NO2-存在条件下冰相中对氯苯酚的光转化

以125 W高压汞灯为光源, 在低温(-12—-14 ℃)条件下研究了冰相中有亚硝酸盐存在时对氯苯酚(4-CP)的光转化反应. 考察了各种因素对冰相中4-CP光转化的影响以及冰相中4-CP光转化的动力学和机理. 实验结果表明, 4-CP初始浓度、亚硝酸盐初始浓度、pH值和光强对冰相中4-CP光转化均有较大影响. 在180 min内, 4-CP和总有机碳(TOC)的转化率分别达到80%和32%, 在实验条件下, NO2-的存在能够改变4-CP在冰相中光转化的产物和机理.     

光-Fe3+-草酸体系中对氯苯酚的冰相光转化

本文利用室内低温反应装置研究了在模拟太阳光-Fe3+-草酸作用下冰相中对氯苯酚（4-CP）的光转化。结果表明,Fe3+-草酸存在条件对冰相中4-CP的光转化有促进作用。Fe3+和草酸初始浓度、Fe3+与草酸的初始浓度比以及初始pH值对体系中4-CP的转化率具有较大影响。当溶液初始pH值为6.50,Fe3+和草酸的初始浓度比是1/5,草酸初始浓度为0.80mmol/L时,4-CP光照7.5h转化率可达39.1%。在光转化过程中,TOC的转化率滞后于4-CP的光转化率。4-CP的光转化符合一级动力学模型。分别利用直接萃取法和衍生化法富集了反应中间产物,并采用GC-MS进行了分析,据此推断了冰相中模拟太阳光-Fe3+-草酸作用下4-CP光转化的反应机理。     

腐植酸作用下γ-六氯环己烷在冰相中的光转化

研究了腐植酸(HA)存在下冰相体系中γ-六氯环己烷(γ-HCH)的光转化规律.结果表明,HA浓度对γ-HCH的光转化率呈现低浓度促进而高浓度抑制的现象;盐离子浓度、NO_2~-及NO_3~-对γ-HCH的光转化率均有促进作用;低浓度Fe~(3+)对γ-HCH的光转化率有促进作用,当Fe~(3+)的浓度增大到50μmol/L时,呈现抑制效应;γ-HCH在不同p H值条件下光转化速率的大小顺序为碱性中性酸性.冰相中HA通过产生单线态氧(~1O_2)、羟基自由基(·OH)及三重激发态(HA*)加速γ-HCH的光转化.HA存在下γ-HCH的光转化产物主要是五氯环己烯、邻二氯苯和对二氯苯、一氯苯,光转化过程中~1O_2通过消耗中间产物间接加速了γ-HCH的光转化过程.     

六氯苯在水相、冰相和有机相中的光化学转化

以低压汞灯为光源研究了六氯苯(HCB)在水相、 冰相和有机溶剂中光转化的动力学过程, 分析了反应产物, 探讨了反应机理, 考察了H₂O₂, NO₂^-, Fe²⁺对水相/冰相中HCB光转化的影响. 结果表明, 在低压汞灯照射下, HCB在3个体系中的光转化速率大小为有机相>水相>冰相; H₂O₂ 促进水相中HCB的光转化而抑制冰相中HCB的光转化; NO₂^-对HCB在水相/冰相中的光化学转化均起抑制作用; Fe²⁺对水相中HCB的光转化有促进作用, 而对其在冰相中的光转化无影响; 六氯苯在3个体系中光转化的机理均为逐级脱氯过程.     

模拟太阳光-过氧化氢作用下冰相中苯酚的光转化

以模拟太阳光为照射光源,对冰相中苯酚在过氧化氢(H2O2)存在条件下的光转化反应进行了研究,考察了影响苯酚光转化反应的主要因素并探讨了光转化动力学过程.研究结果表明,光强度越高或H2O2初始浓度越大,苯酚在冰相介质中的光转化率越快,而苯酚初始浓度越高则会导致苯酚的光转化率减慢.p H值对苯酚的光转化率的影响则表现为酸性导致减小,碱性导致加快.应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了苯酚的光解产物,推断苯酚在冰相中的光解过程中主要发生了羟基化反应.     

硝酸根存在下冰相中苯酚的光转化

通过室内模拟实验, 采用125 W高压汞灯作为光源, 在低温条件下(-14～-12 ℃)研究了冰相中硝酸根存在下苯酚的光解. 考察了苯酚的浓度、硝酸根的浓度、pH值以及光强度等因素对冰相中苯酚光化学转化的影响. 研究结果表明, 在冰相中苯酚光转化速率随着光强度和NO₃^-初始浓度的增加而加快, 随着苯酚初始浓度的增加而减慢; 在强酸或强碱条件下均抑制苯酚的光转化速率; 苯酚的光解速率符合一级动力学模式. 利用GC-MS和LC-MS分析了苯酚的光解产物, 据此推测了苯酚在硝酸根体系中可能的光解反应历程.     

Sm-N-P-TiO_2纳米光催化剂在模拟太阳光下光催化降解4-氯酚的动力学

采用改进的溶胶-水热技术,制备了新型高性能Sm-N-P-TiO2纳米光催化剂。考察了条件因素对4-氯酚(4-CP)溶液在模拟太阳光下光催化降解的影响规律,并对不同催化剂的光活性进行了对比研究。结果表明,在实验条件下,4-CP光催化降解行为符合准一级动力学规律;随着4-CP溶液浓度增大,一级反应速率常数不断降低。在4-CP溶液初始浓度40 mg/L、催化剂用量1.5 g/L、溶液pH=5.2、溶液温度36℃、500 W氙灯照射2 h条件下,4-CP完全分解,表观速率常数Kapp为5.32×10-2min-1,Sm-N-P-TiO2的光催化活性是混晶型纳米TiO2(P25)的3.49倍;TOC去除率达到96.8%。     

钴掺杂氮化硼纳米管吸附氯酚类污染物的理论研究

氯酚(CPs)类污染物是形成持久性有机污染物二噁英的先驱物, 具有较强的致畸、致癌和致突变性. 为探索去除或检测这类污染物的新型材料, 应用密度泛函理论研究了(8,0)单壁氮化硼纳米管(BNNT)和Co掺杂的(8,0)单壁氮化硼纳米管(Co-BNNT)对2-氯酚(2-CP)、2,4,6-三氯酚(TCP)、五氯酚(PCP)的吸附行为及作用机制. 结果表明, 与BNNT相比, Co-BNNT费米能级附近出现杂化态, 带隙明显减小. BNNT对2-CP、TCP和PCP呈现物理吸附, 而Co-BNNT对三种氯酚则是化学吸附, 纳米管与分子间发生了明显的电荷转移, 体系态密度在费米能级附近发生了明显变化. Co原子掺杂明显增强了BNNT的电子输运能力, 提高了纳米管对氯酚的吸附活性. Co-BNNT有望是去除或检测氯酚类污染物的潜在资源.     

邻甲苯胺修饰的超高交联吸附树脂对氯酚的吸附研究

通过后交联反应和化学修饰制备了邻甲苯胺修饰的超高交联吸附树脂(OTMR),对其结构性质进行了表征。通过吸附动力学实验和等温吸附实验,探讨了OTMR对溶液中4-氯酚(4-CP)、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)和2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)的吸附性能。实验结果表明,OTMR树脂具有较高的的比表面积和较丰富的微孔,对3种氯酚均具有良好的吸附性能。OTMR树脂对3种氯酚的吸附动力学过程符合准一级动力学方程,颗粒内扩散和液膜作用均是吸附速率的控制步骤。OTMR对4-CP和2,4-DCP以氢键、π-π作用形成的物理吸附为主;而对2,4,6-TCP的吸附过程还存在化学键形成的化学吸附作用。Langmuir等温方程能较好地拟合OTMR对3种氯酚的吸附等温线。OTMR对4-CP和2,4-DCP的吸附是自发、放热、熵减小的过程;而对2,4,6-TCP的吸附为自发、吸热、熵增加的过程。     

[Bmim]BF4-NaH2PO4双水相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中痕量氯酚类内分泌干扰物

利用离子液体双水相萃取-高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定了水中痕量氯酚类内分泌干扰物.以2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、2,6-二氯酚(2,6-DCP)和对氯苯酚(4-CP)为目标分析物,考察了影响离子液体双水相萃取率的主要因素,如分相盐的浓度、水相pH值、萃取时间及离子液体加人量.当NaH2PO4的浓度为0.5 g/...     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。