A green and convenient protocol for the synthesis of diarylmethanes via a one-pot,three-component reaction catalyzed by a novel silica tungstic acid (STA) under solvent-free conditions

A cost-effective and eco-friendly synthesis of diarylmethanes derivatives has been developed through the Mannich type Friedel–Crafts addition reaction of tertiary aromatic amine formaldehydes with β-naphthol/indole using silica-supported tungstic acid (STA) as a recyclable heterogeneous acid catalyst in solvent-free condition. Here, we proposed two schemes using the same catalyst. The effects of different solvents have been studied and a comparison of silica-supported tungstic acid with different acid catalysts has also been made.     

Carbon Dioxide to Methanol: The Aqueous Catalytic Way at Room Temperature

Carbon dioxide may constitute a source of chemicals and fuels if efficient and renewable processes are developed that directly utilize it as feedstock. Two of its reduction products are formic acid and methanol, which have also been proposed as liquid organic chemical carriers in sustainable hydrogen storage. Here we report that both the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formic acid and the disproportionation of formic acid into methanol can be realized at ambient temperature and in aqueous, acidic solution, with an iridium catalyst. The formic acid yield is maximized in water without additives, while acidification results in complete (98 %) and selective (96 %) formic acid disproportionation into methanol. These promising features in combination with the low reaction temperatures and the absence of organic solvents and additives are relevant for a sustainable hydrogen/methanol economy.     

Copolymerization of carbon dioxide with propyleneimine

Carbon dioxide and propyleneimine were allowed to copolymerize without using any catalyst to give a polyurethane with a carbon dioxide content of 10–35 mole-%. The polymer yield, the specific viscosity, and the content of carbon dioxide in the copolymer increased with increasing polymerization temperature. The infrared spectrum of the copolymer showed the characteristic peak assignable to a cyclic urethane(4-methyl-oxazolidone-2) at 1750 cm^?1 as well as the peak characteristic of the urethane linkage at 1700 cm^?1. The relative intensity ratio of the former absorption to the latter decreased markedly with increasing polymerization temperature. Propyleneimine did not polymerize at all in the absence of carbon dioxide. Polymerizations were also carried out with the use of various solvents. On the basis of these results, a probable reaction scheme of the copolymerization was proposed.     

Interplay of structure and reactivity in a most unusual furan Diels-Alder reaction

Difluorinated alkenoate ethyl 3,3-difluoro-2-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyloxy)-2-propenoate reacts rapidly and in high yield with furan and a range of substituted furans in the presence of a tin(IV) catalyst. Non-fluorinated congener 2-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyloxy)-2-propenoate fails to react at all under the same conditions. These reactions have been explored using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. They reveal a highly polar transition state, which is stabilized by the Lewis acid catalyst SnCl(4) and by polar solvents. In the presence of both catalyst and solvent, a two-step reaction is predicted, corresponding to the stepwise formation of the two new carbon-carbon bonds via transition states which have similar energies in all cases. Our experimental observations of the lack of reaction of the non-fluorinated dienophile, the stereochemical outcomes, and the rate acceleration accompanying furan methylation are all well predicted by our calculations. The calculated free energy barriers generally correlate well with measured reaction rates, supporting a reaction mechanism in which zwitterionic character is developed strongly. An in situ ring opening reaction of exo-cycloadduct ethyl exo-2-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyloxy)-3,3-difluoro-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-enyl-2-endo-carboxylate, which results in the formation of cyclic carbonate ethyl 4,4-difluoro-5-hydroxy-2-oxo-5,7a-dihydro-4H-benzo[1,3]dioxole-3a-carboxylate by a Curtin-Hammett mechanism, has also been examined. Substantial steric opposition to Lewis acid binding prevents carbonate formation from 2-substituted furans.     

界面缩聚法制备间苯二甲酰双酚酸酯聚芳酯

以四丁基氯化铵为相转移催化剂,双酚酸甲酯或双酚酸乙酯与间苯二甲酰氯界面缩聚,合成得到了侧链含酯基的聚芳酯.在吡啶、三乙胺、碳酸氢钠、氢氧化钠中选择合适的催化剂,既可以发生聚合反应又不会使双酚酸酯的酯基发生水解.聚合反应在7种溶剂中进行,通过探讨聚合反应机理以解释溶剂对聚合反应产率以及聚合物特性黏数的影响.以二氯甲烷为溶剂,在优化的聚合条件下较高产率地得到了高特性黏数的聚合物.DSC及TGA分析表明,间苯二甲酰双酚酸酯类聚芳酯具有比间苯二甲酰双酚酸好的热稳定性,热分解温度可从200℃提高到300℃.     

Mn/ZSM-5 participation in the degradation of cellulose under phosphoric acid media

The degradation reactions of cellulose under a combination of heterogeneous Fenton-like reagent with catalyst Mn/ZSM-5 and phosphoric acid media have been investigated. Phosphoric acid solution was selected as the reactive medium for the degradation of cellulose due to its good ability to destroy inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bond so as to promote cellulose activation. The Fenton-like system, composing of H₂O₂ and Mn/ZSM-5 in combination with phosphoric acid, can effectively depolymerize cellulose to soluble sugars and partly degraded cellulose with much lower degree of polymerization. Small molecular products, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and levulinic acid were extracted from the reaction solution. The performance of the catalyst Mn/ZSM-5 and the effect of reaction factors on the molar yield of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural were investigated. A three-step degradation scheme reflecting the main pathways of cellulose degradation in the reaction is proposed.     

Synthesis of ϵ‐Caprolactam from Cyclohexanone Oxime Using Zeolites Hβ, HZSM‐5, and Alumina Pillared Montmorillonite

The Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime (CHO) to ?‐caprolactam (?‐C) was studied in a plug flow reactor at 300–400°C under atmospheric pressure by using Hβ, ZSM‐5, and alumina pillared montmorillonite. With Hβ(X) Y zeolites, raising the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio (X) results in the enhancement of catalyst acid strength with concomitant decrease of the total acid amount. In creasing the calcination temperature (Y) causes remarkable diminution of catalyst surface area, acid strength, and acid amount. A similar trend was found for AlPMY catalysts. In there action of CHO, the initial catalytic activity correlates well with the total acid amount of various catalysts except for Hβ(10) Y (Y > 600°C). The reaction proceeds on both Brönsted and Lewis acid sites and the catalyst deactivation most likely occurs at the strong Brönsted acid sites. The effect of solvents in the feed on the catalytic results was also investigated; it was found that polar solvents such as ethanol or n‐butanol give high ?‐C yield and longer catalyst life time. In the reaction of CHO/C₂H₅OH over Hβ(10)800 at 400°C and W/F 74.6 gh/mol, the CHO conversion and ?‐C yield remain 100% and 92%, respectively, for at least 20 h time‐on‐stream. The reaction paths and the mechanism for ?‐C formation are proposed.     

高分子铑配合物（PYBRh）催化甲醇羰基化为乙酸和乙酸酐的动力学研究

采用２－乙烯吡啶－丁烯酮共聚物为配体，与四羰基二氯二铑形成顺二羰基铑（Ｉ）配合物（ＰＹＢＲｈ），用于催化甲醇羰基化制备乙酸和乙酸酐的反应动力学研究。结果表明，其对反应物甲醇和一氧化碳均为零级反应，在一定范围内，对高分子铑催化剂及助催化剂碘甲烷均为一级反应，极性溶剂的加入可以提高甲醇羰基化速度。通过实验结果计算了其反应活化能，活化熵和热焓研究证明其反应机理与小分子铑催化剂相似。     

KINETIC STUDY OF CARBONYLATION OF METHANOL TO ACETIC ACID AND ACETIC ANHYDRIDE OVER A NOVEL COPOLYMER-BOUND CIS-DICARBONYLRHODIUM COMPLEX

The kinetic study of carbonylation of methanol-acetic acid mixture to acetic acid and acetic anhydride over a cis-dicarbonylrhodium complex (MVM' Rh) coordinated with the ethylene diacrylate (M') crosslinked copolymer of methyl acrylate (M) and 2-vinylpyddine (V)shows that the rate of reaction is zero order with respect to both reactants methanol and carbon monoxide, but first order in the concentrations of promoter methyl iodide and rhodium in the complex. Polar solvents can accelerate the reaction. Activation parameters were calculated from the experimental results, being comparable to that of the homogeneous system. A mechanism similar to that of soluble rhodium catalyst was proposed.     

Quantitative Evaluation of the Influence of Physicochemical Properties of Solvents on the Kinetics of Formation of Phosphorus-Containing Semicarbazides

The kinetics of the reaction of diphenylphosphinic acid hydrazide with phenyl isocyanate in various solvents at 25°C was studied. The results can be quantitatively correlated with the physicochemical characteristics of solvents using the four-parameter Koppel-Palm equation. This relationship allows quantitative analysis of the solvation effects. The decisive influence on the reaction rate is exerted by the basicity and polarity of solvents. The reaction mechanism is discussed, and the possible scheme of solvation is suggested.     

奎宁修饰型Pt/Al2O3催化丙酮酸乙酯不对称加氢反应：乙酸溶剂与甲苯溶剂的比较

采用奎宁修饰型Pt/Al_2O_3作为加氢催化剂在常温常压下比较了乙酸和甲苯溶剂中丙酮酸乙酯的不对称加氢与一般的加氢反应的反应结果;研究了反应对映选择性与底物转化率的关系、丙酮酸乙酯用量对产物对映选择性的影响、三乙胺的作用以及乙酸-甲苯混合溶剂的使用. 实验结果表明, 乙酸作为反应溶剂的性能优于甲苯且溶剂化作用强于甲苯;两种溶剂中的不对称加氢反应均存在初始过渡期, 以乙酸为溶剂时, 催化反应速度较快;在乙酸溶剂中底物用量对产物对映纯度影响不大, 在甲苯溶剂中底物用量具有最佳值;在乙酸溶剂中加入三乙胺能显著提高反应的对映异构体选择性而在甲苯溶剂中则没有促进作用.     

Synthesis of isocoumarins via Pd/C-mediated reactions of o-iodobenzoic acid with terminal alkynes

The coupling reaction of o-iodobenzoic acid with terminal alkynes by using a catalyst system of 10% Pd/C-Et3N-CuI-PPh3 has been studied in a variety of solvents. 3-Substituted isocoumarins were formed in good yields and with good regioselectivity when the reaction was performed in EtOH.     

Eco-friendly synthesis of 2-aryl-1-arylmethyl-1H-benzimidazoles using alumina-sulfuric acid as a heterogeneous reusable catalyst

A cost-effective and eco-friendly synthesis of 2-aryl-1-arylmethyl-1H-benzimidazoles has been developed through the condensation of different aldehydes with o-phenylenediamine using alumina-sulfuric acid as a recyclable heterogeneous solid acid catalyst. Morphological properties of the catalyst have been investigated. Effect of different solvents and comparison of alumina-sulfuric acid with different acid catalysts have also been studied. A plausible mechanistic pathway has been proposed on the basis of the isotope labelling experiments where catalytic behaviour of alumina-sulfuric acid has been explained.     

N-杂环卡宾催化下对硝基苯甲醛的氧化酯化

以空气为氧化剂,研究了在N- 杂环卡宾催化下,对硝基苯甲醛与9种醇的氧化酯化反应。 考察了不同卡宾前体、卡宾前体的用量以及溶剂对收率和反应速率的影响。 结果表明,当以对硝基苯甲醛摩尔分数10%的溴化3-乙基-4-甲基-5-羟乙基噻唑鎓盐为催化剂,过量的原料醇为溶剂时,可以有效地催化氧化对硝基苯甲醛进行酯化反应,收率为36%~64%,但当使用与对硝基苯甲醛等摩尔比的醇时,收率仅为9%~29%。     

N-杂环卡宾催化对硝基苯甲醛的氧化酯化

以空气为氧化剂,研究了在N-杂环卡宾催化下,对硝基苯甲醛与9种醇的氧化酯化反应。考察了不同卡宾前体、卡宾前体的用量以及溶剂对收率和反应速率的影响。结果表明,当以对硝基苯甲醛摩尔分数10%的溴化3-乙基-4-甲基-5-羟乙基噻唑鎓盐为催化剂,过量的原料醇为溶剂时,可以有效地催化氧化对硝基苯甲醛进行酯化反应,收率为36%~64%,但当使用与对硝基苯甲醛等摩尔比的醇时,收率仅为9%~29%。     

稀土氯化物催化丙烯直接环氧化反应研究

以氯化稀土为催化剂,以锌粉为还原剂,对不同羧酸和溶剂条件下的丙烯直接用氧气环氧化进行了研究,并对它的催化反应机理进行了初步探讨,实验结果表明,氯化稀土中有EuCl3对丙烯直接环氧化起催化作用,并且要在锌粉和羧酸共同存在下才有效,所用羧酸中丙酸的效果最佳,使用有机溶剂比不用溶剂效果更好,但不能用碱性物质作为反应体系的溶剂。反应气压力越高越有利于 环氧丙烷（PO）的生成,但反应温度不宜过高,在EuCl3、锌粉、羧酸催化体系中,EuCl3起电子传递的桥梁作用,锌粉提供电子,羧酸提供质子,推测的反应机理与实验结果吻合。     

SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2超强酸催化合成邻苯二甲酸二辛酯初探

初步探索了SO42-／ZrO2超强酸作为合成邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（DOP）催化剂的催化性能．详细考察了反应温度、催化剂用量和反应时间对邻苯二甲酸酐转化率的影响．结果表明，反应温度低于428K时，温度的升高显著增加邻苯二甲酸酐的转化率，反应温度高于428K时，温度的升高对转化率的影响较小；催化剂用量为邻苯二甲酸酐的3％时，邻苯二甲酸酐的转化率即可达到93．6％，表明SO42-／ZrO2超强酸催化剂具有很高的催化活性；催化剂使用20小时后，转化率由958％下降到86．5％，表明初步制得的催化剂稳定性还较差；用SO42-／ZrO2超强酸催化剂会成的DOP为无色透明油状液体。其品质明显优于用对甲苯磺酸或液体改作催化剂时的产品。     

Acid-Catalyzed Liquefaction of Bagasse in the Presence of Polyhydric Alcohol

Bagasse was subjected to a liquefaction process with polyethylene glycol/glycerol using sulfuric acid as catalyst. The effects of various liquefaction conditions, such as reaction time, liquefaction temperature, catalyst content, and liquid ratio (liquefaction solvents/bagasse), on the liquefied residue (LR) content and hydroxyl and acid numbers of liquefied products were investigated. The preferred liquefaction condition of bagasse was determined through orthogonal experiments. The results showed that the catalyst content and reaction time have a greater influence than liquid ratio and liquefaction temperature on the percentage of LR. The hydroxyl and acid numbers of the liquefied products were influenced by many factors, including liquefaction temperature, reaction time, acid content, and liquid ratio. The hydroxyl number of liquefied products decreased as the liquefaction reaction progressed, but the acid number of liquefied products increased. Based on the obtained data, the kinetics for liquefaction was modeled using the first-order reaction rate law and the apparent activation energy for the liquefaction of bagasse was estimated to be 38.30 kJ mol^?1.     

A DFT study on secondary reaction pathways in the acid-catalysed Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in aprotic solvent

In recent studies regarding acid-catalysed Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in aprotic solvents it has been observed that a quite surprising hydrolysis of the starting material, i.e., cyclohexanone oxime, occurs even if the experimental conditions and the water concentration in the reaction mixture can not justify such a side-reaction. Being this apparent hydrolysis critical for catalyst selectivity and poisoning, a computational DFT study on a possible secondary reaction pathway, involving a bi-molecular reaction between two cyclohexanone oxime molecules in acid media as the primary step, is here reported to explain the experimental results.     

Polyesterification reactions of adipic acid-based polyesters

A series of studies of uncatalyzed and catalyzed polyesterification experiments have been investigated using different glycols at different temperatures. The experimental results for uncatalyzed reactions agreed quite well with the kinetic equation as proposed by P. J. Flory. However, Flory proposed a second-order reaction for an externally added strong acid as a catalyst. In contrast to Flory's theory, a mixed mechanism, based on a combination of carboxylic acid groups from the raw material and an external organotin catalyst, was proposed for the catalyzed reaction. In this article, the reaction rate of catalyzed and uncatalyzed polyesterifications using different glycols was compared, and the effect of different temperatures and catalyst levels was also discussed. The reaction rate constant decreases in the following order for both catalyzed and uncatalyzed polyesterification: 1,6-HD > 1,4-BD > NPG > DEG > EG ? PG. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.