Topology of dynamical systems in finite groups and number theory

We study and develop a very new object introduced by V.I. Arnold: a monad is a triple consisting of a finite set, a map from that finite set to itself and the monad graph which is the directed graph whose vertices are the elements of the finite set and whose arrows lead each vertex to its image (by the map). We consider the case in which the finite set entering in the monad definition is a finite group G and the map is the Frobenius map, for some k∈Z. We study the Frobenius dynamical system defined by the iteration of the monad fk, and also study the combinatorics and topology (i.e., the discrete invariants) of the monad graph. Our study provides useful information about several structures on the group associated to the monad graph. So, for example, several properties of the quadratic residues of finite commutative groups can be obtained in terms of the graph of the Frobenius monad .     

Exposed sets in potential theory

Let U be a relatively compact open subset of a harmonic space, and H(U) be the function space of all continuous functions on which are harmonic on U. We give a complete characterization of the H(U)-exposed subsets of . This extends the results of [J. Lukeš, T. Mocek, M. Smr?ka, J. Spurný, Choquet like sets in function spaces, Bull. Sci. Math. 127 (2003) 397-437].     

On duality between étale groupoids and Hopf algebroids

For any étale Lie groupoid G over a smooth manifold M, the groupoid convolution algebra of smooth functions with compact support on G has a natural coalgebra structure over the commutative algebra which makes it into a Hopf algebroid. Conversely, for any Hopf algebroid A over we construct the associated spectral étale Lie groupoid over M such that is naturally isomorphic to G. Both these constructions are functorial, and is fully faithful left adjoint to . We give explicit conditions under which a Hopf algebroid is isomorphic to the Hopf algebroid of an étale Lie groupoid G.     

Quantifications des algèbres de Hopf d'arbres plans décorés et lien avec les groupes quantiques

We introduce a functor from the category of braided spaces into the category of braided Hopf algebras which associates to a braided space V a braided Hopf algebra of planar rooted trees . We show that the Nichols algebra of V is a subquotient of . We construct a Hopf pairing between and , generalising one of the results of [Bull. Sci. Math. 126 (2002) 193-239]. When the braiding of c is given by c(v_i⊗v_j)=q_i,jv_j⊗v_i, we obtain a quantification of the Hopf algebras introduced in [Bull. Sci. Math. 126 (2002) 193-239; 126 (2002) 249-288]. When q_i,j=q^a_i,j, with q an indeterminate and (a_i,j)_i,j the Cartan matrix of a semi-simple Lie algebra , then is a subquotient of . In this case, we construct the crossed product of with a torus and then the Drinfel'd quantum double of this Hopf algebra. We show that is a subquotient of .     

Note on separate continuity and the Namioka property

A pair 〈B,K〉 is a Namioka pair if K is compact and for any separately continuous , there is a dense A⊆B such that f is ( jointly) continuous on A×K. We give an example of a Choquet space B and separately continuous such that the restriction fΔ_| to the diagonal does not have a dense set of continuity points. However, for K a compact fragmentable space we have: For any separately continuous and for any Baire subspace F of T×K, the set of points of continuity of is dense in F. We say that 〈B,K〉 is a weak-Namioka pair if K is compact and for any separately continuous and a closed subset F projecting irreducibly onto B, the set of points of continuity of fF_| is dense in F. We show that T is a Baire space if the pair 〈T,K〉 is a weak-Namioka pair for every compact K. Under (CH) there is an example of a space B such that 〈B,K〉 is a Namioka pair for every compact K but there is a countably compact C and a separately continuous which has no dense set of continuity points; in fact, f does not even have the Baire property.     

Classes defined by stars and neighbourhood assignments

We apply and develop an idea of E. van Douwen used to define D-spaces. Given a topological property P, the class P^∗ dual to P (with respect to neighbourhood assignments) consists of spaces X such that for any neighbourhood assignment there is Y⊂X with Y∈P and . We prove that the classes of compact, countably compact and pseudocompact are self-dual with respect to neighbourhood assignments. It is also established that all spaces dual to hereditarily Lindelöf spaces are Lindelöf. In the second part of this paper we study some non-trivial classes of pseudocompact spaces defined in an analogous way using stars of open covers instead of neighbourhood assignments.     

Malliavin calculus in abstract Wiener space using infinitesimals

Using infinitesimals, we develop Malliavin calculus on spaces which result from the classical Wiener space by replacing with any abstract Wiener space .We start from a Brownian motion b on a Loeb probability space Ω with values in the Banach space is the standard part of a ∗finite-dimensional Brownian motion B. Then we define iterated Itô integrals as standard parts of internal iterated Itô integrals. The integrator of the internal integrals is B and the values of the integrands are multilinear forms on , where is a ∗finite-dimensional linear space over between the Hilbert space and its ∗-extension .In the first part we prove a chaos decomposition theorem for L²-functionals on Ω that are measurable with respect to the σ-algebra generated by b. This result yields a chaos decomposition of L²-functionals with respect to the Wiener measure on the standard space of -valued continuous functions on [0,1]. In the second part we define the Malliavin derivative and the Skorohod integral as standard parts of internal operators defined on ∗finite-dimensional spaces. In an application we use the transformation rule for finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces to study time anticipating and non-anticipating shifts of Brownian motion by Bochner integrals (Girsanov transformations).     

On the topological Helly theorem

The main result of this paper is the following theorem, related to the missing link in the proof of the topological version of the classical result of Helly: Let be any family of simply connected compact subsets of R² such that for every i,j∈{0,1,2} the intersections Xi∩Xj are path connected and is nonempty. Then for every two points in the intersection there exists a cell-like compactum connecting these two points, in particular the intersection is a connected set.     

Non-linear numerical radius isometries on atomic nest algebras and diagonal algebras

A nonlinear map φ between operator algebras is said to be a numerical radius isometry if w(φ(T−S))=w(T−S) for all T, S in its domain algebra, where w(T) stands for the numerical radius of T. Let and be two atomic nests on complex Hilbert spaces H and K, respectively. Denote the nest algebra associated with and the diagonal algebra. We give a thorough classification of weakly continuous numerical radius isometries from onto and a thorough classification of numerical radius isometries from onto .     

Cap pairings and spectral sequences

Let be a small category. For an -diagram X and -diagrams A and B of pointed spaces, each pairing X∧A→B satisfying the projection formula induces a pairing . In this note we show that there is an induced pairing of homotopy spectral sequences compatible with abutments in the sense that

     

The subconstituent algebra of a bipartite distance-regular graph; thin modules with endpoint two

We consider a bipartite distance-regular graph Γ with diameter D?4, valency k?3, intersection numbers b_i,c_i, distance matrices A_i, and eigenvalues θ₀>θ₁>?>θ_D. Let X denote the vertex set of Γ and fix x∈X. Let T=T(x) denote the subalgebra of Mat_X(C) generated by , where A=A₁ and denotes the projection onto the ith subconstituent of Γ with respect to x. T is called the subconstituent algebra (or Terwilliger algebra) of Γ with respect to x. An irreducible T-module W is said to be thin whenever for 0?i?D. By the endpoint of W we mean . Assume W is thin with endpoint 2. Observe is a one-dimensional eigenspace for ; let η denote the corresponding eigenvalue. It is known where , and d=⌊D/2⌋. To describe the structure of W we distinguish four cases: (i) ; (ii) D is odd and ; (iii) D is even and ; (iv) . We investigated cases (i), (ii) in MacLean and Terwilliger [Taut distance-regular graphs and the subconstituent algebra, Discrete Math. 306 (2006) 1694-1721]. Here we investigate cases (iii), (iv) and obtain the following results. We show the dimension of W is D-1-e where e=1 in case (iii) and e=0 in case (iv). Let v denote a nonzero vector in . We show W has a basis , where E_i denotes the primitive idempotent of A associated with θ_i and where the set S is {1,2,…,d-1}∪{d+1,d+2,…,D-1} in case (iii) and {1,2,…,D-1} in case (iv). We show this basis is orthogonal (with respect to the Hermitian dot product) and we compute the square-norm of each basis vector. We show W has a basis , and we find the matrix representing A with respect to this basis. We show this basis is orthogonal and we compute the square-norm of each basis vector. We find the transition matrix relating our two bases for W.     

Monoids with sub-log-exponential free spectra

A classic result from the 1960s states that the asymptotic growth of the free spectrum of a finite group is sub-log-exponential if and only if is nilpotent. Thus a monoid is sub-log-exponential implies , the pseudovariety of semigroups with nilpotent subgroups. Unfortunately, little more is known about the boundary between the sub-log-exponential and log-exponential monoids.The pseudovariety consists of those finite semigroups satisfying (x^ωy^ω)^ω(y^ωx^ω)^ω(x^ωy^ω)^ω≈(x^ωy^ω)^ω. Here it is shown that a monoid is sub-log-exponential implies . A quick application: a regular sub-log-exponential monoid is orthodox. It is conjectured that a finite monoid is sub-log-exponential if and only if it is , the finite monoids in having nilpotent subgroups. The forward direction of the conjecture is proved; moreover, the conjecture is proved for when is completely (0)-simple. In particular, the six-element Brandt monoid (the Perkins semigroup) is sub-log-exponential.     

On a convex operator for finite sets

Let S be a finite set with m elements in a real linear space and let J_S be a set of m intervals in R. We introduce a convex operator co(S,J_S) which generalizes the familiar concepts of the convex hull, , and the affine hull, , of S. We prove that each homothet of that is contained in can be obtained using this operator. A variety of convex subsets of with interesting combinatorial properties can also be obtained. For example, this operator can assign a regular dodecagon to the 4-element set consisting of the vertices and the orthocenter of an equilateral triangle. For two types of families J_S we give two different upper bounds for the number of vertices of the polytopes produced as co(S,J_S). Our motivation comes from a recent improvement of the well-known Gauss-Lucas theorem. It turns out that a particular convex set co(S,J_S) plays a central role in this improvement.