Reverse Phase HPLC For Rapid,Comprehensive Measurement of Nucleotides,Nucleosides and Bases of The Myocardial Adenine Pool

Abstract

A novel reverse phase HPLC method is described for the simultaneous measurement of adenosine tri-, di- and monophosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP), adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and uric acid in cardiac tissues and coronary effluent. The use of a simplified perchloric acid extraction procedure and ODS columns easily modified with Mq⁺⁺, Tris and phosphate buffer, allows considerable saving in analysis time together with extremely good resolution, particularly for ATP and ADP, and provides a very practical tool for the routine assessment of changes in adenine pool metabolites.     

Determination of Glycerol and Serum Triglycerides with Collagen-Immobilized Glycerol Dehydrogenase and Amperometric Detection

Abstract

An amperometric procedure is described for the determination of glycerol and triglycerides in aqueous samples and in serum using glycerol dehydrogenase immobilized on a collagen membrane. Glycerol is determined by measurement of the steady-state oxidation currents generated at a platinum electrode by NADH produced in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The triglycerides were first hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase in solution and the resulting glycerol determined similarly. Olive oil, determined to contain 78 % triolein, was used as the source of triglycerides in this study. For both glycerol and triglycerides the calibration plots are linear in the range from 0 to 12 μM, with detection limits of 0.2 and 0.7 μM, respectively. The immobilized glycerol dehydrogenase retained high operational activity for a period longer than 30 days.     

哺乳动物细胞是所得多肽复合酶CAD催化反应产物的 HPLC分析

本研究报道了以150mm×4.6mmI.D.Zorbaxoqcyuosyg.10mmoI·L^-1KH~2PO~4和500mmoI·L^-1LKH~2PO~4水溶液为洗脱液,梯度程序为0～5min(φ=1,体积分数)10mmoI·L^-1KH~2PO~4溶液,5～50min由(φ=1)10mmoI·L^-1KH~2PO~4溶液转换到(φ=1)500mmol·L^-1KH~2PO~4溶液时,高效液相色谱分离了哺乳动物细胞中所得肽复合酶ACD催化反应混合物三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和二氢乳清酸(DHO),确定了ATP,ADP和DHO的出峰顺序,制作了工作曲线,确定了催化反应混合物中ATP,ADP和DHO的相应浓度。     

Myosin-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis elucidated by 31P NMR kinetic studies and 1H PFG-diffusion measurements

We conducted ³¹P NMR kinetic studies and ¹H-diffusion measurements on myosin-catalyzed hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) under varied conditions. The data elucidate well the overall hydrolysis rate and various factors that significantly impact the reaction. We found that the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was followed by ADP hydrolysis, and different nucleotides such as ADP and guanosine triphosphate acted as competitors of ATP. Increasing ATP or Mg²⁺ concentration resulted in decreased hydrolysis rate, and such effect can be related to the decrease of ATP diffusion constants. Below 50 °C, the hydrolysis was accelerated by increasing temperature following the Arrhenius’ law, but the hydrolysis rate was significantly lowered at higher temperature (~60 °C), due to the thermal–denaturation of myosin. The optimal pH range was around pH 6–8. These results are important for characterization of myosin-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis, and the method is also applicable to other enzymatic nucleotide reactions.     

高效液相色谱法测定细胞内三磷酸腺苷及其代谢物的含量（英文）

研究了三磷酸腺苷(ATP)及其代谢物在细胞内的含量以及2-叔丁基-1,4-苯醌(TBBQ)对ATP及其代谢产物在细胞内含量的影响。建立了一种高效液相色谱法(HPLC)用于快速分离、检测细胞内ATP及其代谢产物(二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和一磷酸腺苷(AMP))的含量。使用岛津高效液相系统及艾杰尔Venusil MP C18柱,采用等度洗脱的方式。流动相A相为50 mmol/L磷酸氢二钠和15 mmol/L三甲胺(TEA),用醋酸(HAc)调节pH至7.88;流动相B相为甲醇。采用建立的高效液相色谱法得到了3种代谢物的工作曲线,相关系数高(R~2≥0.999 6),MRC-5细胞中3种代谢物的含量均在线性范围(0.1~100μmol/L)内。该方法检出限低。采用预冷的80%(体积分数)甲醇水溶液提取细胞内的代谢物。该研究建立的方法成功地应用于检测MRC-5细胞中的ATP、ADP和AMP的含量,结果表明,TBBQ会对ATP、ADP、AMP在细胞内的含量产生影响,但TBBQ浓度和ATP、ADP以及AMP在MRC-5细胞内浓度的关系比较复杂。     

A Biosensor for ADP with Internal Substrate Amplification

Abstract

An enzyme electrode was constructed from an oxygen electrode and a layer incorporating four enzyme systems for the sensitive determination of ADP and ATP. The cofactor is cycled between pyruvate kinase and hexokinase under formation of pyruvate which is detected by the coimmobilized, sequentially acting enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and lactate monooxygenase. The enzymatic recycling results in a 220-fold increased sensitivity to ADP compared to the unamplified reaction.     

Validation of a Fast and Simple HPLC-UV Method for the Quantification of Adenosine Phosphates in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

A new HPLC method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) was developed and validated. ATP, ADP, and AMP were extracted from human bronchial epithelial cells with a rapid extraction procedure and separated with a C18 column (3 × 150 mm, 2.7 µm) using isocratic elution with a mobile phase consisting of 50 mM of potassium hydrogen phosphate (pH 6.80). The absorbance was monitored at 254 nm. The calibration curves were linear in 0.2 to 10 µM, selective, precise, and accurate. This method allowed us to quantify the nucleotides from two cell models: differentiated NHBE primary cells grown at the air–liquid interface (ALI) and BEAS-2B cell line. Our study highlighted the development of a sensitive, simple, and green analytical method that is faster and less expensive than other existing methods to measure ATP, ADP, and AMP and can be carried out on 2D and 3D cell models.     

Electroanalytical Characterization of Adenosine Mono-, Di- and Triphosphate Oxidation on Carbon Electrode

Abstract

Electrochemical oxidation of adenosine mononucleotides was characterized using a pencil graphite carbon electrode for the first time. All three adenosine mononucleotides, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), showed irreversible electro-activity at the carbon electrode, yielding a well-defined oxidation current response. The peak potential was highly dependent on pH. The lowest mononucleotide concentration detected was 1 µM. The electro-analytical data presented here for the oxidation of adenosine mononucleotides provides the basis for further bioanalytical investigations related to DNA-drug interactions.     

Determination of the big head carp myofibrillar (Aristichthys nobilis) adenosine triphosphatase activity by ion chromatography

A method for the determination of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of myofibrils of big head carp by using ion chromatography was introduced. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and orthophosphate (Pi) were separated completely. Recoveries for ATP, ADP and Pi were 98+/-5%, 97+/-4% and 98+/-5%, respectively. Pi liberated from ATP during reaction was monitored by ion chromatography using the suggested method. This method was applicable to the determination of myofibrils ATPase activity for quick quality evaluation of surimi.     

Fischer–Tropsch Chemistry at Room Temperature?

The unique catalytic activity of vanadium nitrogenase suggests a new direction for the direct production of biofuels from CO with either synthetic catalysts or nitrogenase-containing bacteria. The reduction of CO by V?nitrogenase to light hydrocarbons shows striking similarities to the established Fischer-Tropsch process; however, the enzyme does not use H(2) directly for this reaction. ADP=adenosine diphosphate, ATP= adenosine triphosphate.     

Application of HPLC to the Study of the Chloroplast Atpase Mg2+ Dependent Mechanism

Abstract

The determination by HPLC of released ADP from ATP by chloroplast ATPase (CF₁) is described.

The enzymatic rate measured by this method is well defined, over several minutes.

In the case of ? subunit-depleted CF₁ or activated CF₁, the rate is proportional to the enzyme concentration, the steady state theory is followed and the K_m and V_m constants have been calculated.

The enzymatic activity of CF₁ is inhibited by endogenous ? subunit and the inhibition constant has been measured.

The influences of ionic strength, pH, magnesium ion, phosphate and ADP concentrations have been studied and the results obtained by this method have been compared to previously reported data based on rate determination of released phosphate.     

Amperometric Biosensor for Adenosine-5′-Triphosphate Based on a Platinum-Dispersed Carbon Paste Enzyme Electrode

Abstract

A new amperometric biosensor for adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) was designed using a platinum-dispersed carbon paste into which glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase were incorporated. The biosensor is based on the detection of hydrogen peroxide produced by the enzymatic reaction of ATP with glycerol and the subsequent oxidation of glycerol-3-phosphate. The use of the platinum-dispersed carbon paste electrode lowered the oxidation potential for hydrogen peroxide, permitting the sensitive detection of ATP at 0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl. A linear response to ATP was observed in the concentration range of 1 x 10^?5 to 2.5 x 10^?3 M.

     

Liquid Chromatographic Determination of the Myocardial Isozyme of Creatine Kinase

Abstract

Creatine kinase serum enzymes were separated by low pressure liquid chromatography with a Glycophase DEAE column. The separated MB creatine kinase isozyme was assayed by measurinq the amount of ATP formed from ADP and creatine phosphate in the presence of the enzyme. High performance 1iquid chromatography was used to determine ATP.     

蜂王浆中磷酸腺苷的提取及超高效液相色谱分析

比较了高氯酸提取、热水提取和热硫酸镁溶液提取3种提取方式对蜂王浆中磷酸腺苷三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和单磷酸腺苷(AMP)的提取效果,发现在低温(低于4 ℃)下以5%高氯酸的提取效果最佳。采用超高效液相色谱-紫外检测法分析蜂王浆中的ATP, ADP和AMP的含量。以BEH Shield RP18柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)为分析柱,以50 mmol/L的磷酸二氢铵(pH 6.5)和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,3种磷酸腺苷在4 min内实现了较好的分离。以加标王浆样品作添加回收率测定,ATP, ADP和AMP的回收率分别为84.1%～94.3%,86.2%～93.7%和91.0%～104.3%,相对标准偏差均小于10%。方法已被用于一些实际样品的分析,以了解ATP, ADP和AMP在蜂王浆样品中的分布情况。     

Conformation of ATP and ADP Molecules in Aqueous Solutions Determined by High-Energy X-ray Diffraction

High-energy X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out at 26 °C for aqueous 1.0, 2.0 and 2.05 mol% disodium adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and 2.0 and 2.05 mol% disodium adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) solutions in order to obtain direct experimental information on the intramolecular conformations of ATP and ADP molecules in aqueous solutions. Observed interference terms were analyzed in terms of the intramolecular geometry of the ATP and ADP molecules. Dihedral angles between adenine and the ribose group (t ₁), ribose-ring and methylene group of ribose (t ₂), and the methylene group of ribose and triphosphate (or diphosphate) group (t ₃), were determined through the least-squares fitting procedure of the observed interference term.     

A facile electrophoretic technique to monitor phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent kinases

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent kinases are central to numerous metabolic processes and mediate the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP). While pyruvate kinase (PK, EC: 2.7.1.40), the final enzyme of the glycolytic pathway is critical in the anaerobic synthesis of ATP from ADP, pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK, EC: 2.7.9.1), and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (PEPS, EC: 2.7.9.2) help generate ATP from AMP coupled to PEP as a substrate. Here we demonstrate an inexpensive and effective electrophoretic technology to determine the activities of these enzymes by blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). The generation of pyruvate is linked to exogenous lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) coupled to 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) and iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) results in a formazan precipitate which is easily quantifiable. The selectivity of the enzymes is ensured by including either AMP or ADP and pyrophosphate (PP(i) ) or inorganic phosphate (P(i) ). Activity bands were readily obtained after incubation in the respective reaction mixtures for 20-30 min. Cell-free extract concentrations as low as 20 μg protein equivalent yielded activity bands and substrate levels were manipulated to optimize sensitivity of this analytical technique. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), two-dimensional (2-D) SDS-PAGE (where SDS is sodium dodecyl sulfate), and immunoblot studies of the excised activity band help further characterize these PEP-dependent kinases. Furthermore, these enzymes were readily identified on the same gel by incubating it sequentially in the respective reaction mixtures. This technique provides a facile method to elucidate these kinases in biological systems.     

Thermodynamics of protonation of AMP,ADP, and ATP from 50 to 125°C

The interaction of adenosine 5-monophosphate (AMP), adenosine 5-diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) ions with protons in aqueous solution has been studied calorimetrically from 50 to 125°C and 1.52 MPa. At each temperature, the reaction of acidic AMP with tetramethylammonium hydroxide was combined with the heat of ionization for water to obtain the enthalpy of protonation of AMP, while the reactions of HCl with deprotonated tetramethylammonium salts of ADP and ATP were used to obtain the enthalpies of protonation of ADP and ATP. Equilibrium constant K, enthalpy change H^o, entropy change S^o, and heat capacity change C _p ^o values were calculated for the stepwise protonation reactions as a function of temperature. The reactions involving the first protonation of AMP, ADP, and ATP and the third protonation of ADP and ATP were endothermic over the temperature range studied, while that involving the second protonation is exothermic for AMP and ADP, but is exothermic below 100°C and endothermic at 125°C in the case of ATP. Consequently, log K values for the first and third protonation reactions (phosphate groups) increase while those for the second protonation reaction (N₁-adenine) decrease in the cases of AMP and ADP and go through a minimum in the case of ATP as temperature increases. The H^o values for all protonation reactions increase with temperature. The magnitude and the trend for the H^o, S^o, and C _p ^o values with temperature are discussed in terms of solvent-solute interactions. The magnitude of the C _p ^o values for the second protonation is consistent with little interaction between the phosphate ion and the protonated N₁ site of the adenine moiety in AMP, but indicates moderate interaction between these groups in ADP, and strong interaction in ATP.     

Intramitochondrial co-assembly between ATP and nucleopeptides induces cancer cell apoptosis

Mitochondria are essential intracellular organelles involved in many cellular processes, especially adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Since cancer cells require high ATP levels for proliferation, ATP elimination can be a unique target for cancer growth inhibition. We describe a newly developed mitochondria-targeting nucleopeptide (MNP) that sequesters ATP by self-assembling with ATP inside mitochondria. MNP interacts strongly with ATP through electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions. MNP exhibits higher binding affinity for ATP (−637.5 kJ mol⁻¹) than for adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (−578.2 kJ mol⁻¹). To improve anticancer efficacy, the small-sized MNP/ADP complex formed large assemblies with ATP inside cancer cell mitochondria. ATP sequestration and formation of large assemblies of the MNP/ADP–ATP complex inside mitochondria caused physical stress by large structures and metabolic disorders in cancer cells, leading to apoptosis. This work illustrates a facile approach to developing cancer therapeutics that relies on molecular assemblies.

Mitochondria-targeting nucleopeptide (MNP) can sequester ATP by self-assembling with ATP. A small nanosized MNP/ADP complex forms a large assembly with ATP. Thus, intramitochondrial co-assembly causes stress by large structures and apoptosis.     

Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers for organophosphates and their application to the recognition of organophosphorus compounds and phosphopeptides

Monodisperse molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for diphenyl phosphate (DPP) and 1-naphthyl phosphate (1-NapP) have been prepared by a multi-step swelling and polymerization method using 4-vinylpyridine as a functional monomer, glycerol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker and cyclohexanol or 1-hexanol as a porogen. The retention and molecular-recognition properties of these MIPs for organophosphorus compounds were evaluated by HPLC using a mixture of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile as an eluent. In addition to shape recognition, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions could play an important role in the retention and molecular recognition of DPP and 1-NapP. Furthermore, the MIPs were applied to the separation of adenosine and adenosine phosphates (AMP, ADP and ATP). These phosphates were retained on the MIPs according to the number of phosphate groups in the molecule and were well separated from one another. Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions seemed to affect the retention and recognition of adenosine phosphates in low acetonitrile content, while hydrophilic interactions affected these properties in high acetonitrile content. Finally, the MIPs were applied to the trapping of phosphopeptides. The MIPs non-selectively trapped phosphopeptides, which have phosphorylated tyrosine, serine or threonine in the sequences, and successfully trapped four phosphopeptides in tryptic digests of bovine α-casein.     

Enzymatic Production of Glutathione Coupling with an ATP Regeneration System Based on Polyphosphate Kinase

Glutathione (GSH) is an important reducing agent in the living cells. It is synthesized by a two-step reaction and requires two molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for one molecule GSH. The enzymatic cascade reaction in vitro is a promising approach to achieve a high titer and limit side reactions; although, a cost-effective phosphate donor for ATP regeneration is required. Triphosphate (PolyP₍₃₎), tetraphosphate (PolyP₍₄₎), and hexametaphosphate (PolyP₍₆₎) were investigated in this study. Triphosphate inhibited the bifunctional GSH synthetase (GshF) from Streptococcus agalactiae, while no significant inhibition was observed by adding hexametaphosphate. The polyphosphate kinase from Corynebacterium glutamicum was hence investigated to use hexametaphosphate for regeneration of ATP. Further, the orthogonal experiment, which includes seven factors (buffer concentration, pH value, ADP concentration, GshF dosage, polyphosphate kinase (PPK) dosage, reaction temperature, substrate ratio of amino acid, and reaction times), indicated that the capacity of buffer is the most significant factor of the reaction conditions for enzymatic production of glutathione coupling with a PPK-based ATP regeneration system. After optimizing the Mg²⁺ concentration, the reaction was scaled up to 250 mL in a stirred reactor with pH feedback control to stabilize the pH value of reaction system and nitrogen protection to avoid the oxidation of product. A yield of 12.32 g/L was achieved. This work provided a potential GshF-based enzymatic way coupling the PPK-based ATP regeneration to product GSH in the optimal conditions towards cost-effectiveness at the industrial scale.