Conditional sampling of velocity and scalars in turbulent flames using simultaneous LDV-Raman scattering

The laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) measures the velocity distribution of particles which is often an acceptable representation of the distribution of gas velocities. However, in turbulent two stream mixing flows, the particle velocity distribution will differ from the gas velocity distribution when the particle densities in the two streams are unequal. This bias is explored in a reacting and nonreacting turbulent jet which is surrounded by coflowing air. By adding seed particles to only the coflow air and then to only the jet fluid, the limits of this bias are established. Additional measurements with an LDV triggered laser Raman scattering system demonstrate that the bias in the LDV sampling is propagated to the Raman measurements. An analytical equation is presented which will generate unbiased velocity and scalar distributions from measurements obtained from seeding only one stream at a time.     

A three-velocity-component laser-Doppler velocimeter for measurements inside the linear compressor cascade

A 24′′ (610 mm) access laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) system was developed to make simultaneous three-velocity-component measurements in a low speed linear cascade wind tunnel with moving wall simulation. The probe has a 610 mm access length and achieves a measurement spatial resolution of 100 μm by using off-axis optical heads. With the relatively large access length, the LDV probe allows for measurements from the side of a wind tunnel instead of through the tunnel floor, while the high spatial resolution allows for quality near-wall measurements. The probe has been tested in a zero-pressure gradient 2D turbulent boundary layer and the test results agree well with the experimental data measured with different LDV systems and hot-wire anemometery for the boundary layer flows. The energy spectral density was estimated using a slot correlation, and Von Kármán’s model for the energy-spectrum function was used to analyze the measured spectral data to estimate the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, which compares favorably with the measured production values in the log-layer region of the turbulent boundary layer. Measurements are presented for the moving endwall boundary layer at the inlet of the linear compressor cascade facility to validate the capability of this LDV for tip leakage flow measurements. These results indicate that the moving endwall reduces velocity gradients in the near-wall region and results in less production of Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy compared to the stationary endwall case.     

用三分量LDV测量壁湍流边界层

本文用三分量激光多普勒测速仪对壁湍流边界层进行了测量，经过数据处理后，给出了各湍流参数的分布曲线，并与Ｄｊｅｎｉｄｉ等的测量结果进行了比较，吻合得很好。结果表明，用３Ｄ－ＬＤＶ研究湍流是可行的     

应用共轴型二维激光测速系统测量孔板管流的湍流特性

本文发表了一种共轴型二维激光测速系统,可同时测量由三束入射光组成的平面内的二维速度分量。讨论了主要的测量误差并提出了一种修正共轴分量角度偏差的方法。应用该系统详细测量了单孔板和双孔板管流的轴向和径向平均速度。湍流度和雷诺切应力分布,表明来流条件对孔板下游的湍流特性有强烈影响。     

One-dimensional turbulence modeling for cylindrical and spherical flows: model formulation and application

The one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model resolves a full range of time and length scales and is computationally efficient. ODT has been applied to a wide range of complex multi-scale flows, such as turbulent combustion. Previous ODT comparisons to experimental data have focused mainly on planar flows. Applications to cylindrical flows, such as round jets, have been based on rough analogies, e.g., by exploiting the fortuitous consistency of the similarity scalings of temporally developing planar jets and spatially developing round jets. To obtain a more systematic treatment, a new formulation of the ODT model in cylindrical and spherical coordinates is presented here. The model is written in terms of a geometric factor so that planar, cylindrical, and spherical configurations are represented in the same way. Temporal and spatial versions of the model are presented. A Lagrangian finite-volume implementation is used with a dynamically adaptive mesh. The adaptive mesh facilitates the implementation of cylindrical and spherical versions of the triplet map, which is used to model turbulent advection (eddy events) in the one-dimensional flow coordinate. In cylindrical and spherical coordinates, geometric stretching of the three triplet map images occurs due to the radial dependence of volume, with the stretching being strongest near the centerline. Two triplet map variants, TMA and TMB, are presented. In TMA, the three map images have the same volume, but different radial segment lengths. In TMB, the three map images have the same radial segment lengths, but different segment volumes. Cylindrical results are presented for temporal pipe flow, a spatial nonreacting jet, and a spatial nonreacting jet flame. These results compare very well to direct numerical simulation for the pipe flow, and to experimental data for the jets. The nonreacting jet treatment overpredicts velocity fluctuations near the centerline, due to the geometric stretching of the triplet maps and its effect on the eddy event rate distribution. TMB performs better than TMA. A hybrid planar-TMB (PTMB) approach is also presented, which further improves the results. TMA, TMB, and PTMB are nearly identical in the pipe flow where the key dynamics occur near the wall away from the centerline. The jet flame illustrates effects of variable density and viscosity, including dilatational effects.     

Measurements of turbulent flow in a channel at low Reynolds numbers

Normal and streamwise components of the velocity fields of turbulent flow in a channel at low Reynolds numbers have been measured with laser-Doppler techniques. The experiments duplicate the conditions used in current direct numerical simulations of channel flow, and good, but not exact, agreement is found for single-point moments through fourth order. In order to eliminate LDV velocity bias and to measure velocity spectra, the mean time interval between LDV signals was adjusted to be much smaller than the smallest turbulence time scale. Spectra of the streamwise and normal components of velocity at locations spanning the channel are presented.     

网栅后湍流流动沿流程衰减特性的实验研究

应用ＬＤＶ测试技术对垂直方管内三种不同栅距的网所形成的湍流流动做了详细测量,网栅栅距Ｍ分别为１４ｍｍ,１０ｍｍ,６ｍｍ实验给出了管内不同位置湍流流动的各种参数沿流动方向的衰减规律,并就三种网栅进行比较分析,以探讨这种网栅流动所具有共同规律和在不同栅距对湍流结构及脉动大小的不同特点,从而对这种网栅所形成的湍流流结构较为清晰的了解。     

应用单色光的三维激光测速系统

本文发展了一种采用单色激光器的三维激光测速系统。四束入射光布置成等腰直角三角形,用一个前透镜聚焦。这种光学布置光能利用率高,并能适用于近壁处流速测量。当实验模型具有多层不同性质介面时,入射光仍能保持相交。为了分离三维速度分量,采用了频率分离和偏振分离技术。特别考虑了光轴分量的测量精度,提出了提高测量精度的一些方法。应用此系统测量了斜切尾钝体后部的三维平均速度和湍流度分布。     

Measurements of turbulent and periodic flows around a square cross-section cylinder

Laser-Doppler measurements of the velocity characteristics are presented for the turbulent flow around a square cross-section cylinder mounted in a water channel for Re=14000. The study involved spectral analysis and digital filtering of the LDV data obtained behind the cylinder. The purpose of the measurements is to separate and quantify the turbulent and the periodic, non-turbulent, motions of the wake flow, in order to improve knowledge of the nature of the fluctuations in the near-wake region of two-dimensional bodies. The results show, for example, that in the zone of highest velocity oscillations the energy associated with the turbulent fluctuations is about 40% of the total energy.A version of the paper was presented at the 10th Symposium on Turbulence, University of Missouri-Rolla, September 22–24, 1986     

On the modality of velocity histograms in the plane of symmetry of a wing-body juncture

The presence of a region of multi-modal velocity histograms in the plane of symmetry of a wing-body juncture have been reported. This region not only contains bi-modal histograms but also tri-modal distributions. LDV measurements supplemented by detailed analysis of the flow-visualization results has been used to propose that the reason for this behavior is the dynamic character of the juncture-vortex system and not turbulent intermittency as reported earlier.     

A fractal reconstruction method for LDV spectral analysis

An unequally spaced fractal interpolation method is developed to reconstruct the low data rate laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) signal for better spectral results. The reconstructed result not only augments the data points to improve the statistics but also retains the turbulent fractal dimension of the flow. In other words, the interpolated data are flow turbulence-correlated data which are physically reasonable. This method is demonstrated on the LDV spectral measurements in the shear layer of a jet flow and the results are compared against the hot-wire spectral data. When the data rate of the LDV signal is low, the fractal interpolation method can suitably restore the major spectral peaks while the conventional sample-and-hold fails. Effects of the data rate, data record length, sampling rate and the fractal dimension on the accuracy of the spectral reconstruction are also discussed. A version of this paper was presented at the 4th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena in Heat and Mass Transfer, July 14–18, 1991, Sydney, Australia     

Problems of theory and practical use of a laser doppler velocimeter in the investigation of turbulent flows

At present great attention is being devoted to the development of laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) for experimental investigation of turbulent flows. The main types of optical schemes of LDV are discussed in this article. Formulas for the output signal of the photoreceiver and the results of spectral analysis of this signal with the statistics of the scattering centers taken into consideration are presented. The uncertainty relation for the spatial resolution and the width of the Doppler spectrum is obtained. The optical scheme of a three-component velocimeter and the block diagram of its electronic part are given. The potentialities of the meter are demonstrated using, as an example, flow past a cylinder.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 110–120, January–February, 1973.     

Turbulent Heat and Fluid Flow over a Two-Dimensional Hill

Experimental investigation has been made on the flow and thermal fields over a heated two-dimensional hill with a cosine-squared shape. The detailed turbulent characteristics are measured by a backscatter-type two-component LDV, a PIV system, a fine thermocouple and a cold-wire probe. In the reverse-flow region on the leeward side of the hill, the turbulence intensities and the Reynolds shear stress show much larger values than in a canonical wall-bounded shear flow. The mean temperature maintains a relatively high value below the location where the horizontal mean velocity rapidly decreases. At the outer edge of the reverse-flow region, there exists a second maximum intensity of temperature fluctuations. The instantaneous temperature waveforms near the heated surface show very large amplitude consisting of high-frequency fluctuations superimposed on the low-frequency motions. Simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature is also done using a combination of a two-component LDV and a fine-wire thermocouple together with digital response compensation. In the downstream region of the hill, the horizontal and vertical turbulent heat fluxes become maximum at the hill-top height, and tend to diffuse in the vertical direction. On the other hand, in the reverse-flow region formed behind the hill, both of the heat fluxes decrease remarkably. In particular, it is worth noting that the horizontal turbulent heat flux near the surface becomes opposite in sign to that in the forward flow region. This is mainly due to the reversal of the mean flow direction.     

Large-Scale Turbulent Vortical Structures inside a Sudden Expansion Cylinder Chamber

A large eddy simulation (LES) is performed for turbulent flow around a bluff body inside a sudden expansion cylinder chamber, a configuration which resembles a premixed gas turbine combustor. To promote turbulent mixing and to accommodate flame stability, a flame holder is installed inside the combustion chamber. The Smagorinsky model and the Lagrangian dynamic subgrid-scale model are employed and tested. The calculated Reynolds number is 5,000 based on the bulk velocity and the diameter of inlet pipe. The simulation code is constructed by using a general coordinate system based on the physical contravariant velocity components. The predicted turbulent statistics are evaluated by comparing with the laser-doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurement data. The agreement of LES with the experimental data is shown to be satisfactory. Emphasis is placed on the time-dependent evolutions of turbulent vortical structures behind the flame holder. The numerical flow visualizations depict the behavior of large-scale vortices. The turbulent behavior behind the flame holder is analyzed by visualizing the sectional views of vortical structure. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

纵向涡对近壁湍流影响的激光测试

用激光测试方法详细地研究了单涡、上洗双涡、下洗双涡对近壁湍流的影响．在涡的下洗区，流体流速高，湍流度低，流体流向壁面；在涡的上洗区，流体流速低，湍流度高，流体远离壁面     

An Experimental Investigation of the Turbulence Structure of a Lifted H2/N2 Jet Flame in a Vitiated Co-Flow

Measurements of mean velocity components, turbulent intensity, and Reynolds shear stress are presented in a turbulent lifted H₂/N₂ jet flame as well as non-reacting air jet issuing into a vitiated co-flow by laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) technique. The objectives of this paper are to obtain a velocity data base missing in the previous experiment data of the Dibble burner and so provide initial and flow field data for evaluating the validity of various numerical codes describing the turbulent partially premixed flames on this burner. It is found that the potential core is shortened due to the high ratio of jet density to co-flow density in the non-reacting cases. However, the existence of flame suppressed turbulence in the upstream region of the jet dominates the length of potential core in the reacting cases. At the centreline, the normalized axial velocities in the reacting cases are higher than the non-reacting cases, and the relative turbulent intensities of the reacting flow are smaller than in the non-reacting flow, where a self-preserving behaviour for the relative turbulent intensities exists at the downstream region. The profiles of mean axial velocity in the lifted flame distribute between the non-reacting jet and non-premixed flame both in the axial and radial distributions. The radial distributions of turbulent kinetic energy in the lifted flames exhibit a change in distributions indicating the difference of stabilisation mechanisms of the two lifted flame. The experimental results presented will guide the development of an improved modelling for such flames.     

A method for separating shock wave motion and turbulence in LDV measurements

 Two-component laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements were made in a planar, two-dimensional flow containing an unsteady oblique shock wave formed by the convergence of two supersonic streams past a thick plate. High-speed wall pressure measurements locate the shock wave and, consequently, allow separation of the effects of shock wave motion from the turbulence fluctuations in the LDV measurements of the shock-separated free shear layer. In the current flow isolating the large-scale changes in the position of the shock from the turbulence primarily reduces the experimental scatter rather than significantly changing the shapes or magnitudes of the turbulent stress profiles. Changes in the direction of shock motion do not significantly affect the mean velocity, but do affect the turbulent stresses. Received: 11 August 1997/Accepted: 30 September 1998     

Turbulence spectra from individual realization laser velocimetry data

Two techniques — a modified correlation method and a direct transform method — have been evaluated for use in making spectral estimates from randomly-sampled random data (such as turbulence data obtained with an individual realization laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV)). The effect of bad points (which usually appear randomly in actual LDV data sets) on the spectral estimates has been studied. Necessary modifications and extensions to the techniques have been determined based on studies using simulated data with known spectral characteristics. The direct transform method is found to have certain advantages over the correlation method.From the LDV measurements taken in a simulated coal-fired magnetohydrodynamic flow field, major differences in turbulence spectra obtained from the two methods are observed in the region immediately downstream of the combustor where the flow was evidently dominated by (uncorrelated) combustion instabilities. Spectra are reported for three axial positions, and comparisons with classic turbulent pipe flow data are presented.     

雷诺数对湍流特性的影响

主要对近年来关于雷诺数（Ｒｅ）对湍流特性的影响的研究进行了回顾．研究表明除径向偏斜系数和平坦系数分布外,确实存在一个不受Ｒｅ数影响的区域,但对于不同的物理量这一区域的范围是不同的,即使是同一物理量不同研究者的结果亦不尽相同,显示了近壁区流动的复杂性和测量的困难,激光测速技术（ＬＤＶ）由于其具有测量精度高、不干扰流场、空间分辨率细等优点,近年来广泛地应用于对湍流,特别是对湍流近壁区流动特性及Ｒｅ数对湍流统计特性影响等的精细测量,随着ＬＤＶ自身及其它相关测试技术的进一步改进,ＬＤＶ在了解湍流产生机理、能量转换等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用．     

Two component LDV system with dual-differential acousto-optical frequency shift and its applications

This paper describes the main properties of the two component LDV system developed with the dual-differential frequency shift technique. It has the advantages of multiple functions, better SNR and high utilization of information. So it offers as a complete technique and method for measuring 2-D complex flows. By applying this system, 2-D turbulent separated flow measurements have been made in a duct with an asymmetrical sudden expansion and in a wind tunnel flow over a 2-D rib. The Reynolds numbers were at 5900 and 4500 respectively.