Synthesis of an optically active unsaturated silicohydrocarbon containing an asymmetric silicon atom

Summary Starting with vinyltriethoxysilane, we were the first to obtain optically active dextrorotatory and levorotatory isomers of an unsaturated silicohydrocarbon, namely, of vinylphenyl--naphthylsilane.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 387–389, February, 1965     

Bifunctional copper catalysts for an atom efficient ether synthesis

A direct etherification of aromatic ketones and aliphatic alcohols into the corresponding asymmetrical ethers by the use of a bifunctional heterogeneous copper catalyst is described. The reaction protocol reveals to be versatile and convenient respect to the traditional ether synthesis for both environmental and practical concerns.     

N-dimensional hydrogen atom in an external spherically symmetric field

TheN-dimensional hydrogen atom in external fields of the typer andr ² is studied. We describe how Lie algebras are used to obtain RS-type perturbation expansions. We present expressions for the perturbation energy up to 4th order for arbitrary dimension and arbitrary state of the hydrogen atom. With symbolic computation, results are obtained in compact and transparent form.Dedicated to Professor J. Koutecký on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

A misconception concerning the electronic density distribution of an atom

It is shown that the electronic charge density of a ground-state atom decreases monotonically as a function of radial distance from the nucleus, contrary to the widespread belief that the shell structure is reflected by relative maxima in the density. Any proposed relationship between chemical bonding and the maxima in the radial density functions of atoms should therefore be regarded with caution. It is proven that the electrostatic potential of an atom must be monotonically decreasing. The changes in charge distribution upon molecule formation are also discussed.     

Multiphoton ionization of an atom; the choice of gauge

We argue that the velocity gauge is the natural one in which to formulate the theory of multiphoton ionization of atoms by intense fields. If the length gauge is used, careful attention must be paid to the time evolution of the eigenvector which characterizes the state in which the photoelectron emerges when the atom is ionized.     

Collinear collision of an atom with a homonuclear diatomic molecule

The problem of collinear scattering of an atom from a homonuclear diatomic molecule is formulated in terms of a first-order nonlinear matrix differential equation for the variable coefficient of reflection. For a homonuclear molecule when the target Hamiltonian is invariant under the parity transformation, only transitions between even states or odd states are possible. This selection rule reduces the number of open or closed channels that contribute to the reflection and transmission coefficients. But for numerical calculation, under the conditions of the problem, one can approximate the target Hamiltonian by the Hamiltonian of a displaced harmonic oscillator. In this approximation, the reflectional symmetry of the Hamiltonian is not preserved and transitions between any two levels of the target are possible. To simplify the problem further, the interaction between the projectile and the target is assumed to be a sum of two Gaussian terms. For this combination of the potentials the many-channel interaction can be expressed analytically. By fitting the Lennard–Jones potential with a sum of two Gaussian potentials and solving the matrix differential equation, transition probabilities are obtained for the He? H₂ collision. The numerical results are compared with the results found by Secrest and Johnson, and by Clark and Dickinson.     

Synthesis of cyclic iodonium salts containing an asymmetric carbon atom

We report the synthesis of two iodonium salts with an asymmetric carbon atom in the cation, viz. 3-methyl-10H,10-(4-tolyl)dibenz[b,e]iodinium tetrafluoroborate and the salt of the same cation with the anion of (–)-mono(N--phenylethyl)maleic acid amide as well as the synthesis of 3-methyl-10H-dibenz[b,e]-iodinium tetrafluoroborate.M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1112–1118, August, 1999.     

Spectroscopic measurements of single atom emission in an optical resonator

Experiments are described in which atoms are placed in a concentric optical resonator and probed by cw dye laser radiation. It is found that, depending on the tuning of the resonator, the radiative linewidth of the atomic transition may either increase or decrease and the observed resonance frequency may shift, relative to their respective free space values. A simple classical interpretation of these effects is given. We also present results of a semi-classical calculation which show that under appropriate conditions, stimulated emission may play a significant role in such experiments.     

Electronic structure of long polyene chains with an impurity atom

The influence of an impurity atom on the -electronic structure of long polyenes is considered using the unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) method. It is shown that the substitution of a carbon atom in a long polyene chain is a local perturbation in spite of the nonlinearity of the UHF Hamiltonian. The conditions under which the local states appear in the forbidden zone of long polyenes are stated. Some experiments are proposed to elucidate the nature of the forbidden zone in the -electron spectra of long polyene chains.

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Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß eines Fremdatoms auf die -Elektronenstruktur langer Polyene wird mit Hilfe der uneingeschränkten Hartree-Fock-Methode (UHF) untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Substitution eines C-Atoms in einer langen Polyenkette eine lokale Störung darstellt, obwohl der UHF-Hamiltonoperator nicht linear ist. Die Bedingungen, unter denen die lokalen Zustände in der verbotenen Zone für die langen Polyene erscheinen, werden dargestellt. Einige Experimente zur Aufklärung der Natur der verbotenen Zonen in den -Elektronen-Spektren langer Polyenketten werden vorgeschlagen.

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Résumé La méthode Hartree-Fock sans restrictions (UHF) est utilisée pour étudier l'influence d'une impureté atomique sur la structure électronique des grands polyénes. On montre que la substitution d'un atome de carbone dans une longue chaîne polyénique est une perturbation locale en dépit de la non linéarité de l'hamiltonien UHF. On énonce les conditions d'apparition des états locaux dans la zone interdite des longs polyènes. Certaines expériences sont proposées pour élucider la nature de la zone interdite dans le spectre d'électrons des longues chaînes polyéniques.

     

Nitric oxide as an electron donor, an atom donor, an atom acceptor, and a ligand in reactions with atomic transition-metal and main-group cations in the gas phase

The room-temperature reactions of nitric oxide with 46 atomic cations have been surveyed systematically across and down the periodic table using an inductively-coupled plasma/selected-ion flow tube (ICP/SIFT) tandem mass spectrometer. Rate coefficients and product distributions were measured for the reactions of first-row cations from K+ to Se+, of second-row cations from Rb+ to Te+ (excluding Tc+), and of third-row cations from Cs+ to Bi+. Reactions both first and second order in NO were identified. The observed bimolecular reactions were thermodynamically controlled. Efficient exothermic electron transfer was observed with Zn+, As+, Se+, Au+, and Hg+. Bimolecular O-atom transfer was observed with Sc+, Ti+, Y+, Zr+, Nb+, La+, Hf+, Ta+, and W+. Of the remaining 32 atomic ions, all but 8 react in novel termolecular reactions second order in NO to produce NO+ and the metal-nitrosyl molecule, the metal-monoxide cation and nitrous oxide, and/or the metal-nitrosyl cation. K+, Rb+, Cs+, Ga+, In+, Tl+, Pb+, and Bi+ are totally unreactive. Further reactions with NO produce the dioxide cations CaO2+, TiO2+, VO2+, CrO2+, SrO2+, ZrO2+, NbO2+, RuO2+, BaO2+, HfO2+, TaO2+, WO2+, ReO2+, and OsO2+ and the still higher order oxides WO3+, ReO3+, and ReO4+. NO ligation was observed in the formation of CaO+(NO), ScO+(NO), TiO+(NO), VO+(NO)(1-3), VO2+(NO)(1-3), SrO+(NO), SrO2+(NO)1,2, RuO+(NO)(1-3), RuO2+(NO)1,2, OsO+(NO)(1-3), and IrO+(NO). The reported reactivities for bare atomic ions provide a benchmark for reactivities of ligated atomic ions and point to possible second-order NO chemistry in biometallic and metal-surface environments leading to the conversion of NO to N2O and the production of metal-nitrosyl molecules.     

Synthesis of imidazolidinone containing an ammonium nitrogen atom in the ring

The reaction of 1-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-1,3,3-trimethylurea with 2-methylresorcinol in dioxane in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid affords a new type of imidazolidin-2-ones, viz., 5-(2,4-dihydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2-oxoimidazolidinium triflate containing an endocyclic ammonium nitrogen atom.     

Impurity atom

气体分子与光催化剂之间的相互作用对于光催化反应的触发非常重要.对于Ti O2, ZnO和WO3等传统金属氧化物光催化剂上的水分解反应而言,已有许多报道研究了水分子在它们表面的吸附行为.结果表明,水分子与催化剂表面的原子形成了O–H…O氢键.石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)是一种具有可见光响应且化学性质稳定的光催化剂,对其进行修饰以增强其分解水产氢性能的研究非常多.本文通过密度泛函理论计算,全面研究了水分子在均三嗪(s-triazine)基g-C3N4上的吸附情况.首先构建了一系列初始吸附模型,考察了各种吸附位和水分子的朝向.通过比较分析计算得到的吸附能,确定了一种最优的吸附构型,即水分子以竖直的朝向吸附于褶皱的单层g-C3N4表面.水分子中的一个极性O–H键与g-C3N4中一个二配位富电子的氮原子结合形成了分子间的O–H…N氢键.其中, H原子与N原子的间距为1.92?, O–H键的键长由0.976?增至0.994?.进一步通过计算Mulliken电荷,态密度和静电势曲线分析了该吸附体系的电子性质.结果发现在分子间氢键的桥接作用下, g-C3N4上的电子转移至水分子,由此导致g-C3N4的费米能级降低,功函数由4.21 eV增至5.30 eV.在该吸附模型的基础上,考查了不同的吸附距离.当水分子与g-C3N4的间距设为1至4?时,几何优化后总是能得到相同的吸附构型,吸附能和氢键长度也十分相近.随后,通过改变吸附基底g-C3N4的大小和形状,验证了这种吸附构型具有很强的重复性.将2?2单层g-C3N4吸附基底替换为2?2多层g-C3N4 (2至5层), 3?3和4?4单层g-C3N4,以及具有不同管径的单壁g-C3N4纳米管后,水分子的吸附能随着体系原子数的增多而增大,但吸附模型的几何结构和电子性质基本不变,包括O–H…N氢键的形成和键长,以及电子转移和增大的功函数.另外还研究了非金属元素(P, O, S, Se, F, Cl和Br)掺杂对吸附能的影响.构建模型时,杂质原子以取代二配位氮原子的方式进行掺杂,水分子放置于杂质原子上方.结果显示,引入杂质原子后水分子的吸附能增大,在理论上从吸附的角度解释了元素掺杂增强g-C3N4分解水活性.总之,本文揭示了一种在分子间氢键的作用下,具有高取向性的水分子吸附的g-C3N4构型,这有助于g-C3N4基光催化剂上水分解过程的理解和优化设计.     

Two-photon ionization of an inner shell electron of the Cl atom

We have calculated, using second order perturbation theory, the two photon ionization cross section of a K-shell electron of chlorine forE=1.6 keV incident photons. Two classes of intermediate states must be considered, those in which a 1s electron moves to an emptyp-orbital, and those in which an electron from an occupiedp-orbital moves into the continuum. The first class of intermediate states is followed by the ejection of ap-electron into the continuum. The second class of intermediate states is followed by the transfer of a 1s electron into an emptyp-state. The largest contribution comes from 3p →d-continuum followed by 1s → 3p transition. Our result is σ⁽²⁾/I=2.06×10⁴¹ cm⁴/W where σ⁽²⁾ is the two photon ionization cross-section andI is the light intensity.     

Long-range interactions between an atom in its ground S state and an open-shell linear molecule

Theory of long-range interactions between an atom in its ground S state and a linear molecule in a degenerate state with a nonzero projection of the electronic orbital angular momentum is presented. It is shown how the long-range coefficients can be related to the first and second-order molecular properties. The expressions for the long-range coefficients are written in terms of all components of the static and dynamic multipole polarizability tensor, including the nondiagonal terms connecting states with the opposite projection of the electronic orbital angular momentum. It is also shown that for the interactions of molecules in excited states that are connected to the ground state by multipolar transition moments additional terms in the long-range induction energy appear. All these theoretical developments are illustrated with the numerical results for systems of interest for the sympathetic cooling experiments: interactions of the ground state Rb((2)S) atom with CO((3)Π), OH((2)Π), NH((1)Δ), and CH((2)Π) and of the ground state Li((2)S) atom with CH((2)Π).     

The first example of a two‐coordinated AuI atom bonded to an FeII atom and an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand

The aurophilicity exhibited by Au^I complexes depends strongly on the nature of the supporting ligands present and the length of the Au–element (Au—E) bond may be used as a measure of the donor–acceptor properties of the coordinated ligands. A binuclear iron–gold complex, [1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene‐2κC²]dicarbonyl‐1κ²C‐(1η⁵‐cyclopentadienyl)gold(I)iron(II)(Au—Fe) benzene trisolvate, [AuFe(C₅H₅)(C₂₇H₃₆N₂)(CO)₂]·3C₆H₆, was prepared by reaction of K[CpFe(CO)₂] (Cp is cyclopentadienyl) with (NHC)AuCl [NHC = 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene]. In addition to the binuclear complex, the asymmetric unit contains three benzene solvent molecules. This is the first example of a two‐coordinated Au atom bonded to an Fe and a C atom of an N‐heterocyclic carbene.