Chemical Derivatization of Peptide Carboxyl Groups for Highly Efficient Electron Transfer Dissociation

The carboxyl groups of tryptic peptides were derivatized with a tertiary or quaternary amine labeling reagent to generate more highly charged peptide ions that fragment efficiently by electron transfer dissociation (ETD). All peptide carboxyl groups—aspartic and glutamic acid side-chains as well as C-termini—were derivatized with an average reaction efficiency of 99 %. This nearly complete labeling avoids making complex peptide mixtures even more complex because of partially-labeled products, and it allows the use of static modifications during database searching. Alkyl tertiary amines were found to be the optimal labeling reagent among the four types tested. Charge states are substantially higher for derivatized peptides: a modified tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin (BSA) generates ~90% of its precursor ions with z? > ?2, compared with less than 40 % for the unmodified sample. The increased charge density of modified peptide ions yields highly efficient ETD fragmentation, leading to many additional peptide identifications and higher sequence coverage (e.g., 70 % for modified versus only 43 % for unmodified BSA). The utility of this labeling strategy was demonstrated on a tryptic digest of ribosomal proteins isolated from yeast cells. Peptide derivatization of this sample produced an increase in the number of identified proteins, a >50 % increase in the sequence coverage of these proteins, and a doubling of the number of peptide spectral matches. This carboxyl derivatization strategy greatly improves proteome coverage obtained from ETD-MS/MS of tryptic digests, and we anticipate that it will also enhance identification and localization of post-translational modifications.

以1,4-二甲基咔唑-9-丙酸为荧光衍生化试剂高效液相色谱法测定醇

1,4-二甲基咔唑-9-丙酸与间苯二磺酰氯反应生成混合酸酐,该混合酸酐能够衍生化18个碳以下的直链脂肪伯醇、6个碳以下的仲醇,以及叔丁醇和胆固醇;将荧光衍生物用反相C18液相色谱柱进行分离,在室温下10min完成衍生化反应,衍生物24h内基本稳定.基于此,建立了血清中醇的高效液相色谱测定方法.     

Synthesis and biological assessment of novel cyanopyridine derivatives

New pyridine derivatives bearing p-dimethyl amino phenyl and p-bromophenyl moieties at position-4 and 6 have been prepared. The behavior of pyridone derivative 2 toward ethyl chloroacetate followed by hydrazine hydrate gave pyridinyl acetohydrazide derivative 7, and its behavior toward carbon electrophiles has been investigated by its reaction with aromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, acetyl acetone, cyclohexanone, phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and isatin affording the pyridine derivatives 8a–e to 16, respectively. Treatment of compound 2 with acrylonitrile in Et₃N, yielded the N- alkylated derivative 17. Some pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized by interaction of the chalcone 1 with hydrazine hydrate afforded pyrazole derivative 18. Treatment of compound 18 with benzoyl chloride and or acetic anhydride resulted in the formation of the acylated compounds 19 and 20. Elemental and spectroscopic pieces of evidence characterized all the newly synthesized compounds. Some of the synthesized compounds were tested for their antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.     

A Sensitive Gas Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Metoprolol in Human Plasma

Abstract

A sensitive method for the determination of metoprolol in plasma has been developed. The procedure is based on gas chromatographic measurements of derivatized metoprolol, using 9-bromophenanthrene as internal standard. Metoprolol is derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. The resulting derivative gives a four-fold increase in sensitivity compared to the published methods where trifluoroacetic anhydride was used for derivatization.     

Isomerization of delta-9-THC to delta-8-THC when tested as trifluoroacetyl-, pentafluoropropionyl-, or heptafluorobutyryl- derivatives

For GC-MS analysis of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), perfluoroacid anhydrides in combination with perfluoroalcohols are commonly used for derivatization. This reagent mixture is preferred because it allows simultaneous derivatization of delta-9-THC and its acid metabolite, 11-nor-delta-9-THC-9-carboxylic acid present in biological samples. When delta-9-THC was derivatized by trifluoroacetic anhydride/hexafluoroisopropanol (TFAA/HFIPOH) and analyzed by GC-MS using full scan mode (50-550 amu), two peaks (P1 and P2) with an identical molecular mass of 410 amu were observed. On the basis of the total ion chromatogram (TIC), P1 with a shorter retention time (RT) was the major peak (TIC 84%). To identify the peaks, delta-8-THC was also tested under the same conditions. The RT and spectra of the major peak (TIC 95%) were identical with that of P1 for delta-9-THC. A minor peak (5%) present also correlated well with the latter peak (P2) for the delta-9-THC derivative. The fragmentation pathway of P1 was primarily demethylation followed by retro Diels-Alder fragmentation (M - 15-68, base peak 100%) indicating P1 as a delta-8-THC-trifluoroacetyl compound. This indicated that delta-9-THC isomerized to delta-8-THC during derivatization with TFAA/HFIPOH. Similar results were also observed when delta-9-THC was derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride/pentafluoropropanol or heptafluorobutyric anhydride/heptafluorobutanol. No isomerization was observed when chloroform was used in derivatization with TFAA. In this reaction, the peaks of delta-8-THC-TFA and delta-9-THC-TFA had retention times and mass spectra matching with P1 and P2, respectively. Because of isomerization, perfluoroacid anhydrides/perfluoroalcohols are not suitable derivatizing agents for analysis of delta-9-THC; whereas the TFAA in chloroform is suitable for the analysis.     

Determination of Phosphoamino Acids by 6-Oxy-(N-succinimidyl acetate)-9-(2′-methoxycarbonyl)fluorescein and MEKC with LIF Detection

The fluorescent reagent 6-oxy-(N-succinimidyl acetate)-9-(2′-methoxycarbonyl)fluorescein (SAMF), has been newly synthesized for use as a label for characterization of phosphoamino acids by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (MEKC) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. The conditions for derivatization and separation of the phosphoamino acids, including pH, concentration of electrolyte, and Brij-35 concentration were optimized in detail. Derivatization was performed at 35 °C for 10min in borate buffer (pH 8.0). The derivatives were separated to baseline by use of running buffer containing 50 mM borate and 20 mM Brij-35 at pH 9.3. Detection limits ranged from 5 × 10^?11 to 1 × 10^?9 mol L^?1 (signal to noise ratio = 3). The method was used for characterization of the phosphoamino acids in a sample from hydrolysis of a novel protein kinase from tobacco cells.     

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Some New S-Triazole Derivatives

Abstract

Alkylation of 4-anilino-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (1) with some halo compounds yielded the corresponding sulfides 2a–f. Some sulfides 2e,f were cyclized to give triazolothiadiazines 3 and 4. Triazolothiadiazoles 5 and 6 were prepared through the reaction of compound 1 with carbon disulfide or ethyl orthoformate, respectively. Treatment of compound 1 with ethyl chloroformate or phenyl isothiocyanate yielded triazolo-thiadiazole and triazole 9 and 10, respectively. Reaction of compound 1 with Lawesson's reagent gave triazolothiadiazaphosphole derivative 11. Also, compound 1 underwent cyclocondensation reactions with some bidentate reagents to give triazolothiazines 4, 12, and 13. Triazolo-thiazepines and triaziepine 14–16 were synthesized via the reaction of compound 1 with β-ketoesters or ethyl cyanoacetate. Tricyclic systems 19 and 20 were prepared through the reaction of compound 4 with the appropriate reagent. Some synthesized compounds were tested for antibacterial activity.

Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements to view the free supplemental file.     

PYRAZOLONES AS VERSATILE PRECURSORS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF FUSED AND BINARY HETEROCYCLES

The reaction of pyrazolone bearing a β-ketoester moiety with aliphatic dibasic functional reagents in ethanol afforded the binary ring heterocycles 2, 6, and 10. Whereas, when using an excess of the dibasic reagent, the dipyrazolo [3,4-c: 3′, 4′-f] [1,2]diazepine derivative 5 was, obtained. On the other hand, when compound 1 reacted with hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid, it furnished the pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivative 7 in which the hydrazine hydrate acts as a monofunctional reagent. Also, the reaction of 1 with m-anisidine according to Knorr synthesis gave the α,β-unsaturated ketone derivative 9 in lieu of the anticipated quinolone derivative 8. Furthermore, treatment of compound 1 with aromatic dibasic functional reagents afforded 11 and 13. Eventually, compound 11 was annelated through its reaction with ammonium carbonate to give pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrido[6,5-b]benzodiazepin 12.     

Synthesis of Novel 5‐Trifluoromethyl‐2,4,7‐Trisubstituted Pyrido[2,3‐d]Pyrimidines

Abstract

Novel pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines (2,4) were synthesized by reacting 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4‐trifluoromethyl‐6‐substituted pyridines (1) with Grignard reagent followed by condensation with anhydride/chloroacetylchloride/aromatic aldehyde.     

Effect of electrostatic interaction on the adsorption of globular proteins on octacalcium phosphate crystal film

The electrostatic effect on the adsorption of globular proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), hen egg white lysozyme (LZM), and beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg), on octacalcium phosphate (OCP)-like crystal thin films was investigated. A poorly crystalline thin film was synthesized on a tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) surface and used as a model surface in this study. The solution pH clearly affected the electrostatic properties of both proteins and surface. The adsorbed amounts obtained at quasi-steady state were readily related to the solution pH for each protein. The adsorption rate is fast during the initial period and levels off gradually. The maximum adsorbed mass occurred at pH 7 for BSA and at pH 9 for LZM. beta-Lg adsorbed similar amounts at pHs lower than 9, but the adsorbed mass decreased at pHs higher than 9 where electrostatic repulsion exists. The pH values where the maximum adsorbed mass occurred may be considered as the conditions where electrostatic attraction is most favorable. The adsorbed mass of beta-Lg was the greatest among the proteins of interest while BSA adsorbed the least despite its greater molecular mass. LZM falls into the intermediate region. According to these observations, BSA has undergone conformational changes that prevent further adsorption to a greater extent than the others. A simple relationship between the adsorption rate and the electrostatic properties was not established. However, the order of magnitude of the adsorption rate at the initial period tends to be the same as that of maximum adsorbed mass for each protein.     

新型荧光衍生试剂用于尿样中痕量游离雌二醇和雌三醇的反相高效液相色谱-荧光检测和质谱定性

合成了新型高灵敏度的荧光标记试剂10-乙基吖啶酮-2-磺酰氯(EASC)。采用EASC柱前衍生化实现了雌二醇(E2)和雌三醇(E3)的反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)-荧光分析及柱后质谱鉴定。试剂EASC比丹磺酰氯(DNS-Cl)具有更高的紫外、荧光和质谱检测灵敏度,其荧光发光强度是丹磺酰氯的1000倍以上。EASC与E2和E3在NaHCO3缓冲液(pH 10.5)中,于60 ℃下反应3 min即可获得稳定的荧光产物,最大激发波长(λex)和最大发射波长(λem)分别为270 nm和430 nm。所建立的方法具有良好的重现性,线性回归系数大于0.9990;检出限(S/N=3)为31 fmol 和40 fmol。对实际根田鼠尿样中的雌二醇和雌三醇含量进行了测定,结果令人满意。     

CE Determination of 2-(9-Carbazole)ethyl Chloroformate-Labeled Oligopeptides

A pre-column derivatization method for sensitive determination of oligopeptides, using the tagging reagent 2-(9-carbazole)ethyl chloroformate (CEOC-Cl) followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with diode-array detection, has been developed. Maximum yield close to 100% were observed when a three to fourfold molar excess of reagent was used at pH 9.0–10.0. Excess reagent was extracted with n-hexane–ethyl acetate 9:1–10:1 (v/v); this enabled direct analysis using CE with no significant disturbance from the major fluorescent reagent degradation by-products. The effects on the results of buffer pH and of SDS and organic modifier concentrations were examined. Good baseline resolution in the separation of five CEOC-peptides was achieved with a 48.5-cm total length (effective length 40 cm) 50-μm inner diameter capillary column.     

Synthesis of fused 1,2,4-triazines as potential antimicrobial and antitumor agents

5-Benzylidene-3-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-aminothiocarbonyl-1,2,4-triazine (2) was prepared via condensation of oxazolinone (1) with thiosemicarbazide. Fused 1,2,4-triazine derivatives (3, 4 and 9) were synthesized from the reaction of compound 2 with ω-bromomethyl aryl ketones, ethyl chloroacetate, and acetic anhydride. Treatment of 4 with acetic anhydride and aromatic aldehydes yielded the corresponding acetyl, diacetyl derivatives (6 and 7) and 7-benzylidene-5-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-thioxo-3-arylidene-1,2,4-triazino [2,1-a]-1,2,4-triazine-1,8-diones (8). The electron impact mass spectra of both the above series of compounds have also been recorded and their fragmentation pattern is discussed. All synthesized fused 1,2,4-triazine derivatives were primary in vitro screened for their antimicrobial and antitumor activity.

     

对肼基苯磺酸在糖的毛细管电泳衍生中的应用——柱前衍生法

提出利用对肼基苯磺酸作为糖的衍生试剂,以实现快速的毛细管电泳分离与检测.详细研究了影响衍生反应的诸多因素以及衍生产物的毛细管电泳分离条件.结果表明,本方法可以在温和条件下实现快速反应(10min),200nm紫外检测下葡萄糖的最低检出量可达17.6fmol,检出浓度3.6μmol/L.在100mmol/LH₃BO₃(pH=10.24)体系中实现了9种单糖和二糖的高效分离.     

Novel pyrimidine derivatives by sonication and traditional thermal methods

Abstract

A series of bis-compounds (2) were synthesized by condensing dihydro-1,3-(disubstituted)phenyl-2-thioxopyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione with hippuric acid in presence of acetic anhydride. The compound (2) on further treatment with aromatic amine afforded dihydropyrimidine (3) through an eco-friendly procedure by sonication. The sonication method reduces time and gives higher yields, and also the effluent produced is free from hazardous contamination and organic by-products. The novel pyrimidines were also synthesized by traditional methods for comparison purposes and sonication method was found to be superior. Structures of the synthesized compounds have been elucidated on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data.     

Silica Based 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl (Dnb) Reagent for Off-Line Derivatization of Amine Nucleophiles in HPLC

Abstract

We describe here a new silica based derivatization reagent, containing the 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl tag, for solid phase derivatization of amines. It can be used for the off-line derivatization of primary and secondary amines. the amide derivatives can be easily detected under conventional UV detection modes. the entire synthetic method, structural characterization, and optimization of derivatization conditions of this solid phase derivatization reagent are described, Also, the reagent was tested in the on-line, pre-column derivatization mode for reversed phase HPLC, as well as for histamine analysis in fish samples     

Synthesis and Structure of 1,8-Dimethoxy-10-methyl-9-methylene-9H-thioxanthenium Salt—Possibility of Hypervalent Bonding Through O─C─O (?)

Abstract

1,8-dimethoxy-10-methyl-9-methylene-9H-thioxanthenium salt (4) was prepared and the structure was determined by X-ray analysis to show the bond length between O─C is 2.80 A. This is too long to effect a hypervalent bonding. Bis[(1,8-dimethoxy) thioxanthylidene]allene (5) was prepared to be a symmetric compound in solution. Methylation of 5 with Meerwein reagent afforded S-monomethylated product (6) in solution and 6 gradually decomposed to C (or S)-monoprotonated allene (7), which was separately prepared as stable compound.     

Amino Acid Profiling of Protein Hydrolysates Using Liquid Chromatography and Fluorescence Detection

Abstract

A liquid chromatography procedure is described for separating the amino acids in protein hydrolysates. The proteins are hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid and an aliquot of the hydrolysate is derivatized with dansyl chloride reagent. The derivatization procedure takes only 2 minutes using a reaction temperature of 100°C. The dansylated amino acids are chromatographed using a reversed-phase C₈ column and a multi-step, nonlinear gradient elution solvent program which is readily achieved using a microprocessor-controlled liquid chromatograph. Chromatography is complete in approximately 40 min. The procedure is useful for characterizing proteins and may also be used to analyse intact dansylated polypeptides. Chromatograms showing the amino acid profile of chymotrypsin, albumin and histone are given.     

Analysis of amino acid neurotransmitters by capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence using a new fluorescein-derived label

A capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence detection method (CE-LIF) was developed for the separation of eight neurotransmitters tagged on their amino function with 6-oxy-(N-succinimidyl acetate)-9-(2′-methoxycarbonyl) fluorescein (SAMF), a new fluorescent reagent synthesized in our lab. Derivatization was performed in boric acid buffer (pH = 7.75) at 37 °C over 15 min. The pH-independent fluorescence of SAMF (pH 4–9) permits background buffers over a wide range of pH. It was demonstrated that an acidic running buffer offers a better resolution compared to basic medium in terms of resolution and peak shapes. Employing Cu²⁺ as the additive, the molecules were baseline-separated using a running buffer consisting of 40 mM sodium acetate and 2 mM Cu²⁺ (pH 6.0). The detection limits ranged from 1 to 2 × 10⁻¹⁰ M. The method has been validated for the characterization of lymphocyte samples. The results obtained illustrate the advantages of combining SAMF derivatization with CE-LIF for determining neurotransmitters.     

Development of a sensitive fluorescent derivatization reagent 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethyl chloroformate (BCEOC) and its application for determination of amino acids from seeds and bryophyte plants using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and identification with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

A pre-column derivatization method for the sensitive determination of amino acids and peptides using the tagging reagent 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethyl chloroformate (BCEOC) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection has been developed. Identification of derivatives was carried out by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). The chromophore of 2-(9-carbazole)-ethyl chloroformate (CEOC) reagent was replaced by 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole functional group, which resulted in a sensitive fluorescence derivatizing reagent BCEOC. BCEOC can easily and quickly label peptides and amino acids. Derivatives are stable enough to be efficiently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The derivatives showed an intense protonated molecular ion corresponding m/z (M + H)⁺ under electrospray ionization (ESI) positive-ion mode with an exception being Tyr detected at negative mode. The collision-induced dissociation of protonated molecular ion formed a product at m/z 246.2 corresponding to the cleavage of CO bond of BCEOC molecule. Studies on derivatization demonstrate excellent derivative yields over the pH 9.0-10.0. Maximal yields close to 100% are observed with a 3-4-fold molar reagent excess. Derivatives exhibit strong fluorescence and extracted derivatization solution with n-hexane/ethyl acetate (10:1, v/v) allows for the direct injection with no significant interference from the major fluorescent reagent degradation by-products, such as 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethanol (BDC-OH) (a major by-product), mono-1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethyl carbonate (BCEOC-OH) and bis-(1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethyl) carbonate (BCEOC)₂. In addition, the detection responses for BCEOC derivatives are compared to those obtained with previously synthesized 2-(9-carbazole)-ethyl chloroformate (CEOC) in our laboratory. The ratios AC_BCEOC/AC_CEOC = 2.05-6.51 for fluorescence responses are observed (here, AC is relative fluorescence response). Separation of the derivatized peptides and amino acids had been optimized on Hypersil BDS C₁₈ column. Detection limits were calculated from 1.0 pmol injection at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, and were 6.3 (Lys)-177.6 (His) fmol. The mean interday accuracy ranged from 92 to 106% for fluorescence detection with mean %CV < 7.5. The mean interday precision for all standards was <10% of the expected concentration. Excellent linear responses were observed with coefficients of >0.9999. Good compositional data could be obtained from the analysis of derivatized protein hydrolysates containing as little as 50.5 ng of sample. Therefore, the facile BCEOC derivatization coupled with mass spectrometry allowed the development of a highly sensitive and specific method for the quantitative analysis of trace levels of amino acids and peptides from biological and natural environmental samples.