低温催化裂解烷烃法制备碳纳米管

低温催化裂解烷烃法制备碳纳米管陈萍，王培峰，林国栋，张鸿斌，蔡启瑞（厦门大学化学系固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室，厦门，３６１００５）关键词碳纳米管，催化裂解，甲烷碳纳米管的制备与研究是国际上新材料领域的探索热点［１］．由于具有纳米级的管径，碳纳米管...     

催化裂解CH4制备不同形貌的碳纳米管

通过甲烷于较低温度(500～700℃)下在镍催化剂上催化裂解制备了各种形貌的碳纳米管.透射电镜测试结果表明,碳纳米管的外径和内径明显地受催化剂的大小和形貌的影响.本文考察了催化剂前驱体的种类、反应温度和原料气流速对镍催化剂和碳纳米管形貌的影响.     

On the Autocatalysis of Methane Pyrolysis

Methane pyrolysis has been performed in a recycled flow system in the temperature range of 1103 to 1220 K to investigate the time profile of product distribution. Hydrogen, ethylene, and benzene are found to be the major products before the soot formation. Similar to the literature reports of studies in conventional flow systems, the rate of methane conversion is slow at the beginning of the decomposition and becomes fast after an incubation period. This increase in the decomposition rate after the incubation period is generally called autocatalysis. The proposed reason for this autocatalysis has been the catalytic effect of the secondary products, i.e., soots and carbon deposits. The present study showed that autocatalysis started before the accumulation of these products, and that decomposition of propylene and other minor but reactive products might be attributed to this autocatalysis effect.     

Mathematical Modeling of the Plasma-Chemical Pyrolysis of Methane

A mathematical model was developed for the plasma-chemical pyrolysis of methane, which includes the latest data on the mechanism and kinetics of chemical processes of hydrocarbon pyrolysis and mixing of methane jets with hydrogen heated in an arc plasma torch. The results of calculations on methane conversion and the synthesis of acetylene and its homologues satisfactorily agree with experimental data over a wide range of parameters of the process. It was shown that the methane conversion is initiated via interaction with atomic hydrogen, acetylene is produced through the dissociation of intermediate products involving radicals, and the consumption of acetylene is due to the synthesis of its homologues involving vinylidenecarbene and methylenecarbene in the ground and excited states.     

Experimental Comparison of Methane Pyrolysis in Thermal Plasma

Methane pyrolysis via thermal plasma was investigated experimentally on a 2 kW DC arc plasma setup in argon atmosphere. Two widely applied methane pyrolysis profiles, i.e., pre-mixing methane and argon before fed into plasma torch, and injecting methane into pure argon plasma jet at torch outlet, were compared. Performances of methane pyrolysis regarding to methane conversion, acetylene selectivity, acetylene specific energy requirement (SER), and plasma stability were concluded. Results showed that pre-mixing methane and argon before fed into plasma torch would be efficient in converting methane and acetylene production, with higher conversion of methane and lower SER to acetylene at a given specific energy. Also, methane in arc zone would cause periodic fluctuations of plasma voltage and power, which could be reduced by controlling methane fraction in feed. On the other hand, when methane was injected into argon plasma jet at torch outlet, the energy efficiency in converting methane and producing acetylene would be lower. And the plasma would barely participate in the reaction other than providing heat, but the erosion of electrode was much slower and slighter. It was also validated that the SER of acetylene was limited by the thermal loss of the setup due to size-effect of reactor.     

The Pyrolysis Property of a Pulsed Plasma of Methane

This study examined the discharge property of methane in a pulsed plasma using single and sequential pulse modes. A pulsed corona discharge occurred, followed by a pulsed spark discharge. An equivalent single channel model (ESC model) for the pulsed plasma of methane was established. The maximum temperature of methane in the discharge channel was estimated. The pyrolysis property of the channel methane was estimated from Senkin simulation and single channel discharge experiment.     

The Catalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane

One of the great challenges in the field of heterogeneous catalysis is the conversion of methane to more useful chemicals and fuels. A chemical of particular importance is ethene, which can be obtained by the oxidative coupling of methane. In this reaction CH₄ is first oxidatively converted into C₂H₆, and then into C₂H₄. The fundamental aspects of the problem involve both a heterogeneous component, which includes the activation of CH₄ on a metal oxide surface, and a homogeneous gas-phase component, which includes free-radical chemistry. Ethane is produced mainly by the coupling of the surface-generated CH radicals in the gas phase. The yield of C₂H₄ and C₂H₆ is limited by secondary reactions of CH radicals with the surface and by the further oxidation of C₂H₄, both on the catalyst surface and in the gas phase. Currently, the best catalysts provide 20% CH₄ conversion with 80% combined C₂H₄ and C₂H₆ selectivity in a single pass through the reactor. Less is known about the nature of the active centers than about the reaction mechanism; however, reactive oxygen ions are apparently required for the activation of CH₄ on certain catalysts. There is spectroscopic evidence for surface O^? or O ions. In addition to the oxidative coupling of CH₄, cross-coupling reactions, such as between methane and toluene to produce styrene, have been investigated. Many of the same catalysts are effective, and the cross-coupling reaction also appears to involve surface-generated radicals. Although a technological process has not been developed, extensive research has resulted in a reasonable understanding of the elementary reactions that occur during the oxidative coupling of methane.     

Pyrolysis of Methane on Resistive MgO/SiC Catalyst

Dynamics of methane pyrolysis on the MgO/SiC catalyst was examined at different temperatures of the resistive catalyst. The conversion of methane on the MgO/SiC catalyst at 1200°C passes through a minimum (29%) by 60th minute, with the selectivity with respect to acetylene steadily increasing during the whole experiment. The scanning microscopy with EDAX analysis demonstrated that the full carbonization of the MgO/ SiC sample at 1200°C also occurs after 60 min of the experiment. It was found that a carbon coating of layered structure is formed on the catalyst surface in the course of the experiment, with C₂ hydrocarbons still present among the pyrolysis products. It was shown that carbon deposits formed on the surface of the MgO/SiC catalyst are catalytically active in the process of acetylene formation.     

SnCuO催化剂上甲烷的催化燃烧性能

 采用双股并流共沉淀法制备了SnCuO系列催化剂，测定了它们对甲烷燃烧反应的催化活性及抗硫中毒性能，并采用XRD，BET，XPS，DTA－TG和FT－IR等技术对催化剂进行了表征．比表面积和活性测试结果表明，SnCuO系列样品的比表面积均大于纯氧化物，其低温催化活性大\r\n大高于纯氧化物．在Sn／Cu原子数比接近1时，其比表面积最大（超过100m2／g）．具有最大比表面积的样品SnCu4和SnCu5的活性最高．进一步测定了SnCu4样品的抗硫中毒性能．结果发现，在500℃下，反应刚开始时甲烷的转化率为98％，随着SO2的不断通入，催化剂的活性逐渐降低，到12h后基本稳定，此时甲烷转化率仅为50％．采用FT－IR和热重分析方法对SnCu4硫中毒的机理进行了研究，发现其中毒原因在于SnCuO系列催化剂中的CuO与SO2反应几乎完全转化为CuSO4，导致催化剂活性降低．     

Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with Methane

The removal of nitrogen oxides from exhaust gases has attracted great attention in recent years, and many approaches have been developed depending on the application. Methane. the main component of natural gas, has great potential as a NO reductant. In this paper, a number of catalysts previous reported for this catalytic reduction of NO have been reviewed, including a direct comparison of the relative activities and effective factors of the catalysts. Reaction mechanisnls have also been explored preliminarily.     

甲烷单加氧酶催化机理的研究进展

甲烷单加氧酶是甲烷营养细菌代谢过程中的重要酶系,同时也是一类能够很好地催化底物分子单加氧反应的生物催化剂,在工业应用、医药和环境治理方面有着广泛的应用前景。文章综述了近年来在甲烷单加氧酶催化机理方面的研究,着重阐述了含非血红素双铁核的结构及活化氧分子和底物的机理。     

Pyrolysis and Oxidation of Methane in a RF Plasma Reactor

The chemical kinetic effects of RF plasma on the pyrolysis and oxidation of methane were studied experimentally and computationally in a laminar flow reactor at 100 Torr and 373 K with and without oxygen addition into He/CH₄ mixtures. The formation of excited species as well as intermediate species and products in the RF plasma reactor was measured with optical emission spectrometer and Gas Chromatography and the data were used to validate the kinetic model. The kinetic analysis was performed to understand the key reaction pathways. The experimental results showed that H₂, C₂ and C₃ hydrocarbon formation was the major pathways for plasma assisted pyrolysis of methane. In contrast, with oxygen addition, C₂ and C₃ formation dramatically decreased, and syngas (H₂ and CO) became the major products. The above results revealed oxygen addition significantly modified the chemistry of plasma assisted fuel pyrolysis in a RF discharge. Moreover, an increase of E/n was found to be more beneficial for the formation of higher hydrocarbons while a small amount of oxygen was presented in a He/CH₄ mixture. A reaction path flux analysis showed that in a RF plasma, the formation of active species such as CH₃, CH₂, CH, H, O and O (¹D) via the electron impact dissociation reactions played a critical role in the subsequent processes of radical chain propagating and products formation. The results showed that the electronically excitation, ionization, and dissociation processes as well as the products formation were selective and strongly dependent on the reduced electric field.     

Microreactor for the Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Methane

Fixed-bed reactors for the partial oxidation of methane to produce synthetic gas still pose hot-spot problems. An alternative reactor, which is known as the shell-and-tube-typed microreactor, has been developed to resolve these problems. The microreactor consists of a 1 cm outside-diameter, 0.8 cm inside-diameter and 11 cm length tube, and a 1.8 cm inside-diameter shell. The tube is made of dense alumina and the shell is made of quartz. Two different methods dip and spray coating were performed to line the tube side with the LaNixOy catalyst. Combustion and reforming reactions take place simultaneously in this reactor. Methane is oxidized in the tube side to produce flue gases (CO2 and H2O) which flow counter-currently and react with the remaining methane in the shell side to yield synthesis gas. The methane conversion using the higher-loading catalyst spray-coated tube reaches 97% at 700℃, whereas that using the lower-loading catalyst dip-coated tube reaches only 7.78% because of poor adhesion between the catalyst film and the alumina support. The turnover frequencies (TOFs) using the catalyst spray-and dip-coated tubes are 5.75×10-5 and 2.24×10-5 mol/gcat·s, respectively. The catalyst spray-coated at 900℃provides better performance than that at 1250℃because sintering reduces the surface-area. The hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio produced by the spray-coated catalyst is greater than the stoichiometric ratio, which is caused by carbon deposition through methane cracking or the Boudouard reaction.     

Pyrolysis Mechanism of Hemicellulose Monosaccharides in Different Catalytic Processes

The pyrolysis behaviors of four different hemicellulose monosaccharides, namely, two pentoses（xylose and arabinose） and two hexoses（mannose and galactose） catalyzed by HZSM-5 were investigated. The effects of two different processes by which the catalyst comes into contact with the substrate, namely, mixed with monosaccha- ride（in-bed） or layered above monosaccharide（in situ）, were compared. Evolution characteristics of typical pyrolytic products（H20, CO2, acids, furans and aromatics） were achieved by thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The in-bed catalytic process significantly lowered the pyrolytic temperature and increased the produc- tion of furans and acids at a low temperature by enhancing dehydration, retro-aldol fragmentation and Grob fragmen- tation. During the in situ catalytic process, volatiles generated from monosaccharides passed through a catalyst bed and underwent further dehydration, decarboxylation, and decarbonylation, significantly lowering the yields of acids and furans. The yield of aromatics was enhanced, and the corresponding volatilization temperature was lowered, es- pecially under the in-bed catalytic conditions. Pentoses entered into the zeolite pores more easily than hexoses did because of their smaller molecular size; thus, the in-bed catalytic process drastically affected pentose pyrolysis.     

松木-聚氯乙烯复合材料催化热解特性的研究

通过热重法研究了松木与聚氯乙烯复合材料的催化热解特性,结果表明聚氯乙烯脱氯阶段与松木的纤维素、半纤维素热分解阶段温度区间重合,二者共热解时存在协同效应,并且HCl的释放对纤维素的脱水反应能够产生催化作用,HCl释放也对木质素的热分解及碳化反应有着明显的催化作用,导致二者共热解制备的碳化物产率提高,约为29.61%。并且利用元素分析仪、扫描电镜和能谱仪对成碳材料进行表征分析,结果表明成碳材料表面粗糙呈现多孔结构,其碳元素含量较高达到74.67%。     

快速热解炭负载Cu-Zn对碱木质素热裂解生成单酚类化合物的催化性能

以具备丰富中孔和大孔结构的快速热解炭(FPC)为载体,采用共浸渍法制备了不同Cu/Zn摩尔比的CuxZny/FPC负载型催化剂.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、高分辨场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)及电子能谱仪(EDX)对催化剂进行了表征,采用热重分析仪(TG)和热解气质联用仪(Py-GC/MS)评价了催化剂对碱木质素热裂解生成单酚类化合物的催化性能.结果表明,催化剂活性组分Cu O和Zn O晶相结构均一,很好地嵌入到FPC中孔和大孔结构中,未发生聚集状态或生成Cu Zn合金;随着Cu或Zn金属负载量的增大,相应的Cu或Zn金属氧化物衍射峰强度逐渐增强,平均晶粒尺寸逐渐增大.热重分析结果表明,催化剂降低了碱木质素热裂解残炭率和反应活化能,提高了热裂解反应效率.热解气质联用分析表明,CuxZny/FPC催化剂大幅度简化了碱木质素热裂解单酚类化合物种类(从23种减少到了10种),Cu0.67Zn0.33/FPC对单酚类化合物表现出最大的选择性(52.99%),与Cu/FPC相比选择性增加49.7%.     

Chemical Kinetics of Methane Pyrolysis in Microwave Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure

Results of chemical kinetics modeling in methane subjected to the microwave plasma at atmospheric pressure are presented in this paper. The reaction mechanism is based on the methane oxidation model without reactions involving nitrogen and oxygen. For the numerical calculations 0D and 1D models were created. 0D model uses Calorimetric Bomb Reactor whereas 1D model is constructed either as Plug Flow Reactor or as a chain of Plug Flow Reactor and Calorimetric Bomb Reactor. Both models explain experimental results and show the most important reactions responsible for the methane conversion and production of H₂, C₂H₂, C₂H₄ and C₂H₆ detected in the experiment. Main conclusion is that the chemical reactions in our experiment proceed by a thermal process and the products can be defined by considering thermodynamic equilibrium. Temperature characterizing the methane pyrolysis is 1,500–2,000 K, but plasma temperature is in the range of 4,000–5,700 K, which means that methane pyrolysis process is occurring outside the plasma region in the swirl gas flowing around the plasma.     

镧系六铝酸盐催化剂制备及甲烷燃烧催化性能表征

采用可控共沉淀法以NH4HCO3和NH4OH组成的缓冲溶液作为沉淀剂制备六铝酸盐,采用BET,XRD,TPR等技术考察了催化剂的物化性能.以甲烷催化燃烧为探针反应,对催化剂进行了催化性能表征,并研究了铈取代对催化性能的影响.结果表明： 采用NH4HCO3和NH4OH缓冲溶液作为沉淀剂使沉淀更均匀,可合成化学均一的六铝酸盐.La系六铝酸盐可在较低焙烧温度1050 ℃形成,稀土离子Ce主要是以高储放氧能力的CeO2相存在,与Mn之间存在协同作用提高了催化活性.当Mn取代度为2时,LaMnxAl12-xO19催化性能最佳,此时具有较高的氧化还原性能.Mn容易进入六铝酸盐晶格,Mn取代的La系六铝酸盐催化剂是很有前途的高温甲烷燃烧催化材料.     

甲烷催化燃烧的新型载体

采用高分子表面修饰法成功地制备了粒度小、分散性好，1000℃高温焙烧后无团聚的新型Ce-Mg-O纳米材料，以其为载体通过浸渍法制备成Feox/Ce-Mg-O催化剂用于甲烷燃烧反应。采用TEM，AFM，XRD，H2-TPR技术对Ce-Mg-O纳米材料的结构、形貌以及还原性能、氧恢复性能进行了表征。结果表明，由于CeO2中引入MgO后形成独特的结构特点和良好的氧性能，采用该纳米材料用于催化剂载体后，有利于提高催化剂对甲烷的氧化活性。在7．0％FeOx／CM催化剂上，甲烷的T90转化温度为560℃。     

甲烷催化氧化制含氧化合物的研究*

本文对甲烷催化氧化制含氧化合物的研究, 从多相催化和液相催化两个方面进行了综述; 对多相催化的研究从催化剂的选择、反应温度、反应压力、氧源、反应添加物、反应器及反应机理等方面进行了总结, 液相氧化的研究则对不同的研究体系进行了详细的综述。