Radiative heat transfer in a hypersonic gas flow generated a spherical source past a plane

An asymptotic solution of radiative gas-dynamic equations for stationary interaction of two hypersonic gas flows emanating from two identical spherical sources is obtained. Under the assumption that the gas in the shock layer is in local thermodynamic equilibrium and volume emission (energy loss for radiation) occurs there, analytical expressions for the distributions of gas-dynamic functions and temperature are derived. The shock wave shape and the radiant flux on the contact plane are examined as functions of problem parameters.     

Regular submodels of types (1,2) and (1,1) of the equations of gas dynamics

Partially invariant solutions of types (1, 2) and (1, 1) for gas-dynamic equations are regularly divided into two classes: for the first class, the invariant independent variable is the time, i.e., this class contains barochronic solutions, and for the second class, the invariant variable necessarily depends on spatial coordinates. The barochronic submodel of gas-dynamic equations, as well as a passive subsystem for solutions of the second class, is integrated in finite form. In the latter case, the invariant subsystem is reduced to an ordinary differential equation and quadratures. Integration of the submodels is illustrated by a number of examples. The following common properties of barochronic gas flows are described: rectilinear trajectories of gas particles, the possibility of collapse of density on a manifold, and stratification of the space of events. Lavrent’ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 40–49, March–April, 1999.     

Effect of gas flow swirling on coating deposition by the cold gas-dynamic spray method

The effect of gas flow swirling on the process of coating deposition onto a target by the cold gas-dynamic spray method is studied experimentally and numerically. Flow swirling is found to change the gas flow field and to reduce the gas flow rate under typical conditions of cold gas-dynamic spray. In a non-swirled flow, the shape of the deposited spot is similar to a sharp cone. In contrast, the deposited spot in a swirled flow is shaped as a crater without particles at the center of this crater. It is found that this effect is caused by centrifugal forces acting on particles in a swirled gas flow.     

Influence of nozzle profile on the characteristics of a gas-dynamic laser

The results are given of numerical profiling and analysis of the influence of nozzle shape and the gas-dynamic parameters on the characteristics of gas-dynamic lasers. Investigation of the two-dimensional nonequilbrium flow in a family of similar nozzles and nozzles with different angles of inclination of the contracting part show that it is expedient to choose a shape of the subsonic part that ensures a straight sonic line. Relationships between the geometrical parameters of the subsonic and transonic part of the nozzle are recommended which ensure separationless flow and a shape of the sonic surface that is nearly flat. A parametric investigation was made of the supersonic section of two classes of planar gas-dynamic laser nozzles constructed on the basis of uniform and symmetric characteristics at the exit. The parametric investigations of the influence of the degree of expansion, the total pressure and the temperature, and also the gas composition show that the smallest losses of useful vibrational energy in the cavity are achieved for nozzles constructed on the basis of uniform characteristics.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 163–167, November–December, 1982.     

Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Thermal Stresses on the Nonlinear Thermomolecular Pressure Difference Effect

On the basis of a numerical analysis of the non-Navier-Stokes gas-dynamic equations for slow non-isothermal gas flows, the nonlinear thermomolecular pressure difference effect due to a large temperature gradient along the lateral surface of a capillary is investigated. It is shown that the magnitude of the effect is substantially different from the values calculated using the Navier-Stokes equations. For two models of molecular interaction (Maxwell molecules and hard spheres), the possibility of a quasi-one-dimensional interpretation of the effect for experimental estimation purposes is demonstrated. The solutions of the relaxation kinetic equation for flow in a plane capillary at small Knudsen numbers and the gas-dynamic equations for slow non-isothermal flows are compared and the range of their applicability is estimated.     

Asymptotic solutions of the thin viscous shock layer equations near the symmetry plane of blunt bodies in hypersonic rarefied gas flow

The hypersonic rarefied gas flow over blunt bodies near the symmetry plane is investigated for the regime transitional from continuum to free-molecular. Three rarefied gas flow regimes are considered depending on the relationship between the determining parameters of the problem. For all regimes, at small Reynolds numbers, asymptotic solutions of the thin viscous shock layer equations near the symmetry plane of blunt bodies are obtained in the form of simple analytical expressions for the heat transfer, skin friction and pressure coefficients as functions of the gas-dynamic parameters of the free-stream flow and the geometric parameters and temperature of the body. With decrease in the Reynolds number these coefficients approach their values in free-molecular flow (with the accommodation coefficient equal to unity). From comparison with the data calculated using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method, the accuracy and applicability limits of the analytical solution are estimated.     

Possibility of forming an inverted distribution over the rotational levels of nitrogen in an expanding gas stream

A number of theoretical papers have been devoted to an investigation of the relaxation kinetics of the population of a system of rotational levels of molecules in a stream of gas freely expanding from a sonic nozzle [1–3]. The complexity of the task of constructing models of relaxation and of collisions consistent in accuracy, however, as well as the difficulties in solving the resulting system of kinetic and gas-dynamic equations, lead to the necessity of using substantial approximations. Some disagreement between the experimental data and calculated results [1, 2] requires an evaluation of the accuracy of the various approximations used and further refinement of the theoretical models. In contrast to [1], in order to bring out the possible mutual influence of nonequilibrium energy exchange between the degrees of freedom of nitrogen molecules and the variation of the gas-dynamic parameters, the calculation presented below is based on a numerical solution of a self-consistent system of kinetic and gas-dynamic equations for the populations of rotational states and the temperature, density, and velocity of gas in the stream. Collisional probabilities of rotational transitions, calculated with allowance for the long-range part of the potential of the interaction between molecules [4], are used for this.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 3, pp. 9–16, May–June, 1986.     

Nonequilibrium hypersonic flow of gas past a wing of small aspect ratio

It is well known [1] that nonequilibrium physicochemical processes taking place in gases at high temperature influence the gas-dynamic parameters and aerodynamic characteristics of bodies in hypersonic flight. In the present paper, the thin shock layer method [2–4] is used to consider the problem of nonequilibrium hypersonic flow of gas past a wing of small aspect ratio at an angle of attack. It is shown that the flow component of the vorticity is conserved along the streamlines, and this property is exploited to obtain an analytic solution of the equations of the three-dimensional nonequilibrium shock layer. The influence of the disequilibrium on the thickness of the shock layer and the pressure distribution is investigated.     

Motion of a piston under the influence of gas pressure in the presence of an initial temperature gradient

A study is made of the motion of a piston without initial velocity under the influence of gas pressure. Under the assumption that the temperature gradient is constant and fairly small, expressions are obtained for the distributions of the gas-dynamic parameters in the disturbed region between the piston and the leading edge of the sound wave propagating through the gas at rest.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 177–180, March–April, 1984.     

Controlling a transonic flow around airfoils by means of energy supply with allowance for real properties of air

The influence of molecular (thermodynamic and transport) properties of air on gas-dynamic effects of pulsed-periodic energy supply in a transonic flow around airfoils is studied. Relations for air with allowance for excitation of vibrations and dissociation are taken as the thermal equation of state and the caloric equation. The influence of the transport properties (viscosity) is taken into account approximately, within the framework of the boundary layer model. It is demonstrated that the effects in qualitative considerations do not depend on taking into account the molecular properties, but the allowance for internal degrees of freedom yields a significantly lower temperature than the temperature predicted by the ideal gas model. Allowance for viscosity ensures certain attenuation of the energy supply effects.     

Turbulent heat transfer in an Archimedean force field

Oscillations of the temperature and the turbulent heat flux as a function of the nature of stratification of a gas in an Archimedean force field are analyzed. It is found that in the absence of heat flux there are no temperature oscillations, and therefore the indifferent stratification is adiabatic. Corresponding experimental data are presented.     

Mass spectrometry of pyrolysis products of hexafluoropropylene oxide during adiabatic expansion of a supersonic jet

The effect of the pyrolysis conditions of hexafluoropropylene oxide on the composition of the fragments produced in a free jet was studied. The low-density gas-dynamic facility is equipped with a mass-spectrometry system. Possible reactions are determined that result in polymerization during gas jet deposition of a fluoropolymer film from a supersonic jet of pyrolysis products of hexafluoropropylene oxide.     

Propagation of blast waves with exponential heat release and internal heat conduction and thermal radiation

The problem of reactive blast waves in a combustible gas mixture, where the heat release at the detonation front decays exponentially with the distance from the center, is analyzed. The central theme of the paper is on the propagation of reactive blast into a uniform, quiescent, counterpressure atmosphere of a perfect gas with constant specific heats. The limiting cases of Chapman-Jouguet detonation waves are considered in the phenomenon of point explosion. In order to deal with this problem, the governing equations including thermal radiation and heat conduction were solved by the method of characteristics using a problem-specific grid and a series expansion as start solution. Numerical results for the distribution of the gas-dynamic parameters inside the flow field are shown and discussed.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Stationary production rate of a well draining two gas-bearing formations

A mathematical model of the high-pressure gas flow in a gas-dynamic system consisting of a vertical well and two horizontal gas-saturated porous formations is considered. The supercompressibility coefficient is assumed to be a known function of the pressure. The total well production rate and the production rates of the formations opened are found as functions of the wellhead pressure.     

Calculation of axially symmetrical free expansion of a no ne quilibrium hydrogen plasma

A scheme and the results of a calculation by the method of characteristics are presented for free expansion of a nonviscous, thermally nonconducting, nonequilibrium, optically thick hydrogen plasma from a round supersonic nozzle. The elementary process determined is considered to be collision-radiative recombination. A strong disturbance in the thermal and ionization equilibrium are observed in the flow field. The effect of relaxation processes on the geometry of flow and the field of gas-dynamic parameters is examined. The results of the calculations are compared with analogous data for an ideal perfect gas.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 4, pp. 27–30, July–August, 1972.     

Gas-dynamic heating in cavities under the influence of pressure pulsations at the entrance

An investigation has been made of the gas-dynamic heating of gas in nearly closed cavities (tubes, channels, etc.) under the influence of given pressure pulsations (with and without a discrete component) at the entrance. The results are given of measurements of the wall temperature of the cavities and also the power of the gas-dynamic heating as a function of the relative cavity length 10< ln/d_n < 300, the relative level of the pressure pulsations ₀/p < 0.5 at the entrance, and the magnitude of the static pressure in the range p = 2–10 kg/cm². It was established that with increasing p and especially ₀/p the power of the gas-dynamic heating increases strongly.Translated fron Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 177–179, November–December, 1983.     

Silicon Film Deposition Using a Gas-Jet Plasma-Chemical Method: Experiment and Gas-Dynamic Simulation

This paper presents the results of an experimental study, numerical calculation, and analysis within the framework of a gas-dynamic model of silicon film deposition by a gas-jet plasmachemical method. A numerical model of gas mixtures flowing out of an annular nozzle unit and into a reactor is developed, and it allows one to determine a film thickness distribution over the surface of substrates placed in the reactor and satisfactorily describes the experimental data obtained.     

Axisymmetric nonstationary flow around an obstable in a cylindrical tube

Questions associated with the interaction between a gas stream and a body in a launching tube, especially the high-speed propulsion of a body by a gas stream [1], have become of great interest in recent years. Partial destruction of the body and the formation of a gap between the body and the launching tube, through which the working gas will flow, inevitably occurs at high velocities. In this case it is possible to consider the ejection of a free body which does not come into contact with the walls of the launching tube as it is accelerated. An analogous problem occurs in the transportation of containers in a tube under the effect of a compressed gas [2], as well as in a gas-dynamic analysis of piston apparatus with different kinds of gas flow through the orifice inmoving or fixed pistons. The interaction between the gas stream and the body or the obstacle in the launching tube must be known for a theoretical investigation of all these problems. The solution is obtained by numerical integration of the nonstationary gas-dynamic equations by means of a through-computation difference scheme [3]. Values of the blockage factors are found for different freestream Mach numbers, for which the reflected shock stands off at infinity upstream. A comparison is given with the one-dimensional approximation obtained under the assumption that the body being streamlined is replaced by two jumps of a strong discontinuity on which the mass, momentum, and energy conservation conditions are satisfied. The results obtained are used in the problem of ejection of a free body from a launching tube under the effect of an unsteady gas flow.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 81–86, July–August, 1978.