation of various types of magnetic nanofluids. Structural properties and behaviour in external magnetic field of magnetic nanofluids will be emphasized with relation to their use in leakage-free rotating seals and in biomedical applications.     

Interaction forces between soft magnetic particles in uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields

The influence of the magnetization of a soft magnetic sphere on the surrounding magnetic field is measured and characterized.The interaction force between two soft magnetic particles is directly measured using an ultra precision load sensor in uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields. The interaction force largely follows an inverse fourth power law as a function of separation distance between particle centers. At small distances,the effect of magnetization of one particle on the magnetization of its adjacent particle causes the attractive（repulsive） force to be larger（smaller） than that predicted by the inverse fourth power law.The theoretical prediction based on a modified dipole model,that takes into account the coupling effect of the magnetization among soft magnetic particles,gives excellent agreement with the measured force in a uniform magnetic field.The interaction force under a non-uniform applied magnetic field can be reasonably predicted using the dipole-dipole interaction model when the local magnetic field is used to determine the magnetization.     

石墨包覆纳米镍颗粒的结构及磁性能的表征

在密闭容器中,用爆轰分解掺杂含有镍离子的混合炸药前驱体合成了核壳结构石墨包覆镍纳米颗 粒。调整混合炸药前驱体中碳源材料和金属源材料的有效摩尔比合成了球形、不同尺寸、核壳结构的磁性石 墨包覆纳米镍颗粒。采用X 射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、能谱分析仪(EDX)和振动样品磁强计 (VSM)表征化学构成、结构形貌及磁性能。结果表明:颗粒大小主要分布在10~55nm 之间,复合纳米颗粒 主要由面心立方镍纳米晶体和石墨碳构成,常温下这些复合纳米颗粒主要表现出超顺磁性和铁磁性能。     

A molecular mechanics study on size-dependent elastic properties of single-walled boron nitride nanotubes

We present an analytical study for the elastic properties of single-walled boron nitride nanotubes via a molecular mechanics model. Closed-form expressions for Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and surface shear modulus are derived as functions of the nanotube diameter. The results are helix angle sensitive and comparable to those from ab initio calculations. This work is a first effort to establish analytical model of molecular mechanics for composite nanotubes and reveals the dissimilarities between size-dependent elastic properties of carbon and boron nitride nanotubes.