不同运动条件下足球气动力及流场分析

为了获得足球空气动力学特性,建立了计算模型,并利用Fluent 软件分别计算了无自旋及有自旋条件下的足球绕流场. 仿真结果与已有工作相比较为合理. 在无自旋条件下,通过分析足球表面极限流线发现接缝使得足球表面分离线与圆球明显不同,接缝深刻地影响三维分离情况,而且还会对足球所受升力大小产生影响;在自旋条件下,足球受到的Magnus力随旋转速度变大而变大;同时还发现,足球受到阻力也会随其旋转速度变大而变大. 最后,本文还以一粒定位球罚球为例考察了足球旋转对其运动轨迹的影响.     

雷诺数对运输类飞机气动特性影响的试验研究

开展了某背景飞机的高低速变雷诺数风洞试验,并对试验结果进行了分析;结合国外的一些变雷诺数风洞试验结论,给出了大展弦比运输类飞机雷诺数对升力、阻力以及俯仰力矩特性的影响规律。试验研究表明:升力特性方面,在中小迎角下,随着雷诺数增大,迎角相同时升力增加,大迎角时最大升力系数增大,失速迎角增大;阻力特性方面,随着雷诺数的增大阻力减小,并且最小阻力系数随着雷诺数对数的增加基本呈线性减小;俯仰力矩特性方面,随着雷诺数增大机翼后部载荷增大,低头力矩增大,稳定性增强。除此之外,文中还从雷诺数对气动特性影响机理角度出发,分析了这些规律形成的原因。     

并列圆柱绕流的格子Boltzmann数值模拟

采用非均匀不可压格子Boltzmann模型对低雷诺数下并列圆柱绕流进行了数值模拟,给出了数值计算结果,分析了间距g对圆柱尾流及升力、阻力的影响,并在此基础上得到了4种尾迹模式.此外,研究了流场的初始扰动对流动分岔现象的影响,发现在适当的扰动下可以很快得到同步同相的尾流.对Re=160和200下圆柱的升、阻力进行了对比,结果表明升力和阻力受间距g的影响大于雷诺数.     

垂向双蝠鲼变攻角滑翔水动力性能研究

为了探究垂向间距和攻角对双蝠鲼在沿垂向分布集群滑翔时的水动力性能影响,根据蝠鲼的实际外形建立了蝠鲼计算模型,设置了4种间距排布即0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1倍体厚排布以及9种攻角状态即-8°～8°,随后借助Fluent软件进行了双蝠鲼变攻角、变垂向间距的集群滑翔数值模拟,结合流场压力云图以及速度云图对集群系统平均升/阻力以及集群中各单体的升/阻力进行了分析.数值计算结果表明:双蝠鲼沿垂向分布在攻角范围为-8°～8°进行集群滑翔时系统平均阻力均高于单体滑翔时所受阻力.单体在集群滑翔过程中获得减阻收益,当双蝠鲼以负攻角集群滑翔时,下方蝠鲼阻力减小,且垂向间距越小,减阻效果越明显;当以正攻角集群滑翔时,上方蝠鲼获得减阻收益.当双蝠鲼以负攻角滑翔时,系统平均升力大于单体滑翔时所受升力;当双蝠鲼以负攻角滑翔时,系统平均升力小于单体滑翔时所受升力,系统平均升力几乎不受垂向间距影响.下方蝠鲼升力始终大于上方蝠鲼升力,但随着垂向间距的增大,升力差距逐渐减小.     

褶皱幅度对仿生翼型滑翔气动特性的影响

蜻蜓翅膀具有独特的褶皱状形貌．研究者们致力于利用仿生学原理,设计在低雷诺数条件下具有更优气动性能的褶皱翼型．本文采用计算流体力学方法,求解二维不可压Navier-Stokes方程组,探讨了四种翼型（平板翼型、流线翼型、小幅度褶皱翼型和大幅度褶皱翼型）的气动表现．在低雷诺数条件下得到以下结果：(1) 较小幅度的褶皱结构有利于增加升力和减小阻力．(2) 雷诺数变化时褶皱翼型的升力系数呈非线性变化;在特定雷诺数区间,幅度相近的褶皱翼型会发生相对气动优势的转变．(3) 褶皱结构内的回流区通过减小粘性阻力,使得翼型总阻力下降．(4) 翼型前缘的极小区域会产生脉冲高升力,对升力表现产生较大影响．这些结果表明,调整褶皱幅度是实现褶皱翼型气动优化的有效方案．     

电磁极宽度对圆柱绕流场影响的数值分析

在雷诺数Re=200的情况,利用Maxwell方程直接数值计算表面包覆电极与磁极圆柱体产生的电磁力分布,将其加入到动量方程中,在各种电磁力作用参数和电磁极宽度的组合下,对表面覆盖电磁极圆柱体在弱电解质中的绕流场结构及其升阻力特性进行了数值模拟与分析.结果表明,当电磁极宽度较小时,圆柱体绕流场的分离点越容易接近后驻点,而电磁力对总阻力的影响并不明显,但对压差和摩擦阻力均有明显影响.当电磁极宽度较大时,圆柱体尾部区域越容易产生射流现象,而且总阻力随电磁力作用参数和电磁极宽度增大而减小.在电磁力尚不足以完全抑制周期性涡脱落的情况下,升力幅值随电磁力作用参数增大而减小,但随电磁极宽度则先减小后略有增加,升力脉动频率则均随电磁力作用参数和电磁极宽度增大而增加.研究表明,电磁力可以有效地改善圆柱体绕流场结构,达到减小圆柱体阻力并抑制其脉动升力之目的,因此是圆柱型结构的一种有效流动控制手段.     

多控制面尺寸对前掠翼静气弹响应影响分析

针对多控制面尺寸对弹性前掠翼静气弹响应的影响,基于计算流体力学/计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)松耦合静气动弹性数值计算方法,计算和分析了亚声速条件下前、后缘控制面弦向和展向尺寸对前掠翼模型气动特性和弹性变形特性的影响。计算结果表明:当前缘控制面弦向尺寸增大而后缘控制面弦向尺寸减小时,升力特性在迎角变化呈现相反特性,较小迎角条件下,升力特性逐渐变差,较大迎角条件下变好;当前缘控制面弦向尺寸增大而后缘控制面尺寸减小时,较小迎角条件下弯曲变形和扭转变形减缓,而较大迎角时相反;随着前、后缘控制面展向尺寸的增大,升力系数增大,升力特性提高;当前、后缘控制面展向尺寸逐渐增大时,较小迎角条件下弯曲变形加剧,扭转变形减缓,而较大迎角条件下弯曲和扭转变形均有所减缓。计算分析得到的规律可为前掠翼飞行器的设计及优化提供有益参考。     

伸缩翼飞机纵向飞行动力学研究

研究了可变翼展飞机在变翼展过程中的气动特性及纵向飞行动响应。首先基于多刚体系统动力学方法建立了可伸缩机翼飞机的动力学模型,进而获得了纵向飞行动力学方程;然后分析了飞机质心、质量矩、惯性矩随翼展的变化规律;最后通过实时气动力计算和纵向飞行动力学方程联立求解,获得了不同翼展下的飞机升力、阻力、力矩及纵向飞行动响应。结果表明:在相同迎角条件下,大翼展飞机的升力性能与小翼展飞机的升力性能相比有较大的优势;未加控制时机翼收缩导致飞机阻力和升力减小,飞行速度增大;为维持变翼过程的稳定飞行,需要对俯仰运动施加控制。     

平板大攻角绕流升力和阻力系数的计算

二维平板或二维对称薄翼型大攻角绕流升力和阻力系数与攻角之间存在的函数关系一般用数据表格的形式给出。本文根据垂直平板绕流阻力实验数据和对称薄翼型全攻角绕流实验数据,分析得到了平板大攻角绕流总压力及其升力分量和阻力分量系数的近似计算公式。结果表明：平板总压力系数约等于攻角正弦值的2倍;总压力的阻力分量系数约等于攻角正弦值平方的2倍;升力分量系数约为攻角2倍的正弦值。计算结果与两组试验数据具有较好的一致性。     

错列角度对双圆柱涡激振动影响的数值模拟研究

为研究错列角度α对双圆柱涡激振动问题的影响,采用自主研发的基于CIP(constrained interpolation profile)方法的数值模型,对雷诺数Re=100、错列角度α=0?～90?(间隔15?)的等直径双圆柱涡激振动问题进行数值模拟.模型在笛卡尔网格系统下建立,采用具有三阶精度的CIP方法求解N-S(Navier--Stokes)方程,采用浸入边界法处理流-固耦合问题,避免了任意拉欧方法下的网格畸变和重叠动网格技术中的大量信息交换问题,保证了模型的计算效率.重点分析不同错列角度α上下游圆柱的升阻力系数、位移响应、涡脱频率和尾涡模态等.结果表明:折合速度Ur=2.0～3.0时,上下游圆柱升阻力随错列角度的增大基本呈单调增大的趋势;Ur=5.0～8.0时,随错列角度的增大,上下游圆柱阻力变化较小,升力呈"上凸"趋势,在α=15?～30?取得最大值;Ur=10.0～13.0时,随错列角度的增大,上下游圆柱阻力变化较小,升力呈"下凹"趋势,在α=30?～45?取得最小值,且柱体横流向振幅和升力没有明显的对应关系.最后,结合尾涡模态对以上规律的成因进行分析.研究结果可为相关海洋工程设计提供参考.     

An investigation of free surface effects on drag and lift coefficients of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) using computational and experimental fluid dynamics methods

In the present paper, in order to investigate the effect of free surface on drag and lift coefficients of an Autonomous Underwater vehicle,¹ two phase flow Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations were solved using computational fluid dynamics. The numerical results were compared with those obtained from both numerical single phase flow simulations and the experiments conducted in the towing tank of the Subsea R&D Center at Isfahan University of Technology, using a 1:1 scale model of AUV developed in this center. The study was conducted at various submergence depths ranging from 0.87 to 5.22 of the AUV diameter and at the speeds of 1.5 and 2.5 m/s (corresponding to Reynolds numbers of 1.9 and 3.17 million, respectively). The variation of drag and lift coefficients of the AUV with the submergence depth were shown to be very sensitive to the AUV speed.     

Drag and lift reduction of a 3D bluff-body using active vortex generators

In this study, a passive flow control experiment on a 3D bluff-body using vortex generators (VGs) is presented. The bluff-body is a modified Ahmed body (Ahmed in J Fluids Eng 105:429–434 1983) with a curved rear part, instead of a slanted one, so that the location of the flow separation is no longer forced by the geometry. The influence of a line of non-conventional trapezoïdal VGs on the aerodynamic forces (drag and lift) induced on the bluff-body is investigated. The high sensitivity to many geometric (angle between the trapezoïdal element and the wall, spanwise spacing between the VGs, longitudinal location on the curved surface) and physical (freestream velocity) parameters is clearly demonstrated. The maximum drag reduction is ?12%, while the maximum global lift reduction can reach more than ?60%, with a strong dependency on the freestream velocity. For some configurations, the lift on the rear axle of the model can be inverted (?104%). It is also shown that the VGs are still efficient even downstream of the natural separation line. Finally, a dynamic parameter is chosen and a new set-up with motorized vortex generators is proposed. Thanks to this active device. The optimal configurations depending on two parameters are found more easily, and a significant drag and lift reduction (up to ?14% drag reduction) can be reached for different freestream velocities. These results are then analyzed through wall pressure and velocity measurements in the near-wake of the bluff-body with and without control. It appears that the largest drag and lift reduction is clearly associated to a strong increase of the size of the recirculation bubble over the rear slant. Investigation of the velocity field in a cross-section downstream the model reveals that, in the same time, the intensity of the longitudinal trailing vortices is strongly reduced, suggesting that the drag reduction is due to the breakdown of the balance between the separation bubble and the longitudinal vortices. It demonstrates that for low aspect ratio 3D bluff-bodies, like road vehicles, the flow control strategy is much different from the one used on airfoils: an early separation of the boundary layer can lead to a significant drag reduction if the circulation of the trailing vortices is reduced.     

幂律流体圆柱绕流的格子波尔兹曼模拟简

基于插值补充格子波尔兹曼方法和幂律流体的本构方程,建立了贴体坐标系下适用于幂律流体的格子波尔兹曼模型,模拟了幂律流体的圆柱绕流问题,采用非平衡外推格式处理圆柱表面的速度无滑移边界,利用应力积分法确定曳力系数和升力系数,并与基于标准的格子波尔兹曼方法和有限容积法获得的数值数据进行对比,吻合良好. 进行了网格无关性验证之后,分析了稳态流动时,不同雷诺数下幂律指数对于尾迹长度、分离角、圆柱表面黏度分布、表面压力系数及曳力系数的影响,以及非定常流动中,幂律指数对于流场、曳力系数、升力系数和斯特劳哈尔数的影响. 获得的变化规律与基于其他数值模拟方法得到的结果相一致,充分验证了模型的有效性和正确性. 结果表明：插值补充格子波尔兹曼方法可以用来模拟幂律流体在具有复杂边界流场内的流动问题,通过引入不同的非牛顿流体本构方程,该方法还可以进一步应用于其他类型的非牛顿流体研究中.     

CFD在飞翼标模支撑干扰影响研究中的应用

支撑干扰修正一直是风洞试验的一个重点和难点,特别是对于尾部扁平的飞翼布局飞行器,阻力和俯仰力矩是一个小量,进行风洞试验时,尾部需要局部放大,对阻力和俯仰力矩的影响相对较大,这就使得风洞试验时对支撑影响修正方法提出了更高的要求。本文采用CFD数值模拟手段针对小展弦比飞翼标模开展了网格收敛性和支撑干扰影响研究,分析了尾支撑对飞翼气动特性、压力分布和流场结构的影响,为进一步开展风洞试验的支撑干扰修正提供了依据。在典型工况下,支撑干扰会导致升力系数减小,阻力系数减小,抬头力矩增大;试验模型后体放大和支撑存在会导致飞翼标模上表面压力增大,激波强度变弱,尾部分离区域减小。     

考虑转速影响的滚珠丝杠副摩擦系数计算与试验研究

针对目前滚珠丝杠副摩擦系数选取多以轴承经验值为依据的现状,基于滚珠丝杠副的结构特点建立滚珠与滚道的运动学及动力学模型,得到滚珠丝杠副摩擦系数与预紧力及摩擦力矩之间的关系,并推导出滚珠丝杠副摩擦系数计算公式.通过新型设计的预紧力可调机构可实现对双螺母滚珠丝杠副预紧力的任意加载与实时监测.利用该机构,结合摩擦力矩测量系统便可实现对滚珠丝杠副摩擦力矩和预紧力的直接测量,从而计算不同预紧力和转速下的实际摩擦系数.由于测量系统转速限制,试验在转速400 r/min以下的低速条件进行,最终得到摩擦系数随转速与预紧力的变化规律,并给出了滚珠丝杠副低速下摩擦系数的选用范围.通过试验得到合理的滚珠丝杠副摩擦系数取值对今后研究其摩擦特性有着重要的意义.     

Influence of slip on vortex-induced motion of a superhydrophobic cylinder

The partial slip boundary condition produced by a superhydrophobic surface in the Cassie state has been shown capable of reducing skin friction drag as well as influencing the flow around coated bodies including cylinders and spheres. In this paper, we investigated how the changes in vortex shedding and separation previously observed on superhydrophobic cylinders affects the rms lift force and the resulting oscillations induced on an elastically mounted cylinder. Two hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene cylinders were studied. The first was smooth and the second was roughened to make it superhydrophobic and to induce slip. The presence of slip was found to decrease rms lift and amplitude of the oscillating cylinder by up to 15% with no measurable impact on drag or the natural frequency of the elastically mounted system. We show that the observed reductions are a direct result of reduced fluid forcing on the superhydrophobic cylinder.     

Separation flow control on a generic ground vehicle using steady microjet arrays

A model of a generic vehicle shape, the Ahmed body with a 25° slant, is equipped with an array of blowing steady microjets 6 mm downstream of the separation line between the roof and the slanted rear window. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of this actuation method in reducing the aerodynamic drag, by reducing or suppressing the 3D closed separation bubble located on the slanted surface. The efficiency of this control approach is quantified with the help of aerodynamic load measurements. The changes in the flow field when control is applied are examined using PIV and wall pressure measurements and skin friction visualisations. By activating the steady microjet array, the drag coefficient was reduced by 9–14% and the lift coefficient up to 42%, depending on the Reynolds number. The strong modification of the flow topology under progressive flow control is particularly studied.     

Aerodynamic Performance of a Gliding Swallowtail Butterfly Wing Model

In the present study, we perform a wind-tunnel experiment to investigate the aerodynamic performance of a gliding swallowtail-butterfly wing model having a low aspect ratio. The drag, lift and pitching moment are directly measured using a 6-axis force/torque sensor. The lift coefficient increases rapidly at attack angles less than 10° and then slowly at larger attack angles. The lift coefficient does not fall off rapidly even at quite high angles of attack, showing the characteristics of low-aspect-ratio wings. On the other hand, the drag coefficient increases more rapidly at higher angles of attack due to the increase in the effective area responsible for the drag. The maximum lift-to-drag ratio of the present modeled swallowtail butterfly wing is larger than those of wings of fruitfly and bumblebee, and even comparable to those of wings of birds such as the petrel and starling. From the measurement of pitching moment, we show that the modeled swallowtail butterfly wing has a longitudinal static stability. Flow visualization shows that the flow separated from the leading edge reattaches on the wing surface at α < 15°, forming a small separation bubble, and full separation occurs at α ≥ 15°. On the other hand, strong wing-tip vortices are observed in the wake at α ≥ 5° and they are an important source of the lift as well as the main reason for broad stall. Finally, in the absence of long hind-wing tails, the lift and longitudinal static stability are reduced, indicating that the hind-wing tails play an important role in enhancing the aerodynamic performance.