Studies Related to Biological Detoxification of Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent. III. The Biodegradation of Abietic Acid with Mortierella isabellina

A study relating to the biological detoxification of resin acids is described. Abietic acid was transformed into a number of non-toxic hydroxylated derivatives by Mortierella isabellina. The biotransformation products have been identified and shown to be less toxic than abietic acid.     

Studies Related to Biological Detoxification of Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent. VI. The Biodegradation of 12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acid with mortierella isabellina

A detailed study of the biodegradation of one of the fish toxic chlorinated resin acids, 12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acid

1 The correct IUPAC-name is 12,14-dichloro-8,9,11,12-tetradehydro-7,8-dihydroabietic acid.

( 3 ) is presented. When exposed to the fungus Mortierella isabellina, 3 is converted into a number of hydroxylated and keto derivatives which show low levels of toxicity to fish. These metabolites were isolated and characterized.     

Structural Characterisation of the Coloured Organic Matter from an Eucalyptus Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent

Abstract

XAD-8 and XAD-4 resins in tandem were used to isolate and fractionate the coloured organic matter from an eucalyptus bleached Kraft pulp mill effluent which is discharged into river Vouga (Portugal) near the lagoon that exists in its terminal part. The composition of the isolated organic matter was investigated by FTIR and CPMAS-¹³C-NMR and compared to that of humic matter isolated before from the same river at a non-polluted site and a site very contaminated with the effluent of a sulphite pulp mill. The results put into evidence that the organic matter from both kinds of effluent is more aromatic and contains more lignin derived structural units than the humic matter from the unpolluted site. However, the organic matter from the sulphite pulp mill effluent is more soluble due to its content of sulphonic functional groups.     

Studies related to biological detoxification of kraft pulp mill effluent. VII. The biotransformation of 12-chlorodehydroabietic acid with mortierella isabellina

A detailed study of the biodegradation of one of the fish-toxic chlorinated resin acids, 12-chlorodehydroabietic acid (3) , is discussed. When 3 is exposed to the fungus Mortierella isabellina, it is converted into the monohydroxylated metabolites 2α-hydroxy-12-chlorodehydroabietic acid (5) and 16-hydroxy-12-chlorodehydroabietic acid (8) after short-term (26 h) incubation, and into the 2α, 16-dihydroxy derivatives 11 and 14 after 96 h incubation. These metabolites show low levels of toxicity to fish.     

Studies on Agarofurans IV. The Synthesis of 4-Substitutioned Agarofurans

A new synthetic route for α-agarofuran(1b) is described. Several agarofuran derivatives were synthesized in similar way. Derivative 1d was also synthesized in a novel way, in which the substitution at C-4 was performed quantitatively. An ideal condition for cyclization of diol 7 to agarofuran (1) was found.     

分子内1,3-偶极环加成反应的研究

近几年来,人们对于1,3-偶极环加成反应的理论研究及其在合成上的应用已给予广泛的兴趣和重视。我们曾详细地研究了4-取代苯基(N-4-戊烯基)硝酮的热化学反应性能和其区域选择性以及呋哺偶极体系的热和光化学反应。本文进一步探讨了取代基效应对环加成反应的影响,利用色谱法定量地研究了取代基的电子效应与区域选择性间的关系,并对肉桂醛肟的构型及有关的反应作了研究。     

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 14-Alkoxymorphinans. Part 9. 14-O-ethyl-5-methylnaltrexone,and opioid antagonist with unusual selectivity

14O-Ethyl-5m-ethylnaloxone ( 7 ) and 14O-ethyl-5-methylnaltrexone ( 8 ) have been prepared starting from 14O-ethyl-5-methyloxycodone ( 9 ) in several steps. Both, 7 and 8 , were found to be opioid antagonists in vitro and in vivo. Compound 7 exhibited some selectivity for μ opioid receptors, whereas compound 8 did not show selectivity for any of the receptor types. In the AcOH-writhing antagonism test, 8 was not able to antagonize morphine-induced antinociception, but antagonized fentanyl- and sufentanil-induced antinociception.     

Studies with inorganic precipitate membranes. IV. Evaluation of apparent fixed charge on membranes

Membrane potentials arising across four parchment-supported ferrocyanide membranes of manganese, cobalt, silver, and cadmium when they separate 1:1 electrolyte solutions of concentration C₁ and C₂ such that C₁ = 10C₂, have been measured. The data have been used according to the procedure prescribed by one of the theories of membrane potential due to Teorell and Meyers and Sievers to derive values for the quantity of charge present on the membranes. An alternative procedure employed by Altug and Hair has been considered and found to overestimate the value for the charge on the membranes.     

Studies on pyrazines. 14 The syntheses of 2,5-dihydroxypyrazines and their derivatives

Reaction of phenylglycinamide ( 1c ) with ethyl benzoylformate ( 2c ) in the presence of refluxing ethanolic sodium ethoxide gave 2,5-dihydroxy-3,6-diphenylpyrazine ( 3i ) in 19% yield. This synthetic method, however, was limited to the preparation of 3i . On the other hand, α-aminoamides 1 condensed with α-ketoesters 2 to give the intermediates 5 , which were also prepared by condensation of 1 with α-ketalesters 6 , followed by hydrolysis of the ketal moeity. Cyclization of 5 with refluxing methanolic sodium methoxide gave only disubstituted 2,5-dihydroxypyrazines 3 . Acetylation of 5 with refluxing acetic anhydride/acetic acid led to direct formation of 2,5-diacetoxypyrazines 9 . Similarly, compounds 5 could be converted into 2,5-dichloropyrazines 4 .     

Palladium Complexes with Aminophosphonates. K2PdC14 Coordination to Aminophosphonic Acid Analogues of Aspartic and Glutamic Acids

Abstract

²¹P and ¹⁹C NMR spectroscopy is applied to study the reaction of the K₂PdCl₄ with 3-amino-3-phosphono- -propionic acid(α-PAsp), 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid(β-Pasp). 4-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid(α-PGlut) and 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid(γ-PGlut) in a wide PH range.     

Ocimum campechianum Mill. from Amazonian Ecuador: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Extracts and Their Main Constituents (Eugenol and Rosmarinic Acid)

The essential oil (EO), the methanolic (MeOH), and the 70% ethanolic (70% EtOH) extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Ocimum campechianum Mill. (Ecuador) were chemically characterized through gas-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array-mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS) and studied for their in vitro biological activity. The radical scavenger activity, performed by spectrophotometric 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, highlighted significant IC₅₀ values for the EO, extracts and their main constituents (eugenol and rosmarinic acid). EO (and eugenol) showed noteworthy activity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and a moderate effect against clinical Candida strains, with possible synergism in association to fluconazole against the latter microorganisms. The extracts and pure molecules exhibited weak cytotoxic activity against the HaCat cell line and no mutagenicity against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains, giving indication of safety. Instead, EO showed a weak activity against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549). The above-mentioned evidence leads us to suggest a potential use of the crude drug, extracts, and EO in cosmetic formulation and food supplements as antioxidant agents. In addition, EO may also have a possible application in plant protection and anti-Candida formulations.     

二正丁基锡水杨醛缩对氨基苯甲酸酯配合物的合成、表征及结构研究

The title complex {[ⁿBu₂Sn(2-OHC₆H₄CH=NC₆H₄COO)]₂O}₂·2H₂O was synthesized by the reaction of N-(4-carboxyphenyl)-salicylideneimine with dibutyltin(IV) oxide in 1∶1 molar ratio. The compound has been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H NMR spectra and X-ray single crystal diffraction. It crystallizes in triclinic system with space group P1. The crystal data are: a=1.242 9(2) nm, b=1.261 3(2) nm, c=1.594 9(3) nm, α=102.06(2)°, β=92.884(3)°, γ=95.939(3)°, Z=2, D_c=1.342 g·cm^-3, F(000)=1 000, V=2.425 2(7) nm³, R₁=0.041 5, wR₂=0.104 4. The compound is in centro-symmetric dimer structure mode with a four-member central endo-cyclic Sn₂O₂ unit in which the bridging oxygen atoms are tri-coordinated. All the tin atoms are five-coordinated with geometry of distorted trigonal bipyramid. CCDC:286105.     

引发乙醛硝酸氧化合成乙二醛反应的研究

乙醛硝酸氧化合成乙二醛的反应需要引发才能发生，考察了不加引发剂和以ＮａＮＯ２、活性炭，ＳｅＯ２等为引发剂的反应情况和结果，并进行了添加金属离子以提高乙二醛选择的试验。     

Complexation and Thermal Studies of Uric Acid with Some Divalent and Trivalent Metal Ions of Biological Interest in the Solid State

Nine new [metal uric acid] complexes [M(Ua) n ]°·XH 2 O have been synthesized. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetic susceptibility ( w eff. ), FTIR spectra, thermal analysis (TG & DTA), and electronic spectra (UV/visible). Uric acid (HUa) coordinates as a bidentate ligand to Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Al(III), Cr(III) and Fe(III) through the protonated N-7 within the imidazole ring and O-6 within the pyrimidine ring. Uric acid forms neutral metal urate complexes with all the above metal ions. The quantitative compositions were determined as [M(Ua) 2 ·(H 2 O) 2 ]°·XH 2 O where M(II)=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and X=2, 4, 2, 4, 2, 2, respectively. The M(II) complexes exhibit an isostructural octahedral coordination with N-7, O-6 of two uric acid ligand molecules, and O of two water molecules. Compositions were also determined as [M(Ua) 3 ]°·YH 2 O where M(III)=Al, Cr, Fe and Y=6, 3, 3 respectively. All the M(III) complexes form an isostructural octahedral coordination with N-7 and O-6 of three uric acid ligand molecules. Iron(III) complexes prepared with N 1 , N 3 and N 9 -methyl uric acid yielded brown complexes with a metal ligand ratio of 1 3, while N 7 -methyl uric acid did not yield a complex due to blockage of N-7 with a methyl group.