CNDO/2 calculations of some polyazaindenes

The theoretically estimated dipole moments of indolizine, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, imidazo-[1,5-a]pyridine and of pyrazolo[ 1,5-a]pyridine obtained by the CNDO/2 approximation have been compared with the experimental values. The bond angles and bond distances for these polyazaindenes have been estimated.     

Relationship between EHT and CNDO/2 calculations

Multiplying EHT atomic charges and dipole moments by 0.3 gives approximate CNDO/2 values.Financial support from a CPGA is gratefully acknowledged.     

CNDO/2 calculations of the interactions of formamide and imidazole: Another failure of CNDO/2

The interaction energy curve of the formamide-imidazole system resulting from the CNDO/2 method exhibits a superfluous minimum at a much smaller separation than the sum of the van der Waals radii of the closest atoms, and a low maximum at this latter distance. The relationship of the interaction energies using CNDO/2 and those using the atomic charges on the two molecules is investigated for this system.     

CNDO/2 and INDO calculations of a reaction pathway for the sigmatropic [1, 5] H-shift in cyclopentadiene

CNDO/2 and INDO calculations have been carried out in order to construct a suitable model for the activated complex during the reaction. In this reaction model the migrating hydrogen atom moves along an edge of the cyclopentadiene ring. An analysis of this situation suggests a partial electron transfer from the migrating hydrogen to the nascent cyclopentadienyl system. This charge transfer is discussed in terms of aromaticity. The calculated activation enthalpies are 10 kcal/mole (CNDO/2) and 17 kcal/mole (INDO), whereas the experimental value is ca. 24 kcal/mole [1].     

EHT and CNDO/2 calculations on amino terminal peptides

Quantum Mechanical investigations have been performed by means of EHT and CNDO/2 methods on the three amino terminal peptides: NH ₃ ⁺ -CH₂-CONHCH₃, NH ₃ ⁺ -CH(CH₃)-CONHCH₃ and NH ₃ ⁺ -CH₂-CON(CH₂)₄. The resulting energy maps compare satisfactorily with the distribution of the experimental X-rays data.     

CNDO/2 calculations and configuration analyses for some hydrogen-bonded systems

The potential energy curves of hydrogen-bonded systems were calculated for the water, methanol, and formic acid dimers and for the hydrogen maleate ion by a modified CNDO/2 method, the core resonance integrals between-electrons being distinguished from those between-electrons, the different bonding parameters being used for -O- and =O, and the core potential integralsV _AB ^c for O-H, C=O, and O...O being determined semi-empirically. Consequently, the following results were obtained: 1) a potential energy curve with a single minimum atr(O-H)=0.95 Å and with a concavity near 1.70 Å for the linear chain dimers of water and methanol; 2) a symmetrical potential energy curve with two minima atr(O-H)=0.95 and 1.78 Å for the cyclic dimer of formic acid; 3) a flat-bottomed symmetrical potential energy curve for the hydrogen maleate ion. The configuration analysis method was applied to the hydrogen-bonded systems; the contributions of the covalent ((O-H-O)^–1) and ionic (O^–H⁺O^–) structures being 54% and 39%, respectively, for the symmetrical hydrogen bonding of the hydrogen maleate ion.

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Zusammenfassung Die Kurven potentieller Energie von Systemen mit H-Brücken wurden im Fall von H₂O-, CH₃OH- und HCOOH-Dimeren und für das Hydrogen-Maleatanion mittels eines modifizierten CNDO-Verfahrens berechnet, wo für Rumpf-- und --Elektronen jeweils verschiedene Resonanzintegrale und verschiedene Bindungsparameter für =O und -O- verwendet und wo die Rumpfpotential-Integrale für O-H, C=O und O...O semiempirisch bestimmt werden.Die Resultate sind 1) eine Potentialkurve mit einem einfachen Minimum für lineare Ketten von H₂O und CH₃OH, 2) eine symmetrische Potentialkurve mit zwei Minima für das cyclische Diniere von HCOOH und 3) eine Potentialkurve mit einem flachen Minimum für das Maleatanion. Konfigurationsanalyse ergab einen Beitrag von 39% für die ionischen Strukturen.

     

CNDO/2 calculations on the relative basicities of alkyl benzenes

CNDO/2 calculations were performed for toluene, ethyl benzene, iso-propyl benzene, t-butyl benzene, and neo-pentyl benzene, and the corresponding ortho, meta, and para protonated species. All rotational conformers against the benzene ring were examined and detailed energy differences and charge analyses are presented and discussed. The calculated energy differences suggest that for gas phase species the order of alkyl substituent rate enhancement for electrophilic aromatic reactions is t-Bu>i-Pr>Et>Me>H, thus the inductive order is found, rather than the hyperconjugative or Baker-Nathan order.     

Azidation of silicon(111) surfaces

A two-step chlorination/azidation process was reported to prepare azide-modified silicon(111) surfaces. XPS and IR analyses show the covalent bonding of azide with silicon. In combination with scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy analyses, different kinetic rates, azide coverages, and surface-area distributions were derived depending on the azidation solvent.     

CNDO/2 molecular orbital calculations of dewar structures of pyridine

CNDO/2 molecular orbital calculations have been carried out on the Dewar structures of pyridine to determine the configurations of minimum energy.     

Acceleration of convergence by density matrix extrapolation in CNDO/2 calculations

A five-point extrapolation procedure has been applied to the first-order density matrix in CNDO/2 calculations. A number of deviations from the usual procedures are employed which protect the overall extrapolation from failure when the points used in the extrapolation of a given element form a linear or divergent series. Overall the method saves about 20–50% on the number of iterations required to attain self-consistency.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Extrapolation mittels fünf Punkten wurde für die Dichtematrix 1. Ordnung bei CNDO/2-Rechnungen vorgenommen. Dabei muß man in einigen Punkten vom normalen Verfahren abweichen, um Divergenzen zu vermeiden. Man spart dann 20–50% der Iterationsschritte.

     

杯[4]芳烃的构象间转换机理的CNDO/2法研究

利用CNDO／2近似方法对25，26，27，28－四羟基杯［4］芳烃的四种不同构象的平衡几何构型以及所有可能发生的构象间转换的势垒能量进行了计算．在此基础上提出了合理的杯［4］芳烃的构象间转换机理，指出部分锥形构象是必经途径．利用该机理可以圆满地解释某些实验现象．     

CNDO/2-CALCULATIONS ON THE STABILIZATION OF CARBOCATIONS BY [sgrave]-BIVALENT SULFUR

Abstract

From the appearance potential measurements, groups with σ-bivalent sulfur are known to exert an unusual carbocation stabilization effect. In contrast to corresponding considerations on carbanions the 3d orbitals of sulfur can be invoked to rationalize this effect.     

CNDO/2 molecular orbital calculations of the hemi-Dewar and valene structures of naphthalene

CNDO/2 molecular orbital calculations have been carried out on the hemi-Dewar and valene structures of naphthalene in order to determine the configuration of minimum energy.     

Experimental and theoretical study of the adsorption of fumaramide [2]rotaxane on Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces

Thin films of fumaramide [2]rotaxane, a mechanically interlocked molecule composed of a macrocycle and a thread in a "bead and thread" configuration, were prepared by vapor deposition on both Ag(111) and Au(111) substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy were used to characterize monolayer and bulklike multilayer films. XPS determination of the relative amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen indicates that the molecule adsorbs intact. On both metal surfaces, molecules in the first adsorbed layer show an additional component in the C 1s XPS line attributed to chemisorption via amide groups. Molecular-dynamics simulation indicates that the molecule orients two of its eight phenyl rings, one from the macrocycle and one from the thread, in a parallel bonding geometry with respect to the metal surfaces, leaving three amide groups very close to the substrate. In the case of fumaramide [2]rotaxane adsorption on Au(111), the presence of certain out-of-plane phenyl ring and Au-O vibrational modes points to such bonding and a preferential molecular orientation. The theoretical and experimental results imply that the three-dimensional intermolecular configuration permits chemisorption at low coverage to be driven by interactions between the three amide functions of fumaramide [2]rotaxane and the Ag(111) or Au(111) surface.     

Dynamics and kinetics of heat transfer at the interface of model diamond [111] nanosurfaces

A molecular dynamics simulation was performed to study the effect of an applied force on heat transfer at the interface of model diamond [111] nanosurfaces. The force was applied to a small, hot nanosurface at 800, 1000, or 1200 K brought into contact with a larger, colder nanosurface at 300 K. The relaxation of the initial nonequilibrium interfacial force occurs on a subpicosecond time scale, much shorter than that required for heat transfer. Heat transfer occurs with exponential kinetics and a rate constant that increases linearly with the interfacial force according to 7 x 10(-4) ps(-1)/nN. This rate constant only increases by at most 10% as the temperature of the hot surface is increased from 800 to 1200 K. Replacing the interfacial H-atoms on both surfaces by D atoms also has a very small effect on the heat transfer. However, if one nanosurface has H atoms on its interface and the other nanosurface's interface has D atoms, then there is a marked 25% decrease in the rate constant for heat transfer. Increasing the size of the hot surface, and, thus, the interfacial contact area, increases the rate of heat transfer but not the rate constant. For the same interfacial force, different anharmonic models for the nanosurfaces' potential energy function give the same heat transfer rate constant. The possibility of quantum effects for heat transfer across the diamond interface is considered.     

New insights into ethene epoxidation on two oxidized Ag[111] surfaces

Reaction mechanisms and activation energies for the complete conversion of ethene to ethene epoxide on two recently characterized oxidized Ag{111} surfaces have been determined from density functional theory. On both surfaces, epoxidation proceeds through a two-step nonconcerted mechanism via an oxametallacycle intermediate. The key implications are that both surfaces are active and that epoxidation can take place over a wide O coverage regime.     

CNDO/2 molecular orbital calculations of dewar structures or pyrazine,pyrimidine and pyridazine

CNDO/2 molecular orbital calculations have been carried out on the Dewar structures of pyrazine, pyrimidine and pyridazine in order to determine the configurations of minimum energy.     

Vibrational energy relaxation at surfaces: O2 chemisorbed on Pt(111)

It is shown that the O-O stretch for O₂ chemisorbed on Pt(111) is likely to be damped via excitation of electron-hole pairs. Vibrational spectroscopic data for this system are analyzed using a model which assumes an adsorbate-induced resonance in the vicinity of the Fermi energy. In accordance with theory, the vibrational line profile is asymmetric and from the deduced linewidth γ, asymmetry parameter τ and vibrational polarizability α_v, we estimate the magnitude of the electron-phonon coupling parameter and derive information as to the nature of the adsorbate-induced resonance state.     

CNDO/2 molecular orbital calculations on the complexes formed between dimethylberyllium and aliphatic amines

A systematic CNDO/2 study has been carried out on the molecular complexes formed between dimethylberyllium and aliphatic amines. It has shown that the calculated molecular properties of these complexes, viz. the interaction energy, amount of charge transferred and the enhancement of the dipole moment are related to the ionization potential of the amine. The results are discussed in terms of the Mulliken's charge transfer theory.