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1.
The kinetics of the “a” and “b” band emissions arising from the 1Σ ← 3Ou and 1Σ ← 3lu transitions of the diatomic mercury molecule at λmax ~ 4850 Å and 3350 Å, respectively, have been studied at low concentrations of mercury in the presence of N2, C2H6, C3H8, and N2O. Rate constant values have been obtained for the following reactions of the excimer molecule: Hg2(3lu) + N2 → Hg2(3Ou) + N2 and Hg2(3Ou) + RH → Hg2(1Σ) + RH, where RH = C2H6 or C3H8. From a consideration of the detailed kinetics of band emissions, it was also possible to derive rate constants for the quenching reactions of Hg(3P0) atoms. These values are in reasonable agreement with those obtained previously from monitoring atom concentrations directly by 4047 Å absorbiometry.  相似文献   

2.
A cohesive zone model is used to study the pull‐off of a rigid flat cylindrical punch of radius c from an elastic layer of thickness h. The adhesion between the punch and the elastic layer is assumed to be sufficiently weak so that pull‐off occurs by the growth of a crack from the edge of contact. Our result shows that the pull‐off stress, when normalized by the interfacial strength σo, depends on a single dimensionless parameter χf = σc(1?v2) g(ξ)/2πEWad, where E and v are the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the elastic layer, respectively, Wad is the work of adhesion, and g(ξ) is a known dimensionless function of ξ ≡ c/h. χf can be viewed as a generalized Tabor parameter. It characterizes the transition from a “brittle” or flaw sensitive failure regime to a “ductile” or flaw insensitive regime. The result in this work is used to generalize Maugis' theory of adhesive contact to the case where the elastic substrate is of finite thickness. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3628–3637, 2005  相似文献   

3.
Summary: An oil‐in‐water high internal phase emulsion consisting of acrylic acid, water, and a crosslinker (N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide) as the water phase, and toluene as the oil phase was successfully stabilised to sustain thermal initiation of radical polymerisation resulting in porous open‐cellular monolithic material. The type of initiator used influenced the average pore size ranging from approx. 708 nm to approx. 1 087 nm, as determined by mercury porosimetry.

Schematic of the preparation of an oil‐in‐water‐type polyHIPE (high internal phase emulsion).  相似文献   


4.
Well‐defined macromolecular brushes with poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) side chains on random copolymer backbones were synthesized by “grafting from” approach based on click chemistry and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. To prepare macromolecular brushes, two linear random copolymers of 2‐(trimethylsilyloxy)ethyl methacrylate (HEMA‐TMS) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) (poly(MMA‐co‐HEMA‐TMS)) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and were subsequently derivated to azide‐containing polymers. Novel alkyne‐terminated RAFT chain transfer agent (CTA) was grafted to polymer backbones by copper‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (azide‐alkyne click chemistry), and macro‐RAFT CTAs were obtained. PNIPAM side chains were prepared by RAFT polymerization. The macromolecular brushes have well‐defined structures, controlled molecular weights, and molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn ≦ 1.23). The RAFT polymerization of NIPAM exhibited pseudo‐first‐order kinetics and a linear molecular weight dependence on monomer conversion, and no detectable termination was observed in the polymerization. The macromolecular brushes can self‐assemble into micelles in aqueous solution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 443–453, 2010  相似文献   

5.
The synthesis and melt rheology of supramolecular poly(isobutylene) polymers bearing statistically distributed hydrogen‐bonding moieties is reported, aiming at understanding the formation of the underlying supramolecular networks for self‐healing polymers. Two different hydrogen bonds were incorporated into a poly(isobutylene) (PIB) copolymer, one based on a (weak) pyridinium/pyridine interaction, the other based on a (stronger) 2,6‐diaminotriazine/thymine interaction. A direct copolymerization based on living cationic polymerization of isobutene and the comonomers 1 , 2 , and 4 in amounts of 1 mol % lead to the copolymers PIB‐ 1 , PIB‐ 2 , and PIB‐ 4 with a content of ~1 mol % of comonomer and molecular weights ranging from ~2000 to 19,000 g mol?1 (Mw/Mn ~ 1.2–1.5). Subsequent azide/alkyne “click” chemistry enabled the attachment of 2,6‐diaminotriazine‐ and thymine‐moieties to yield the copolymers PIB‐ 5 , PIB‐ 6 , and PIB‐ 7 . Proof of the statistical incorporation of ~1 mol % of hydrogen‐bonding moieties was achieved by 1H NMR spectroscopy and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization measurements. The true presence of a supramolecular network in PIB‐ 1 (pyridinium/pyridine interaction) as well as with 1/1 blends of PIBs interacting via the 2,6‐diaminotriazine/thymine interaction (PIB‐ 5 /PIB‐ 6 ) was proven via the increasing plateau modulus with increasing molecular weights (5.5k, 9.9k, 12.4k, 16k, and 19k). Dynamics of the hydrogen bonds in the melt state was investigated by determining the effective cluster lifetime ( τ ) observing a clear difference in the (weaker) pyridinium/pyridine interaction ( τ ~ 1 s) to the 2,6‐ (stronger) diamintriazine/thymine interaction ( τ ~ 100 s). The so‐generated materials will be useful as a basis for self‐healing polymers, as dynamics plays a major role in such polymers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012  相似文献   

6.
7.
The internal functionalization of the Keplerate‐type capsule Mo132 has been carried out by ligand exchange leading to the formation of glutarate and succinate containing species isolated as ammonium or dimethylammonium salts. Solution NMR analysis is consistent with asymmetric inner dicarboxylate ions containing one carboxylato group grafted onto the inner side of the spheroidal inorganic shell while the second hangs toward the center of the cavity. Such a disposition has been confirmed by the single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of the glutarate containing {Mo132} species. A detailed NMR solution study of the ligand‐exchange process allowed determining the binding constant KL of acetate (AcO?), succinate (HSucc?) or glutarate (HGlu?) ligands at the 30 inner coordinating sites, which vary such as K<K<Ksupported by the associated thermodynamic parameters ΔrS* and ΔrH*. Such a variation is mainly explained by a positive entropic gain attenuated by unfavorable steric effect. Furthermore, these results are completed by 1H DOSY and 1H EXSY NMR experiments which are in agreement with bulky guests firmly trapped within the cavity. At last, variable temperature 1H NMR study below 290 K revealed a striking line broadening occurring abruptly within a 5 K range. Such an effect appears closely related to the presence of the ammonium cations suspected to be present within the cavity and then has been interpreted as an inner‐phase transition leading to a frozen state.  相似文献   

8.
The dynamic birefringence and the dynamic viscoelasticity of an oligostyrene, A1000, whose molecular weight (Mw = 1050) was comparable to the Kuhn segment size, MK, were examined near and above the glass‐transition temperature in order to characterize polymeric features of very short chains with MMK. The complex shear modulus, G*(ω), was similar to that for supercooled liquids: No polymeric modes such as the Rouse mode were detected at low frequencies of viscoelastic spectrum. On the other hand, the strain‐optical coefficient was found to be negative in the terminal flow zone and positive in the glassy zone. Because the negative birefringence of polystyrene is originated by polymeric modes associated with chain orientation, the present results indicate that polymeric modes exist and become dominant for birefringence in the terminal flow. The data were analyzed using a modified stress‐optical rule: The modulus and the strain‐optical ratio were separated into polymeric (rubbery) and glassy components. The total modulus, G*(ω), was mostly due to the glassy component, GG*(ω), resulting in the positive birefringence. GG*(ω) for A1000 agreed with that for high M polystyrenes when compared at a comparable reduced frequency scale. The polymeric component, GR*(ω), giving rise to the negative birefringence was lower than GG*(ω) over the whole frequency range but its contribution to the birefringence exceeded that of the glassy component at low frequencies because of the larger optical anisotropy and longer characteristic relaxation time of the former. The limiting modulus of GR* at high frequencies was about 3 times lower than that for high M polystyrenes, indicating that the main‐chain orientation of the oligostyrene on instantaneous deformation was reduced compared with that of high M polystyrenes. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 954–964, 2000  相似文献   

9.
Hetero‐arm star ABC‐type terpolymers, poly(methyl methacrylate)‐polystyrene‐poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PMMA‐PS‐PtBA) and PMMA‐PS‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), were prepared by using “Click” chemistry strategy. For this, first, PMMA‐b‐PS with alkyne functional group at the junction point was obtained from successive atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMP) routes. Furthermore, PtBA obtained from ATRP of tBA and commercially available monohydroxyl PEG were efficiently converted to the azide end‐functionalized polymers. As a second step, the alkyne and azide functional polymers were reacted to give the hetero‐arm star polymers in the presence of CuBr/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine ( PMDETA) in DMF at room temperature for 24 h. The hetero‐arm star polymers were characterized by 1H NMR, GPC, and DSC. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5699–5707, 2006  相似文献   

10.
A general method for the transformation of “living” carbocationic into “living” radical polymerization, without any modification of chain ends, is reported for the preparation of ABA block copolymers. For example, α,ω-difunctional polyisobutene, capped with several units of styrene, Cl-St-PIB-St-Cl, prepared cationically (Mn = 7800, Mw/Mn = 1.31) was used as an efficient difunctional macroinitiator for homogeneous “living” atom transfer radical polymerization to prepare triblock copolymers with styrene, PSt-PIB-PSt (Mn = 28,800, Mw/Mn = 1.14), methyl acrylate, PMA-PIB-PMA (Mn = 31,810, Mw/Mn = 1.42), isobornyl acrylate, PIBA-PIB-PIBA (Mn = 33,500, Mw/Mn = 1.21), and methyl methacrylate, PMMA-PIB-PMMA (Mn = 33,500, Mw/Mn = 1.47). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35 : 3595–3601, 1997  相似文献   

11.
The critical strain εc for crazing of polystyrene in each of a variety of organic liquids has been measured along with the degree of swelling of the polymer by the liquid and the attendant reduction in the glass transition temperature Tg of the polymer. The critical strain for the crazing in air and the Tg of each of a set of specimens molded from mixtures of o-dichlorobenzene and polystyrene have also been determined. Correlations of εc with Tg in the two cases are identical within experimental error for the first 40°C of Tg reduction; these results imply (1) that organic liquids do not exercise a significant surface energy role in solvent crazing and (2) that their only roles are associated with flow processes. Correlation of solvent crazing εc with solubility parameter of the crazing fluid is very poor for several reasons that are discussed.  相似文献   

12.
The scheme of ‘through-space’ and ‘through-bond’ interaction of (semi)localized orbitals, originally proposed by Hoffmann, is reexamined in terms of SCF many-electron treatments. It is shown that the two types of interaction can be characterized by examining the corresponding off-diagonal matrix elements of the Hartree-Fock matrices of the localized or the symmetry adapted localized orbitals and of the partially diagonalized Hartree-Fock matrices referring to ‘precanonical orbitals’. The procedure outlined is applied to three practical examples using the semiempirical many-electron treatments SPINDO, MINDO/2 and CNDO/2:
  • a A reassessment of ‘through-space’ and ‘through-bond’ interaction in norbornadiene indicates, that the latter type of interaction is also of importance for the orbital based mainly on the antisymmetric combination of the localized x-orbitals. The differences in the predictions derived from the three models are critically examined.
  • b The competition between ‘through-space’ and ‘through-bond’ interaction in the series of bicyclic dienes from norbornadiene to bicyclo[4.2.2]-dcca-7,9-diene and in cyclohexa-1,4-diene, i. e. their dependence on the dihedral angle UI is reexamined. It is found that the rationalization for the orbital crossing near ω = 130° deduccd from PE. spectroscopic data can not be as simple as originally suggested and that the relay’ orbitals responsible for ‘through-bond interaction affecting both the symmetric and the antisymmetric combination of the π-orbitals extend over the whole CC-σ-system of the six membered ring.
  • c ‘Through-bond’ interaction of the two lone pair orbitals in 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane is found to be large for their symmetric and the antisymmetric linear combination.
The analysis quoted, draws attention to some of the dangers involved in using semiempirical treatments for the interpretation of PE. data in terms of Koopmans′ theorem, without due caution.  相似文献   

13.
As the host possessing the largest cavity in the cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) family, CB[10] has previously displayed unusual recognition and assembly properties with guests but much remains to be explored. Herein, we present the recognition properties of CB[10] toward a series of bipyridinium guests including the tetracationic cyclophane known as blue box along with electron‐rich guests and detail the influence of encapsulation on the charge‐transfer interactions between guests. For the mono‐bipyridinium guest (methylviologen, MV 2+), CB[10] not only forms 1:1 and 1:2 inclusion complexes, but also enhances the charge‐transfer interactions between methylviologen and dihydroxynaphthalene ( HN ) by mainly forming the 1:2:1 packed “sandwich” complex (CB[10] ? 2 MV 2+ ?HN ). For guest 1 with two bipyridinium units, an interesting conformational switching from linear to “U” shape is observed by adding catechol to the solution of CB[10] and the guest. For the tetracationic cyclophane‐blue box, CB[10] forms a stable 1:1 inclusion complex; the two bipyridinium units tilt inside the cavity of CB[10] according to the X‐ray crystal structure. Finally, a supramolecular “Russian doll” was built up by threading a guest through the cavities of both blue box and CB[10].  相似文献   

14.
A combination of nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization and living anionic polymerization was used to synthesize a series of well‐defined graft (co)polymers with “V‐shaped” and “Y‐shaped” branches. The polymer main chain is a copolymer of styrene and p‐chloromethylstyrene (PS‐co‐PCMS) prepared via nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization. The V‐shaped branches were prepared through coupling reaction of polystyrene macromonomer, carrying 1,1‐diphenylethylene terminus, with polystyryllithium or polyisoprenyllithium. The Y‐shaped branches were prepared throughfurther polymerization initiated by the V‐shaped anions. The obtained branches, carrying a living anion at the middle (V‐shaped) or at the end of the third segment (Y‐shaped), were coupled in situ with pendent benzyl chloride of PS‐co‐PCMS to form the target graft (co)polymers. The purified graft (co)polymers were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography equipped with a multiangle light scattering detector and a viscometer. The result shows that the viscosities and radii of gyration of the branched polymers are remarkably smaller than those of linear polystyrene. In addition, V‐shaped product adopts a more compact conformation in dilute solution than the Y‐shaped analogy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4013–4025, 2007  相似文献   

15.
Side‐chain pyrene functional poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was synthesized by using “click chemistry” strategy. First, partial tosylation of PVA with p‐toluene sulfonyl chloride were performed. The resulting PVA‐Ts polymer was then quantitatively converted into poly(vinyl alcohol)‐azide (PVA‐N3) in the presence of NaN3/DMF at 60 °C. Propargyl pyrene was prepared independently as a photoactive click component. Finally, azido functionalized PVA was coupled to propargyl pyrene with high efficiency by click chemistry. Incorporation of pyrene functionality in the resulting polymer was confirmed by spectral analysis. It is also shown that pyrene functionalized PVA (PVA‐Py) exhibited characteristic fluorescence properties and improved solubility in highly polar solvents such as water, DMSO, and DMF as well as less polar solvent such as THF compared with pristine PVA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1317–1326, 2009  相似文献   

16.
Heterotelechelic polystyrene (PS), poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PtBA), and poly (methyl acrylate) (PMA), containing both azide and triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) protected acetylene end groups, were prepared in good control (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.24) by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The end groups were independently applied in two successive “click” reactions, that is: first the azide termini were functionalized and, after deprotection, the acetylene moieties were utilized for a second conjugation step. As a proof of concept, PS was consecutively functionalized with propargyl alcohol and azidoacetic acid, as confirmed by MALDI‐ToF MS. In addition, the same methodology was employed to modularly build up an ABC type triblock terpolymer. Size exclusion chromatography measurements demonstrated first coupling of PtBA to PS and, after the deprotection of the acetylene functionality on PS, connection of PMA, yielding a PMA‐b‐PS‐b‐PtBA triblock terpolymer. The reactions were driven to completion using a slight excess of azide functionalized polymers. Reduction of the residual azide groups into amines allowed easy removal of this excess of polymer by column chromatography. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2913–2924, 2007  相似文献   

17.
A method was developed for the synthesis of arborescent polystyrene by “click” coupling. Acetylene functionalities were introduced on linear polystyrene (Mn = 5300 g/mol, Mw/Mn = 1.05) by acetylation and reaction with potassium hydroxide, 18‐crown‐6 and propargyl bromide in toluene. Polymerization of styrene with 6‐tert‐butyldimethylsiloxyhexyllithium yielded polystyrene (Mn = 5200 g/mol, Mw/Mn = 1.09) with a protected hydroxyl chain end. Deprotection, followed by conversions to tosyl and azide functionalities, provided the side chain material. Coupling with CuBr and N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine proceeded in up to 94% yield. Repetition of the grafting cycles led to well‐defined (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.1) polymers of generations G1 and G2 in 84% and 60% yield, respectively, with Mn and branching functionalities reaching 2.8 × 106 g/mol and 460, respectively, for the G2 polymer. Coupling longer (Mn = 45,000 g/mol) side chains with acetylene‐functionalized substrates was also examined. For a linear substrate, a G0 polymer with Mn = 4.6 × 105 g/mol and Mw/Mn = 1.10 was obtained in 87% yield; coupling with the G0 (Mn = 52,000 g/mol) substrate produced a G1 polymer (Mn = 1.4×106 g/mol, Mw/Mn = 1.38) in 28% yield. The complementary approach using azide‐functionalized substrates and acetylene‐terminated side chains was also investigated, but proceeded in lower yield. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1730–1740  相似文献   

18.
In this work, we describe the “in situ” synthesis of “all‐acrylic” copolymer (n‐butyl acrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate)/clay materials at different low contents of raw and modified Montmorillonite (1–4 wt % versus monomer). The cationic 2,2′ azobis‐(amidinopropane)dihydrochloride initiator was used to modified the clay by cation exchange in combination with the Ntert‐butyl‐N‐[1‐diethylphosphono‐(2,2‐dimethylpropyl)] (SG1) nitroxide to synthesize the polymer/clay nanocomposite via nitroxide mediated controlled radical polymerization. All synthesized materials are characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, size exclusion chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. The thermo‐mechanical properties of the synthesized materials are also reported. The results show that a decrease in molar masses and/or slight changes in molar compositions of poly (n‐butyl acrylate‐ co‐methyl methacrylate)/clay systems can be balanced by clay loading in polymer matrix, and consequently compensated or masked clay effects on physical properties of obtained materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012  相似文献   

19.
Kinetic and spectrophotometric measurements made during the Fe3+ ion catalyzed decomposition of H2O2 have been analyzed using the computer simulation method. Improved values of the rate constants of the “complex scheme” and of the molar absorptivities ofthe intermediates were obtained: k3/KM = 4.94 M?1 min?1, k4 = 193 M?1 min?1, εI/KM = 52.3 M?2 cm?1, εII = 25.7 M?1 cm?1. The simulation revealed details of the reaction which were unavailable by other means and which explained several features of its kinetics. The total amount of O2 evolved in the reaction using [H2O2] ~ 10?2 M has been calculated and found to be nearly stoichiometric. O2 evolution experiments in this region cannot, thus, distinguish between the “complex mechanism” predicting nearly stoichiometric evolution of O2 and the “free radical mechanism” predicting exactly stoichiometricamounts of O2. There are discrepancies within the “free radical scheme” with regard to the correct values of the rate constants to fit the reactions of H2O2 both with Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, as well as other reactions assumed to proceed via free radicals.  相似文献   

20.
A novel method for preparation the comb‐like copolymers with amphihilic poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(styrene) (PEO‐b‐PS) graft chains by “graft from” and “graft onto” strategies were reported. The ring‐opening copolymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) and ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether (EEGE) was carried out first using α‐methoxyl‐ω‐hydroxyl‐poly(ethylene oxide) (mPEO) and diphenylmethyl potassium (DPMK) as coinitiation system, then the EEGE units on resulting linear copolymer mPEO‐b‐Poly(EO‐co‐EEGE) were hydrolyzed and the recovered hydroxyl groups were reacted with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide. The obtained macroinitiator mPEO‐b‐Poly(EO‐co‐BiBGE) can initiate the polymerization of styrene by ATRP via the “Graft from” strategy, and the comb‐like copolymers mPEO‐b‐[Poly(EO‐co‐Gly)‐g‐PS] were obtained. Afterwards, the TEMPO‐PEO was prepared by ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of EO initiated by 4‐hydroxyl‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl piperdinyl‐oxy (HTEMPO) and DPMK, and then coupled with mPEO‐b‐[Poly(EO‐co‐Gly)‐g‐PS] by atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling reaction in the presence of cuprous bromide (CuBr)/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) via “Graft onto” method. The comb‐like block copolymers mPEO‐b‐[Poly(EO‐co‐Gly)‐g‐(PS‐b‐PEO)] were obtained with high efficiency (≥90%). The final product and intermediates were characterized in detail. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1930–1938, 2009  相似文献   

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