Simulation of three-dimensional polymer mould filling processes using a pseudo-concentration method

Mould filling processes, in which a material flow front advances through a mould, are typical examples of moving boundary problems. The moving boundary is accompanied by a moving contact line at the mould walls causing, from a macroscopic modelling viewpoint, a stress singularity. In order to be able to simulate such processes, the moving boundary and moving contact line problem must be overcome. A numerical model for both two- and three-dimensional mould filling simulations has been developed. It employs a pseudo-concentration method in order to avoid elaborate three-dimensional remeshing, and has been implemented in a finite element program. The moving contact line problem has been overcome by employing a Robin boundary condition at the mould walls, which can be turned into a Dirichlet (no-slip) or a Neumann (free-slip) boundary condition depending on the local pseudo-concentration. Simulation results for two-dimensional test cases demonstrate the model's ability to deal with flow phenomena such as fountain flow and flow in bifurcations. The method is by no means limited to two-dimensional flows, as is shown by a pilot simulation for a simple three-dimensional mould. The reverse problem of mould filling is the displacement of a viscous fluid in a tube by a less viscous fluid, which has had considerable attention since the 1960's. Simulation results for this problem are in good agreement with results from the literature. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The solution of two‐dimensional free‐surface problems using automatic mesh generation

A new method is described for the iterative solution of two‐dimensional free‐surface problems, with arbitrary initial geometries, in which the interior of the domain is represented by an unstructured, triangular Eulerian mesh and the free surface is represented directly by the piecewise‐quadratic edges of the isoparametric quadratic‐velocity, linear‐pressure Taylor–Hood elements. At each time step, the motion of the free surface is computed explicitly using the current velocity field and, once the new free‐surface location has been found, the interior nodes of the mesh are repositioned using a continuous deformation model that preserves the original connectivity. In the event that the interior of the domain must be completely remeshed, a standard Delaunay triangulation algorithm is used, which leaves the initial boundary discretisation unchanged. The algorithm is validated via the benchmark viscous flow problem of the coalescence of two infinite cylinders of equal radius, in which the motion is due entirely to the action of capillary forces on the free surface. This problem has been selected for a variety of reasons: the initial and final (steady state) geometries differ considerably; in the passage from the former to the latter, large free‐surface curvatures—requiring accurate modelling—are encountered; an analytical solution is known for the location of the free surface; there exists a large body of literature on alternative numerical simulations. A novel feature of the present work is its geometric generality and robustness; it does not require a priori knowledge of either the evolving domain geometry or the solution contained therein. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical analysis of finite amplitude motion of waves and a moored floating body under severe storm conditions

The motion of a moored floating body under the action of wave forces, which is influenced by fluid forces, shape of the floating body and mooring forces, should be analysed as a complex coupled motion system. Especially under severe storm conditions or resonant motion of the floating body it is necessary to consider finite amplitude motions of the waves, the floating body and the mooring lines as well as non-linear interactions of these finite amplitude motions. The problem of a floating body has been studied on the basis of linear wave theory by many researchers. However, the finite amplitude motion under a correlated motion system has rarely been taken into account. This paper presents a numerical method for calculating the finite amplitude motion when a floating body is moored by non-linear mooring lines such as chains and cables under severe storm conditions.     

AN IMPLICIT SURFACE TENSION ALGORITHM FOR PICARD SOLVERS OF SURFACE–TENSION–DOMINATED FREE AND MOVING BOUNDARY PROBLEMS

One of the methods for solving a free or moving boundary problem is the use of Picard solvers which solve the geometry and the velocity field successively. When, however, the kinematic condition is used for updating the geometry in this technique, numerical stability problems occur for surface-tension-dominated flow. These problems are shown here to originate from the unstable integration of the local smoothing of the surface by surface tension. By an extension of the surface tension contribution to the flow field an implicit treatment of surface tension is obtained which overcomes these stability problems. The algorithm is applicable to both free and moving boundary problems, as will be shown by examples in this paper.     

A modified finite element method for determining equilibrium capillary surfaces of liquids with specified volumes

This paper describes a modified finite element method (MFEM) for determining the static equilibrium shape of the capillary surface of a liquid with a prescribed volume constrained by rigid boundaries with arbitrary shapes. It is assumed that the liquid is in static equilibrium under the influence of surface tension, adhesion, and gravity forces. This problem can be solved by employing the conventional FEM; however, a major difficulty arises due to the presence of the volume (integral) constraint and usually requires the use of the Lagrange multiplier method, the sequential unconstrained minimization technique, or the augmented Lagrange multiplier method. With the MFEM, the space variables defining the equilibrium surfaces (or curves) are expanded in terms of parametric interpolation functions, which are designed such that the boundary conditions and the integral constraint equation are automatically satisfied during each iteration of a direct numerical search process. Hence, there is no need to include Lagrange multipliers and/or penalty factors and the problem can be treated more simply as one involving unconstrained optimization. This investigation indicates that the MFEM is more efficient and reliable than the other methods. Results are presented for several case study problems involving liquid solder drops. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sound Radiated in a Cavity by a Vibrating Plate: Comparison between the Results of a Finite Element Method (FEMAK) and a Boundary Element Method (NoVAlea2D)

The coupling between a cavity and a vibrating plate is written as a strong coupling where both the continuity of stresses and particle velocities at the interface are taken into account. A FEM analysis reveals an important coupling between the first mode of the plate and the cavity. The pressure distribution in the cavity shows a strong quarter of a wave length pattern indicating the influence of the first Dirichlet mode in the cavity. The vibrating plate is then excited by a turbulent flow modelled by its spectral density using the Corcos model. A comparison is made between the results obtained from a FEM and a BEM formulation. Good agreements are observed concerning the plate displacements. The comparison of the cavity sound pressure levels is less good. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A finite amplitude analysis of tunnel deformation by the finite element method with highly viscous fluid

A finite element method for highly viscous fluid is used to calculate the velocity and stress fields in the surrounding soft rock of a tunnel. In order to fit the calculated values with the measured displacement of tunnel wall, we inverted the boundary forces and the mechanical parameters of the surrounding rocks.     

细分曲面边界元法的黏附吸声材料结构拓扑优化分析

等几何分析采用样条基函数构造几何模型和实施变量近似,实现了计算机辅助设计和辅助工程的无缝连接,并已广泛应用于弹性力学、电磁场和位势问题等领域.然而直接采用等几何方法难以构造复杂模型,限制了该方法在大规模实际工程问题上的应用.细分曲面法可用于克服这一问题,该方法对传统模型的离散网格进行细分和拟合操作,构造出极限光滑曲面,连续性更高,对复杂结构的适用性更强.该方法主要有以下优点：(1)适用于任意拓扑结构;(2)数值计算稳定;(3)实施简单;(4)局部细化与连续性控制.由于该方法在复杂结构模型构造方面具有较强的灵活性和便利性,已被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、动画、游戏制作等建模领域.将细分曲面法与边界元法相结合进行结构声学分析,几何场与物理场均采用箱样条基函数进行插值近似.以黏附吸声材料结构的声散射问题为例,建立吸声材料分布拓扑优化数学模型,并采用移动渐进线算法进行设计变量更新,最终获得最优材料分布.     

基于黏弹性的微注射成型流动模拟

应用有限元方法研究了微注射成型中瞬态、可压缩、非牛顿熔体流动的黏弹性对流动前沿及流动平衡的影响。基于Phan-Thien-Tanner模型建立了熔体流动的本构方程,利用Hele-Shaw假设和简化建立了瞬态、可压缩、非牛顿熔体流动的连续性方程、动量方程、能量方程;为了有效地描述微注射成型的尺寸效应,采用了边界滑移和表面张力边界条件。通过分部积分和待定系数法导出了带有边界信息的变分方程和求解应力分量的半解析公式,构造了有限元离散求解及超松驰迭代算法。模拟结果表明:熔体的黏弹性对浇口附近的压力和后续的熔体流动前沿有重要影响;与黏性模型相比,黏弹性模型可以控制模拟压力的快速增长,减少不同型腔之间的充填差异,与短射实验结果也更吻合。     

用粘性边界有限元法分析弹性半无限地基中的动力问题

本文使用设置粘性边界单元的有限元方法,分析了简谐集中激振力产生的地表位移反应,刚性基础及桩基础的阻抗函数等半无限地基中的动力问题.计算结果与其他数值分析方法结果的比较表明,粘性边界单元的有限元方法适用于分析弹性半无限地基中的动力问题.本文还讨论了有限元网格尺寸及模型大小对计算结果的影响.     

有限长轴承非稳态油膜力自由-移动边界问题的有限条解法

讨论了不可压缩流体润滑的动载径向滑动轴承油膜压力分布的自由移动边界问题的有限条解法．将自由边界问题转化为全域(矩形域)的具有不等式约束的微分方程的边值问题,进一步化为具有不等式约束的泛函极值问题。借助有限条法在矩形域上离散这个泛函,得到了一个特殊的二次泛函的规化问题。通过变量平移变换,使其化为标准的二次规划问题。然后借助于牛顿非光滑算法,迭代求解非线性的互补方程。给出了有限长轴承真实的油膜应力分布。对于所求解方程的系数矩阵的高度稀疏性。给出了紧缩存储算法。节省了存储空间和减少了计算量。算例表明该方法是有效的。