温度对介电弹性体材料力电耦合变形的影响

介电弹性体(Dielectric Elastomer,简称DE)材料是一类在电场激励下可以产生大幅度尺寸或形状变化的新型柔性功能材料.DE材料具有非常宽的温度应用范围,这种宽的温度工作范围和快速大变形性能为各种柔性致动器结构提供了良好的基础,但作为一种粘弹性高分子材料,温度对其性能的影响也是非常明显的.然而到目前为止,所有关于DE材料驱动性能的研究仅局限于室温条件下,温度变化对DE材料力电耦合稳定性的影响几乎没有相关报道.基于此,通过实验研究了温度对最常用的DE材料(VHB 4910,3M)力电耦合变形的影响,结果表明:升高温度可以提高DE材料的力电耦合变形;温度越高,DE材料越容易发生力电耦合失稳.然后,从热力学和粘弹性力学出发,建立了考虑温度影响后的DE材料的粘弹性力电耦合模型,数值模拟理论结果和实验结果定性地吻合.     

介电高弹聚合物理论

软材料受刺激会发生变形, 该变形会引起相应的功能, 这种材料称为活性软材料(soft active material, SAM). 本综述主要讨论介电高弹聚合物这一类活性软材料. 当介电高弹聚合物薄膜受到厚度方向的电压作用时, 薄膜厚度减小同时面积增大, 可导致超过100{\%}的应变. 介电高弹聚合物作为转换器被广泛应用, 包括柔性机器人、智能光学器件、盲文显示屏、发电机等. 本文综述了建立在连续介质力学和热力学框架内的、并且基于分子理论描述和经验观测的介电高弹聚合物理论. 该理论耦合了大变形和电势, 描述了非线性和非平衡行为, 如力电失稳和黏弹性. 采用该理论能够通过有限元方法模拟实际构型的转换器, 计算力电能量转换的效率, 给出电致大变形的可行途径. 该理论有助于材料和器件设计.     

介电高弹聚合物力电行为研究与器件设计

相对于人们通常熟悉的金属、陶瓷、玻璃等“硬材料”,“软材料”是自然界、生命体系、日常生活和工程应用中广泛存在的物质体系,例如动植物组织结构、人造聚合物、液晶、胶体、泡沫、颗粒物质等.许多软材料在受外界激励后会发生变形或引发相应的功能响应,这种材料被称为功能软材料(soft active material,SAM).介电高弹聚合物属于典型的功能软材料,通过电压作用,介电高弹聚合物可产生超过100%的应变,并具有轻质量、快反应和高能量密度等优点,在智能仿生、航空航天、机械、新能源等领域有巨大的应用潜力.本学位论文主要研究介电高弹聚合物这一类功能软材料,研究了介电高弹聚合物的失拉、断裂、电击穿、粘弹性、失稳等力电失效和力电耗散现象,通过分析这些现象的产生机理和特性,得到克服或利用介电高弹聚合物特有的力电性能,实现换能器极大电致变形(1692%电致面积变形)、高效能量收集、主动调频振动等性能的理论方案.通过仿真模拟,进行换能器结构与介电高弹聚合物材料的优化设计,在试验上完成介电高弹聚合物换能器在不同工作模式下的高性能实现.     

铁电复合材料的力电耦合行为

对铁电复合材料力电耦合行为的研究进行综述．介绍了铁电复合材料的一些基本特点和线性压电有效性能的研究进展．阐述铁电复合材料中由于铁电相的铁电畴变与铁弹畴变以及基体相的弹性、粘弹性和介电弛豫性质所引起的铁电复合材料的非线性力电耦合行为．介绍了基于细观力学方法对铁电复合材料的本构关系进行研究的一些结果．     

力电耦合载荷作用下铁电陶瓷破坏行为的云纹干涉方法研究

本文介绍了如何用云纹干涉法实时地观察铁电陶瓷在力载荷和电载荷共同作用下裂尖的破坏行为．测量了三点弯试验中由电场和应力集中导致的裂尖的变形场．对变形的云纹图分析表明：当极化方向与裂纹扩展方向一致，且都与电场方向垂直，裂尖附近的正应变随电场的增加而增加，应变集中现象比较突出，电场促进和加速了裂纹的扩展．     

应用云纹干涉法测量力电耦合作用下铁电陶瓷的破坏行为

本文采用云纹干涉系统对的电陶瓷在力电耦合载荷作用下裂纹尖端的力学行为进行全场实时非接触动态细观测量,采用三点弯实验获取裂纹尖端区域在力电耦合作用下与电场集中有关的电致伸缩位移场,应变场,通过分析实验取得的云纹图得到了裂尖区域的位移场,应变场,发现裂尖区域就变随着与裂尖距离的增加衰减的速率比没有电场作用下的理论计算结果要快。     

铁电陶瓷PZT53复杂力电耦合行为的实验研究

通过实验研究了平行和垂直于极化方向的正应力对铁电陶瓷锆钛酸铅(PZT53)的电滞回线(E3-P3)和电致应变曲线(E-ε)的影响. 实验发现平行于极化方向的压应力对PZT53陶瓷的电滞回线、电致应变曲线形状以及矫顽场大小都有明显的影响,但是垂直于极化方向的拉、压应力只对PZT53陶瓷的电致应变曲线形状有明显的影响,但对电滞回线形状和矫顽场大小都没有显著影响. 采用畴翻转的模型详细解释了观察到的实验现象,所得结果为建立铁电陶瓷的多轴力、电耦合本构模型,提供了物理基础.     

温度对介电弹性体材料力电耦合变形的影响（固体力学大会文章）

介电弹性体（Dielectric elastomer,简称DE）材料是一类在电场激励下可以产生大幅度尺寸或形状变化的新型柔性功能材料。DE材料具有非常宽的温度应用范围,这种宽的温度工作范围和快速大变形性能为各种柔性致动器结构提供了良好的基础,但作为一种粘弹性高分子材料,温度对其性能的影响也是非常明显的。然而到目前为止,所有关于DE材料驱动性能的研究仅局限于室温条件下,温度变化对DE材料力电耦合稳定性的影响几乎没有相关报道。基于此,通过实验研究了温度对最常用的DE材料（VHB 4910,3M）力电耦合变形的影响,结果表明：升高温度可以提高DE材料的力电耦合变形;温度越高,DE材料越容易发生力电耦合失效。然后,从热力学和粘弹性力学出发,建立了考虑温度影响后的DE材料的粘弹性力电耦合模型,数值模拟理论结果和实验结果非常吻合。     

离子导体驱动的介电弹性体软机器研究进展

基于介电弹性体的软机器在柔性机器人、能量收集、柔性电子等领域有着广泛的应用.传统的介电弹性器件由不透明的流体碳膏电极或其他硬材料制作的电子导体来驱动.可拉伸透明离子导体作为电极驱动介电弹性体时,两种软材料互相结合,为软机器提供了一种独特的实现方式.论文综述了离子导体驱动的介电弹性体软机器的近期研究进展,展望了未来的研究方向和存在的问题.     

介电弹性材料的机电耦合性能研究

作为一种新型的电活性聚合物,介电弹性材料可被用作柔性致动器。其中材料的介电性能和机械性能是影响其机电耦合致动性能的关键因素。通过实验方法研究了一种典型的介电弹性材料VHB4910在不同温度和频率下的介电常数和弹性模量,基于实验结果分析了该材料的机电耦合性能。结果表明:依赖于频率和温度的弹性模量是影响该介电弹性材料致动变形的主要因素,对致动性能的影响最大可达4个数量级,材料的介电常数对其致动性能的影响相对较小。     

Laboratory Investigation of Variable-Density Flow and Solute Transport in Unsaturated–Saturated Porous Media

In many groundwater systems, fluid density and viscosity may vary in space and time as a function of changes in concentration and temperature of the fluid. When dense groundwater plumes interact with less dense ambient groundwater, these density variations can significantly affect flow and transport processes. Under certain conditions, gravitational instabilities in the form of lobe-shaped fingers can occur. This process is significant because it can lead to more rapid and spatially extensive solute transport. This paper presents new experiments carried out in a sand filled glass flow container under both fully saturated and variably-saturated conditions and focuses upon the processes that occur at the capillary fringe and below the water table, as affected by a dense contaminant plumes migration through the unsaturated zone. Source fluids stained with Rhodamine-WT were introduced at the upper boundary of the tank at a range of low and high densities. In addition to the fluid density gradients and porous medium permeability that determine the onset conditions for instabilities in fully saturated experiments, volumetric water content appears critical in the variably-saturated laboratory runs. Plume behaviour at the water table appears dependent upon the density of the fluid that accumulates there. For neutral and low density fluids, plumes accumulate at the water table and then spread laterally above it and the water table forms a barrier to further vertical flow as pore water velocities reduce with increasing water content. For medium and high density fluids, vertical movement continues as instabilities form at the capillary fringe and fingers begin to grow at the water table boundary and move downwards into the saturated zone. In these cases, lateral spreading of the plume is small. Despite these more qualitative observations, the exact nature of the relevant stability criteria for the onset and growth of instabilities in variably-saturated porous media presently remain unclear. All experimental results suggest, however, that the unsaturated zone and position of the water table must be considered in contaminant studies in order to predict the migration pathways, rates and ultimate fate of dense contaminant plumes. It is possible that the results of experiments presented in this paper could form a useful basis for the testing of variable-density (and variably-saturated) groundwater flow and solute transport numerical codes because they offer controlled physical laboratory analogs for comparison. They also provide a strong basis for the development of more rigorous mathematical formulations that are likely to be either developed or tested using numerical flow and solute transport simulators.     

Electromechanical responses and instability of electro-active polymer cylindrical shells

Based on the theories of finite deformation elasticity, electromechanical responses and instability of an incompressible electro-active polymer (EAP) cylindrical shell, which is subjected to an internal pressure and a static electric field, are studied. Deformation curves and distribution of stresses are obtained. It is found that an internal pressure together with an electric field may cause the unstable non-monotonic deformation of the shell. It is also shown that a critical thickness for the shell exists, and the shell may undergo the unstable deformation if its thickness is less than this critical value. In addition, the effects of the electric field, axial stretch, thickness, and internal pressure on the instability of the shell are discussed.     

变温下橡胶材料力学性能的实验分析

利用Zwick020材料试验机研究了天然橡胶材料在不同温度条件下单向拉伸的大变形力学行为。得到了不同温度和不同加载速率条件下材料的应力-应变关系曲线和材料的破坏条件,由此分析了高温和低温的温度变化条件及加载速率对材料力学性能的影响,得出天然橡胶材料在大变形条件下的温度和加载速率敏感特性。同时利用实验结果拟合出材料的应变能函数,并应用热超弹性模型对材料进行了理论分析。结果表明,理论分析结果与实验结果仅在一定温度范围内吻合得较好,因为材料软化或硬化,在很高或很低的温度情况下二者有一定差别。     

Twisted Elastic Rings and the Rediscoveries of Michell's Instability

Elastic rings become unstable when sufficiently twisted. This fundamental instability plays an important role in the modeling of DNA mechanics and in cable engineering. In 1962, Zajac computed the value of the critical twist for the instability. This critical value was rediscovered in 1979 by Benham and independently by Le Bret in elastic models for DNA; unstable rings have since become an important example of elastic instabilities in rods both for the development of new methods and in applications. The purpose of this note is to show that the problem had been completely solved by John Henry Michell in 1889 in a rather elegant manner and to reflect on its history and modern developments.     

Homogenization Modeling and Parametric Study of Moisture Transfer in an Unsaturated Heterogeneous Porous Medium

The classical mass balance equation is usually used to model the transfer of humidity in unsaturated macroscopically homogeneous porous media. This equation is highly non-linear due to the pressure-dependence of the hydrodynamic characteristics. The formal homogenization method by asymptotic expansions is applied to derive the upscaled form of this equation in case of large-scale heterogeneities of periodic structure. The nature of such heterogeneities may be different, resulting in locally variable hydrodynamic parameters. The effective capillary capacity and the effective hydraulic conductivity are defined as functions of geometry and local characteristics of the porous medium. A study of a two-dimensional stone-mortar system is performed. The effect of the second medium (the mortar), on the global behavior of the system is investigated. Numerical results for the Brooks and Corey hydrodynamic model are provided. The sensitivity analysis of the parameters of the model in relation to the effective hydrodynamic parameters of the porous structure is presented.     

Convective Instability of the Flow of a Binary Mixture under Conditions of Vibration and Thermal Diffusion

Stability of a plane-parallel flow of a nonuniformly heated binary mixture filling a vertical layer located in a field of gravity and in a high-frequency vibrational field is studied. The axis of vibrations is directed along the layer. The case of rigid and isothermal boundaries of the layer impermeable for the mixture is considered. The influence of thermal diffusion on the evolution of the admixture and the thresholds of flow stability is taken into account. The study is performed on the basis of equations for averaged fields. An asymptotic method with the use of the perturbation wavenumber as a small parameter is applied in the long-wave limit. For arbitrary values of the wavenumber, the limit of stability was determined by numerical integration. Charts of stability of gaseous and liquid binary mixtures are plotted. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 77–84, March–April, 2006.     

Phase Change in a Heterogeneous Medium: Comparison Between the Vaporisation of Water and Heptane in an Unsaturated Soil at Two Temperatures

A theoretical and experimental analysis of the phase change of a volatile liquid in an unsaturated soil is presented. Expression of the rate of phase change of the pore liquid is developed within the framework of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. An experiment is proposed in which the value of the phenomenological coefficient associated with this expression is measured. Two examples of results concerning the volatilisation of water and of a volatile hydrocarbon in a silty clayey sand illustrate the potentiality of the experiment. Variation of the phase change coefficient was determined at 30°C for both fluids and at 80°C for heptane, versus the liquid content of the soil.     

力场-化学场耦合作用对含裂纹固体电解质力学行为的研究

为了研究力场-化学场耦合作用下的含裂纹电解质的断裂问题,本文构造了耦合情况下力场和浓度场的本构关系,并由这些本构关系建立了力场-化学场耦合问题的有限元方程。通过具体的算例,进一步探讨了裂纹尖端应力场和氧空位浓度分布的耦合作用对GDC(氧化钆掺杂的氧化铈)力学行为的影响,发现在耦合作用下,裂尖应力场对氧空位的分布有明显的诱导作用。     

端部切向载荷作用下的压杆失稳分析及其应用

细直杆件在压应力作用下会产生横向屈曲即失稳．直杆撞击刚性平面或拉断卸载后将形成压缩波，因承载压缩载荷的长度增加可以引起失稳．冲击速度转换的压应力沿着杆件切线方向，该处弯矩和剪力为零；而众多文献设定的失稳段固支边界条件并不准确．基于精确的杆件变形曲率方程得到端部载荷指向杆件中固定点时的受压失稳条件，得到其极限状态即载荷沿杆端切向作用时失稳长度相当于两端简支的1.5 倍．对于钢丝绳拉断形成的冲击失稳，载荷恒定而长度增加，可以产生高阶屈曲即在侧向出现多次曲折，并基于尼龙-橡胶带的模拟试验给出了定性说明．     

聚氨酯(PU)在力学性能测试中的摩擦效应与变形均匀性研究

作为防弹玻璃夹层材料,PU的动态力学性能一直受到学者们的关注。为准确表征其动态力学性能,本文采用ABAQUS有限元软件对不同摩擦系数下的单轴压缩试验进行数值仿真,分析试样加载端面的摩擦效应和几何尺寸对单轴压缩试验结果的影响;结合高速摄影技术(HSP)与数字图像相关技术(DIC)观测到试样在拉伸试验中的动态变形场和应变场,探讨标距段的应力均衡性;同时对PU材料在不同应变率下的单轴压缩、拉伸力学性能进行测试。结果表明:压缩试样的端面摩擦效应限制横向变形,影响了试样内部的受力分布,使得测量得到的应力值偏大;试样长径比越小,端面摩擦效应的影响越大;在单轴动态拉伸试验中,板状拉伸试样的标距段选取应当考虑两端倒角尺寸。通过测试PU的拉、压力学性能,发现材料具有显著的应变率敏感性。