Separation and Determination of Bile Acids in Human Bile by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A method for simultaneous determination of major bile acids in human bile is described. The unconjugated, glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids are extracted with Sep-pak C¹⁸ and separated into groups by ion-exchange chromatography on a lipophilic gel. Subsequently, resolution of each group into ursodeoxycholate, cholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate and lithocholate is attained into two stages by high-performance liquid chromatography on a Radial-PAK A column. First, 0.3% ammonium phosphate (pH 7.7)/acetonitrile (19:8, v/v) is used for separation of the latter three as a mobile phase. Ursodeoxycholate and cholate are efficiently separated in 0.3% ammonium phosphate (pH 7.7)/acetonitrile (23:8, v/v). The present method is applicable to quantitation of bile acids in human bile with satisfactory accuracy and precision.     

应用C_(30)色谱柱高效液相色谱法同时分析枇杷叶中三萜酸类同分异构体

建立了一种快速、简便测定中药枇杷叶中4种三萜酸成分的液相色谱分析方法。枇杷叶经甲醇提取并定容后,采用C30色谱柱进行分离,以乙腈-水(95∶5,v/v)为流动相进行洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,于210 nm波长下检测。对不同产地枇杷叶中的山楂酸、科罗索酸、齐墩果酸和熊果酸4种同分异构体进行了测定和比较。结果表明,该方法分离度好(分离度(R)≥2.2),精密度高(RSD≤1.1%),线性关系良好(r≥0.999 2),重现性良好(RSD≤4.4%),加标回收率范围为95.4%~101.7%(RSD≤4.8%),满足定量要求。该方法简便、快速,结果可靠,可作为枇杷叶质量评价的方法。     

Simultaneous Analysis of Cimetidine and Ranitidine in Human Plasma by HPLC

Abstract

A rapid method for the simultaneous quantitation of the H₂-receptor antagonist drugs cimetidine and ranitidine in human plasma by isocratic ion-pair reverse-phase HPLC is described. The method involves a simple organic extraction step of the alkalinized plasma containing added internal standard followed by back extraction of the extract with dilute acetic acid and subsequent analysis of the aqueous acidic phase on a reverse-phase (C18) column. The eluting solvent was acetonitrile-water (20:80 v/v) containing 0.005 mole/litre octanesulphonic acid and was monitored at 229 nm. The run time for the assay was 12.5 minutes, with a detection limit for cimetidine of 50 ng/m1/(0.2 μmole/1) and that for ranitidine was 20 ng/ml (0.06 umole/1).     

Leaching of Triazine Pesticides in Loamy Soil and their Determination by Reversed Phase HPLC

Abstract

The separation and identification of triazine pesticides (ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine and simazine) was carried out on Nova Pak C₁₈ column (150 × 3.9mm). The mobile phase used was acetonitrile-water (65:35, v/v) adjusted to pH 4.5 with acetic acid. The flow rate of the mobile phase used was 1.0mL/min. The detection of the pesticides was carried out at 250 nm. The values of the separation factor (α) were in the range of 1.49–5.32 and the values of the resolution factors (R _s) were ranged from 1.18 to 2.99 for the separated pesticides. The developed HPLC method was used to determine the concentrations of the reported pesticides in the loamy soil samples. The recovery of the pesticides from soil samples was found to be about 50%. The relative standard deviation and limit of detection were in the range of 0.01–0.02 and 0.5–1.0 μg/mL respectively.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of bilirubin conjugates: the effects of change in molarity and pH

A fast, sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the separation and quantitation of biliary bile pigments; this utilizes a C18 reversed-phase column with two solvents, a buffer and an organic solvent, which were changed in a linear gradient from a polar to a less polar combination. Nine glycosidic conjugates of bilirubin as well as unconjugated bilirubin and a suitable internal standard, unconjugated mesobilirubin IX alpha, were all separated to baseline by gradient elution; the species eluted in a polar to less polar fashion. Increasing the molarity of the solvent decreased the binding of non-glucuronide pigments to the column, with a decrease in their retention times, whereas for bilirubin monoglucuronide they increased. Decrease in pH, similarly, preferentially increased bilirubin monoglucuronide retention times.     

Development and Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatographic and UV-Derivative Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Sotalol Hydrochloride in Tablets

Abstract

High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and UV derivative spectrophotometric (UVDS) methods were developed and validated for the quantitative determination of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets. The HPLC method was performed on a C18 column with fluorescence detection. The excitation and emission wavelengths were 235 and 310 nm, respectively. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile-water containing 0.1% trietylamine (7:93 v/v) and pH adjusted to 4.6 with formic acid. The UVDS method was performed taking a signal at 239.1 nm in the first derivative. The correlation coefficients (r) obtained were 0.9998 and 0.9997 for HPLC and UVDS methods, respectively. The proposed methods are simple and adaptable to routine analysis.     

High-performance ion-pair chromatographic behaviour of conjugated bile acids with di-n-butylamine acetate

This paper dealt with a simple and efficient method for separating a mixture of different series of ionic, high polar, and hydrophilic conjugates of bile acids by high-performance ion-pair chromatography (HPIPC) with a new volatile ion-pair chromatographic reagent, di-n-butylamine acetate (DBAA), as a mobile phase additive. The substrates examined included eleven different classes of C-24 glycine- or taurine-amidated, 3-sulfated, 3-glucosylated, 3-N-acetylglucosaminidated, and 3-glucuronidated conjugates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, urosodeoxycholic, and deoxycholic acids, as well as their double-conjugated forms. The anionic conjugated bile acids were chromatographed on a C18, reversed-phase ion-pair column, eluting with methanol-water (65:35, v/v) containing 5 mM of DBAA as a counter ion. Satisfactory chromatographic separation and column performance were attained by DBAA, compared with conventionally used non-volatile tetra-n-butylammonium phosphate. The present HPIPC method with DBAA provides an insight into the separation and structural elucidation of these biologically important bile acid conjugates and may be proved to be applied to HPLC-mass spectrometric analysis.     

High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Bryostatins 1–12

Abstract

A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-8; acetonitrile-water gradient) separation procedure was developed for detecting bryostatins 1–12, using a photodiode array detector system. While bryostatins 6 and 9 were found to co-elute they were easily separated using a silica gel column with 9:1 n-hexane-n-propanol as eluent.     

Determination of Belotecan in the Plasma,Bile, and Urine of Rats by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study

Abstract

A simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of belotecan in the plasma, urine, and bile samples of rats. Belotecan was analyzed with HPLC using a C18 column with fluorescence detector. A mixture of acetonitrile–0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer at pH 2.4 (25:75, v/v) and 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid was used as the mobile phase. The lower limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 5 ng mL^?1 for the plasma and 5 µg mL^?1 for the urine and bile samples. The method has been readily applied for the routine pharmacokinetic study of belotecan in small laboratory animals.     

高效液相色谱法测定乳制品中的双氰胺

建立了乳制品中双氰胺的高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测方法。样品经乙腈提取后采用HPLC测定。优化后的色谱条件:XBridge Amide柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 3.5 μm),流动相为乙腈和水(体积比为90:10,含0.2%甲酸),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为218 nm。方法在0.5~50 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r²)为0.9999,回收率在96.7%~101.0%之间,RSD为4.5%~4.9%(n=6),检出限为0.2 mg/kg(S/N=3),定量限为0.5 mg/kg(S/N=10)。该方法简单、准确、灵敏度高,适用于各种乳制品中双氰胺的检测。     

Separation of R(+)-and S(-)-Benzyl-3-Tetrahydrofuroates Using Two Different Chiral Columns

Abstract

A chiral separation of N(+)-and S(-)-benzyl-3-tetrahydrofuroate (I) and p-nitrobenzyl-3-tetrahydrofuroate (II) using a Chiralcel OB^© (cellulose tribenzoate) column with a hexane/2-propanol (60:40 v/v) mobile phase is described. Enantiomeric purity of R(+)-I was evaluated using the same chromatographic conditions. I was also separated using a Chiralspher^© (polyamides bonded to silica gel) column with an ethanol/distilled water (50:50 v/v) mobile phase.     

Development and validation of an LC-MS-MS method for the simultaneous determination of sulforaphane and its metabolites in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic studies

A highly sensitive and simple high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) assay is developed and validated for the quantification of sulforaphane and its metabolites in rat plasma. Sulforaphane (SFN) and its metabolites, sulforaphane glutathione (SFN-GSH) and sulforaphane N-acetyl cysteine (SFN-NAC) conjugates, are extracted from rat plasma by methanol-formic acid (100:0.1, v/v) and analyzed using a reversed-phase gradient elution on a Develosil 3 μm RP-Aqueous C(30) 140? column. A 15-min linear gradient with acetonitrile-water (5:95, v/v), containing 10 mM ammonium acetate and 0.2% formic acid, as mobile phase A, and acetonitrile-water (95:5, v/v), containing 10 mM ammonium acetate and 0.2% formic acid as mobile phase B, is used. Sulforaphane and its metabolites are well separated. Sulforaphene is used as the internal standard. The lower limits of quantification are 1 ng/mL for SFN and 10 ng/mL for both SFN-NAC and SFN-GSH. The calibration curves are linear over the concentration range of 25-20,000 ng/mL of plasma for each analyte. This novel LC-MS-MS method shows satisfactory accuracy and precision and is sufficiently sensitive for the performance of pharmacokinetic studies in rats.     

Determination of Fe(III), Al(III), Mo(VI) and W(VI) with tetracycline by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Tetracycline (TC) was used as a precolumn chelating reagent for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation and determination of Fe(III), Al(III), Mo(VI) and W(VI). The metal-TC chelates were separated on a Nucleosil C(18) (5 mum) column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (21:79, v/v) containing citrate buffer and sodium chloride, nanogram levels of the metals could be determined by HPLC with satisfactory precision. The proposed method was applied to the simultaneous determination of Mo(VI) and W(VI) in mineral samples.     

Influence Of Organic Modifiers On The Retention Characteristics Of Graphitized Carbon Column

Abstract

The retention time of α-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl ethylene oxide oligomer surfactants was determined on a porous graphitized carbon column (PGC) in eluents containing acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and 2-ethoxyethanol as organic modifier. Linear relationships were calculated between the logarithm of the capacity factor and the concentration of organic modifier in the eluent. Ethylene oxide oligomers were well separated on the PGC column in acetonitrile-water eluent mixtures. Oligomers were not separated in eluents containing 2-propanol, tetrahydrofuran. dioxane and 2-ethoxyethanol as organic modifier. This result was explained by the supposition that the bulky organic modifiers occupy the active adsorption centers on the PGC surface decreasing in this manner the separation efficiency of the support.     

Determination of type A and type B trichothecenes in paprika and chili pepper using LC-triple quadrupole-MS and GC-ECD

There is a need to develop sensitive and accurate analytical methods for determining deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin in paprika to properly assess the relevant risk of human exposure. An optimized analytical method for determination of HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin using capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection and another method for determination of DON by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in paprika was developed. The method for determination of HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin that gave the best recoveries involved extraction of the sample with acetonitrile-water (84:16, v/v), clean-up by solid-phase extraction on a cartridge made of different sorbent materials followed by a further clean-up in immunoaffinity column that was specific for the two toxins. The solvent was changed and the eluate was derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and injected into the GC system. The limits of detection (LOD) for T-2 and HT-2 toxins were 7 and 3 μg/kg, respectively, and the recovery rates for paprika spiked with 1000 μg toxin/kg were 71.1% and 80.1% for HT-2 and T-2 toxins, respectively. For DON determination, the optimized method consisted of extraction with acetonitrile-water (84:16, v/v) solution followed by a solid-phase extraction clean-up process in a cartridge made of different sorbent compounds. After solvent evaporation in N₂ stream, the residue was dissolved and DON was separated and determined by LC-MS/MS. The LOD for this method was 14 μg DON/kg paprika sample and the DON recovery rate was 86.8%.     

Quantitative determination of isoflavones and coumestrol in soybean by column liquid chromatography

Four different stationary phases and a variety of solvents in varying proportions were examined in this study. Daidzein, genistein, formononetin, biochanin A and coumestrol were separated within 24 min on a phenyl column with acetonitrile-water (33:67, v/v) as eluent. The proposed method showed an acceptable repeatability with a RSD of quantitation <6%. The mean recoveries of daidzein, genistein, formononetin, biochanin A and coumestrol from soybean ranged from 89 to 104%. The identity of the individual analytes was confirmed by LC-MS-MS. The four isoflavones and coumestrol were isolated from soybean by hydrolysis with acid and heat. Neutralization of the soybean samples prior to identification did not alter the concentration of daidzein and genistein in soybean.     

Retention behavior of oligomeric proanthocyanidins in hydrophilic interaction chromatography

A novel method was developed for the separation of proanthocyanidins (PAs; oligomeric flavan-3-ols) by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) using an amide-silica column eluting with an aqueous acetonitrile mobile phase. The best separation was achieved with a linear gradient elution of acetonitrile-water at ratios of 9:1 to 5:5 (v/v) for 60 min at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Under these HPLC conditions, a mixture of natural oligomeric PAs (from apple) was separated according to degree of polymerization (DP) up to decamers. The DP of each separated oligomer was confirmed by LC/electrospray ionization MS. In further HILIC separation studies of 15 different flavan-3-ol and oligomeric PA (up to pentamer) standards with an isocratic elution of acetonitrile-water (84:16), a high correlation was observed between the logarithm of retention factors (log k) and the number of hydroxyl groups in their structures. The coefficient of this correlation (r2=0.9501) was larger than the coefficient (r2=0.7949) obtained from the correlation between log k and log P(o/w) values. These data reveal that two effects, i.e. hydrogen bonding between the carbamoyl terminal on the column and the hydroxyl group of solute oligomer and hydrophilicity based on the high-order structure of oligomeric PAs, corporately contribute to the separation, but the hydrogen bonding effect is predominant in our HILIC separation mode.     

Turbo flow在线净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测水果中5种咪唑类农药残留

建立了Turbo flow （TF）在线净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测水果中吡咪唑、咪唑烟酸、咪鲜胺、咪唑嗪和咪唑菌酮等5种咪唑类农药的方法。以饱和氯化钠溶液溶解样品,乙腈提取,蒸干,乙腈-水（1：1,v/v）溶液定容后进入Turbo flow-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱系统分析,外标法定量。对影响TF净化的条件如TF色谱柱、流动相、洗脱溶液、洗脱速率等进行了优化。在优化的实验条件下,以Turbo flow C18 （50 mm×1.0 mm）为净化柱,Hypersil GOLD aQ （100 mm×2.1 mm）为分析柱,乙腈和5 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液（含0.1%（v/v）甲酸）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾正离子选择反应监测模式下进行检测。结果表明,各目标化合物在0.0075~0.75 mg/L范围内线性关系良好（相关系数均大于0.99）,定量限为0.005 mg/kg。对实际样品分别加标0.005、0.01、0.05和0.5 mg/kg,回收率为71.2%~122.4%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.5%~8.9%。该方法简便、快速,结果准确可靠,适用于水果中5种咪唑类农药残留的检测。     

Concurrent measurement of unbound genistein in the blood, brain and bile of anesthetized rats using microdialysis and its pharmacokinetic application

Genistein, the major isoflavone in soybeans, has been shown to have a wide range of effects. We used an HPLC-UV combined with microdialysis method to detect unbound genistein in rat blood, brain and bile. Genistein dialysates were eluted with a mobile phase containing acetonitrile-water (40:60, v/v, pH 3.5 adjusted by 0.1% acetic acid). Samples were separated using a phenyl (5 microm) column maintained at ambient temperature. The UV detector wavelength was set at 259 nm. The flow rate was 1.0 m/min. The limit of quantitation for genistein was 50 ng/ml. The in vitro recoveries of genistein were 31 +/- 1, 13 +/- 1 and 59 +/- 4% in microdialysis probes of blood, brain and bile, respectively (n = 4). Inter- and intra-assay accuracy and precision of the analysis were less than 10% in the concentration ranges of 0.05-5.0 microg/ml. A small ratio of genistein penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and goes through hepatobiliary excretion after genistein administration (10 or 30 mg/kg, i.v.). The brain-to-blood (AUC(brain)/AUC(blood)) and bile-to-blood (AUC(bile)/AUC(blood)) distribution ratios were 0.04 +/- 0.01 and 1.85 +/- 0.42, respectively for the dosage of genistein 30 mg/kg. After co-administration of cyclosporine, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, the distribution ratios of genistein in brain and bile were not significantly altered. These results suggest that the BBB penetration and hepatobiliary excretion of genistein may not regulated by P-gp.     

High-throughput quantification of isoflavones, biochanin A and genistein, and their conjugates in female rat plasma using LC-ESI-MS/MS: Application in pharmacokinetic study

Isoflavones containing foods and dietary supplements are widely consumed for putative health benefits (e.g. cancer chemoprevention, beneficial effects on serum lipids associated with cardiovascular health, reduction of osteoporosis, relief of menopausal symptoms). This paper describes the development and validation of a sensitive high throughput LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method for quantifying biochanin A (BCA) and genistein (GEN), and their conjugates in rat plasma. The analytes were separated on a Supelco Discovery C18 (4.6×50 mm, 5.0 μm) column under isocratic condition using acetonitrile/methanol (50:50, v/v) and 0.1% acetic acid in the ratio of 90:10 v/v as a mobile phase. The intra‐ and inter‐day assay precision ranged from 2.66 to 8.34% and 4.40 to 8.10% (RSD %), respectively, and intra‐ and inter‐day assay accuracy was between 90.67–109.25% and 95.86–106.32%, respectively, for both the analytes. The lowest quantitation limit for BCA and GEN was 0.5 ng/mL in 0.1 mL of rat plasma. The method was successfully applied to the estimation of BCA, GEN and their conjugates in rat plasma following oral administration of BCA. Circulating conjugates (glucuronides/sulfates) of BCA and GEN were quantified using enzymatic hydrolysis of plasma samples. The levels of isoflavones glucuronides/sulfates were found to be much greater than the corresponding aglycones.