碱土金属对甲烷与空气制合成气Ni/CaO-Al_2O_3催化剂性能的影响

考察了添加在镍基催化剂中的碱土金属助剂对甲烷与空气制合成气的催化反应性能的影响。并对催化剂用TPO、TPR、CO2 TPD、XPS及CO脉冲色谱对催化剂进行了表征。实验表明 ,碱土金属助剂对降低催化剂结炭有一定的作用 ,催化剂抗积炭顺序为Ni BaO CaO Al2 O3>Ni SrO CaO Al2 O3>Ni MgO CaO Al2 O3>Ni CaO Al2 O3。而且 ,添加了碱土金属催化剂的Ni晶粒减小、结合能负位移和催化剂吸附CO2 的能力变化顺序都与积炭量减少顺序一致。其中尤以Ni BaO CaO Al2 O3 催化剂既有较高的活性 ,又能抑制结炭     

氧化铝载体和氧化钡助剂对钌基氨合成催化剂结构和性能的影响

采用不同来源γ-Al2O3(市售Al2O3-1,合成Al2O3-2)作为钌基氨合成催化剂载体,利用浸渍法制备了一系列添加不同BaO助剂含量的Ba-Ru/Al2O3催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、N2-低温物理吸附、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、透射电镜(TEM)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法研究了不同来源的Al2O3以及BaO助剂含量对负载型钌基催化剂的物相结构、织构性质、微观形貌、表面性质和催化剂的氨合成活性等方面的影响.结果表明,载体的物理化学性质对制备的钌基氨合成催化剂的结构以及活性有较大影响.BaO助剂对催化剂的影响主要表现在两个方面:添加量不同导致BaO与γ-Al2O3的作用力不同,从而进一步影响催化体系的比表面积和孔结构性质;BaO助剂会对体系的Ru物种还原性质以及催化剂表面酸碱性质进行调节,适量BaO的加入能够极大提高反应活性,而这种最佳量与载体性质密切相关.     

氧化铝担载的贵金属铱基催化剂的制备及其对甲醇裂解反应的催化性能

 以ZrO2, La2O3或MgO为助剂制备了氧化铝担载型铱基催化剂,考察了其对甲醇裂解反应的催化性能,并用X射线光电子能谱、程序升温还原、 H2程序升温脱附和CO程序升温脱附等技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, ZrO2, La2O3和MgO助剂的引入均能提高主产物氢气和CO的选择性. ZrO2是甲醇裂解反应的优良助剂,可以显著提高甲醇的转化率和氢气的收率. 氧化铝担载型贵金属铱基催化剂上存在强的氢溢流现象,这使催化剂具有良好的反应性能,同时有利于产物的脱附,氧化物助剂的加入能够进一步促进氢的溢流.     

碱土金属氧化物对丙三醇和苯胺气相合成_3-甲基吲哚的Cu/SiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂的作用(英文)

研究了碱土金属氧化物的添加对丙三醇和苯胺气相合成3-甲基吲哚的Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响,采用X射线衍射、透射电镜、H2程序升温还原、NH3程序升温脱附以及热重-差热等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,MgO能加强活性组分和载体之间的相互作用,从而促进铜粒子在载体上的分散.另外,MgO能增加弱酸中心数,并且抑制积炭的形成,因而Cu-MgO/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂性能大大提高;而CaO,SrO或BaO的加入不利于Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上3-甲基吲哚的生成.这是由于铜粒子在载体上的分散度变差,而且在Cu-SrO/SiO2-Al2O3及Cu-BaO/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上弱酸中心数较少.碱土金属氧化物的加入不能改变催化剂上积炭的结构.     

碱土金属氧化物对丙三醇和苯胺气相合成3-甲基吲哚的Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂的作用（英文）

研究了碱土金属氧化物的添加对丙三醇和苯胺气相合成3-甲基吲哚的Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响,采用X射线衍射、透射电镜、H2程序升温还原、NH3程序升温脱附以及热重-差热等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,MgO能加强活性组分和载体之间的相互作用,从而促进铜粒子在载体上的分散.另外,MgO能增加弱酸中心数,并且抑制积炭的形成,因而Cu-MgO/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂性能大大提高;而CaO,SrO或BaO的加入不利于Cu/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上3-甲基吲哚的生成.这是由于铜粒子在载体上的分散度变差,而且在Cu-SrO/SiO2-Al2O3及Cu-BaO/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂上弱酸中心数较少.碱土金属氧化物的加入不能改变催化剂上积炭的结构.     

甲醇重整反应中Pt/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂纳米Pt粒径与催化性能关系研究

利用硝基甲烷还原法在室温条件下得到了纳米Pt粒径可控的担载Pt/γ-Al2O3催化剂,并利用甲醇重整反应为反应探针考察了Pt粒径与催化反应性能之间的关系,发现催化反应的性能与担载贵金属颗粒粒径之间存在明显的相关性.通过透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)等测试手段对催化剂进行表征,发现钠米Pt的粒径大小不但影响甲醇重整反应的活性,同时也影响反应的选择性,即催化剂的催化性能与担载贵金属粒径之间存在明显的尺度效应.     

噻吩加氢脱硫和四氢萘催化加氢反应中的载体和助剂的影响

 为了更好地认识加氢脱硫和催化加氢反应中的载体影响和助剂效应，在同样的催化剂制备方法及反应条件下，研究了噻吩加氢脱硫（HDS）和四氢萘催化加氢（HYD）反应．结果表明，对于无助剂的Mo和W催化剂，载体对催化活性的影响顺序为TiO2－Al2O3＞ZrO2＞Al2O3．助剂的添加改变了催化剂活性顺序．Ni助剂催化剂的活性明显高于Co助剂催化剂．ZrO2担载的添加Ni的Mo和W催化剂分别获得了最佳的HDS和HYD活性．然而，添加Pt的Mo和W催化剂其HDS和HYD活性仅是Pt与Mo（W）二者的加和，Pt与Mo（W）之间没有协同效应．先将担载的Mo和W预硫化再将助剂引入体系的催化剂制备方法可以避免Ni和Co过早硫化形成类硫化镍（或硫化钴）物相，与采用螯合物分子方法制备的催化剂间有一定的相似性．     

甲醇重整反应中Pt/Y-Al2O3催化剂纳米Pt粒径与催化性能关系研究

利用硝基甲烷还原法在室温条件下得到了纳米Pt粒径可控的担载Pt/γ-Al2O3催化剂,并利用甲醇重整反应为反应探针考察了Pt粒径与催化反应性能之间的关系,发现催化反应的性能与担载贵金属颗粒粒径之间存在明显的相关性.通过透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)等测试手段对催化剂进行表征,发现钠米Pt的粒径大小不但影响甲醇重整反应的活性,同时也影响反应的选择性,即催化剂的催化性能与担载贵金属粒径之间存在明显的尺度效应.     

助剂对铂-钨催化剂体系催化氢解甘油制1,3-丙二醇性能的影响（英文）

甘油作为生物柴油产业的副产物大量过剩,通过甘油氢解制备具有高附加值的丙二醇既符合原子经济的原则,又具有重要的学术意义和应用价值.尤其是选择氢解制得1,3-丙二醇,因其产物在新型聚酯材料合成中不可替代的作用而备受关注,被认为是最具工业应用潜力的甘油转化工艺之一.目前,可高选择性制得1,3-丙二醇的催化剂体系主要是为铱-铼催化剂和铂-钨催化剂两类.前期工作表明,氧化钨担载的铂单原子/准单原子催化剂(Pt/WOx)具有优异的低压活性(1 MPa氢气)和1,3-丙二醇时空收率.然而在该温和条件下,催化产物仍然以过度氢解的产物正丙醇为主.一般来讲,引入助剂可以通过改变活性组分的电子结构、覆盖不利反应位点、调变载体表面化学性质等来改变催化剂的催化活性、选择性和稳定性.我们以单原子/准单原子催化剂Pt/WOx和担载型催化剂Pt/WOx/Al2O3为催化剂母体,引入过渡金属和贵金属助剂,考察助剂对氢解反应活性和选择性的影响,并对比有无氧化铝载体时助剂对反应活性的影响.对于Pt/WOx体系,La和Fe的引入有助于甘油转化率和1,3-丙二醇选择性的提高,同时也明显地提高了催化剂的稳定性.其中0.1%La是最佳引入量.然而,对于担载型催化剂Pt/WOx/Al2O3,La的引入在提高1,3-丙二醇选择性的同时,甘油的转化率也有一定程度下降.但由于Pt/WOx/Al2O3催化剂的本征活性较高,通过加入助剂提高1,3-丙二醇的选择性在实际应用中更为重要.表征分析表明,无论对于Pt/WOx还是Pt/WOx/Al2O3催化剂,大部分的La都在Pt颗粒上;同时La的引入提高了催化剂的酸量.在贵金属助剂中,Ru,Ir改性的Pt/WOx和Pt/WOx/Al2O3催化剂上,1,3-丙二醇的收率均有所降低,Ru助剂的降低幅度较小.相反,助剂Rh对Pt/WOx和Pt/WOx/Al2O3催化剂上反应性能的影响截然不同:Rh/Pt/WOx催化剂上1,3-丙二醇的收率从13.1%降到8.7%,Rh/Pt/WOx/Al2O3的1,3-丙二醇收率从31.5%略升到32.4%.另外,由于前期研究表明助剂铝的担载顺序对催化活性有重要影响,因此我们对铂、钨、铝的担载顺序进行了考察.研究表明,在活性组分铂上担载铝或钨物种对催化活性有一定程度的抑制;催化剂体系中钨的含量直接影响甘油的转化率和产物的选择性;含量过少时,甘油转化率极低并以1,2-丙二醇为主要产物.虽然大部分助剂对铂-钨催化剂体系没有明显的促进作用,但是助剂的添加通常可以抑制活性组分的烧结、提高催化剂的稳定性;因此,我们筛选出的La,Fe,Re,Ru,Rh等助剂仍具有深入研究的价值和工业应用的潜力.     

碱性助剂的添加对Ni/CaO-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

在CH4、 CO2和O2制合成气的反应中, 通过在Ni/CaO-Al2O3催化剂中添加碱性助剂K2O、 MgO和La2O3, 使催化剂的性能得到了改善. 实验结果表明, MgO和La2O3助剂的添加, 有利于提高催化剂的活性;添加K2O, 却相反. 测得催化剂上积炭量的顺序为: Ni-La2O3/CaO-Al2O3相似文献   

国产航空煤油裂解催化剂Pt/ZrxTixAl1-2xO2的性能

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列Zr_xTi_xAl_1-2xO₂复合氧化物载体材料,考察了其作为裂解催化剂载体对航空煤油裂解反应的影响.?采用全自动吸附仪、X射线衍射、扫描电镜/能谱仪联用、NH₃-程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征.?结果表明,当ZrO₂：TiO₂：Al₂O₃质量比为1：1：3时催化剂具有最大的比表面积和孔容;具有最强的表面酸性和最集中的强酸中心密度,且具有良好的再生功能.?实验结果表明,载体ZrO₂：TiO₂：Al₂O₃质量比为1：1：3时催化剂上650?℃裂解产气量较热裂解提高了2.1倍,700?℃时提高1.4倍.?另外,该系列载体材料经1000?℃焙烧5?h后,所制得的催化剂几乎失去了催化活性.     

Effect of potassium addition on bimetallic PtSn/θ-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalyst for dehydrogenation of propane to propylene

PtSn/θ-Al₂O₃ catalysts with different amounts of K (0.14, 0.22, 0.49, 0.72, and 0.96 wt%) are prepared to investigate the K effects on the PtSn catalyst in propane dehydrogenation (PDH). KPtSn catalyst with 0.xx wt% K, 0.5 wt% Pt and 0.75 wt% Sn is designated as xx-KPtSn. PDH was performed at 873 K and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 53,000 mL/g_cat h. The temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and CO chemisorption of the KPtSn catalysts with K added revealed the potassium addition blocked the acid sites, promoted the reduction of Sn oxide and decreased the Pt dispersion. The formations of cracking products and higher hydrocarbons on acid sites were suppressed by the K effect of blocking the acid sites. In contrast, K addition at more than 0.72 wt% rather increased cracking products and the amount of coke, resulting in the severe deactivation of catalysts. The high cracking products on the KPtSn catalysts with the high amount of K should not be related to the acid sites, because the acid sites were monotonously decreased with an increase in the amount of K. Instead, the potassium affected the characteristics of PtSn. The interaction between Pt and Sn could be weakened by enriching the reduced Sn, because the K component promoted the reduction of Sn oxide in the TPR experiments. Therefore, the 14-KPtSn catalyst with the low amount of K exhibits the highest stability and selectivity among the prepared KPtSn catalysts due to the compromise of the advantageous (blocking the acid sites) and bad (weakening the interaction between Pt and Sn) effects of the K addition in PDH.     

Comparative Study of the Oxygen Storage Capacity of Pt/M<Subscript>x</Subscript>O<Subscript>y</Subscript>/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Systems

The oxygen storage capacity of 1% Pt/15% M_xO_y/Al₂O₃ systems containing a rare-earth or an alkaline-earth metal oxide or TiO₂ as the oxygen-storing component was studied. Oxygen storage capacity was evaluated as the amount of C₃H₈ reacting at 400°C with oxygen that was taken up by the catalyst during oxidative treatment. The systems containing a rare-earth metal oxide or TiO₂ possess the highest oxygen storage capacity among the catalysts examined (80 and 75 µmol C₃H₈/g Cat, respectively). Of the BaO and SrO systems, the latter is of interest, although its oxygen storage capacity (∼27 µmol C₃H₈/g Cat) is somewhat lower than the oxygen storage capacity of any rare-earth metal oxide or the TiO₂ system.__________Translated from Kinetika i Kataliz, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2005, pp. 585–589.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Sinel’nikov, Tolkachev, Stakheev.     

Reactions ofn-hexane andn-nonane on Pt catalysts and hydrogenating off hydrocarbonaceous adspecies after reaction

n-Hexane andn-nonane were reacted on Pt black, 6% Pt/SiO₂, 0.8% Pt/KL zeolite and a 0.6% industrial Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Selectivities were compared at ∼10% conversion. After reaction, the catalyst was exposed to H₂ and the hydrocarbons leaving the catalysts were analyzed. The amount of hydrocarbons left the catalysts decreased in the sequence Pt black>Pt/SiO₂>Pt/KL>Pt/Al₂O₃. The composition of removed hydrocarbons gave important—although indirect—information on the possible state of “hydrocarbonaceous deposits” during catalysis.     

碱土金属氧化物改性ZrO2催化1,4-丁二醇选择性脱水合成3-丁烯-1-醇

采用浸渍法制备了碱土金属氧化物CaO,SrO或BaO改性的ZrO₂酸碱双功能催化剂,借助X射线衍射、低温N₂物理吸附、NH₃和CO₂程序升温脱附等手段表征了催化剂的结构、织构以及表面酸碱性质,并考察了其催化1,4-丁二醇选择性脱水合成3-丁烯-1-醇的反应性能.结果表明,碱土金属氧化物的引入显著调变了催化剂表面的酸性和碱性中心,进而对1,4-丁二醇转化率和3-丁烯-1-醇选择性产生重要影响.其中,CaO改性的ZrO₂样品中形成了大量的Ca-O-Zr结构,在ZrO₂表面形成大量碱性位点的同时,保持了较高的酸密度;而SrO和BaO改性的样品中生成了相应的锆酸盐,ZrO₂表面的酸密度呈现不同程度的下降.因此,CaO/ZrO₂催化剂表现出最优的催化活性和3-丁烯-1-醇选择性,350℃时,3-丁烯-1-醇收率最高,达60.5%.催化剂表面的酸碱协同作用是选择性合成3-丁烯-1-醇的关键因素.     

Untersuchungen in den Zweistoffsystemen La2O3—(CaO,SrO, BaO)

Zusammenfassung Der Einbau von Lanthanoxid in die Erdalkalioxide CaO, SrO und BaO wurde auf röntgenographischem Wege untersucht. Bei 1000°C geglühte Proben zeigen folgende Löslichkeiten für La₂O₃: 1 Mol% in BaO, 2,4 Mol% in SrO und praktisch keine Löslichkeit in CaO.

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The incorporation of lanthanum oxide into CaO, SrO and BaO was studied by X-ray methods. The incorporated quantities of La₂O₃ in samples decarbonized at 1000°C were found to be 1 mol% for BaO, 2.4 mol% for SrO and no solubility for CaO.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen     

Catalytic systems based on platinum and heteropoly compounds for oxidation of hydrocarbons with a dioxygen—dihydrogen gaseous mixture

The oxidation of cyclohexane, saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons with an O₂—H₂ gaseous mixture was applied to study the catalytic properties of bicomponent systems based on platinum and heteropoly compounds (HPC). The consumption of gases and the yield of the products depend on the surface area, accessibility of the platinum species to the reactant, and composition of the HPC. The solid Pt samples suspended in an HPC solution, the Pt(5%)—PMo₁₂/Al₂O₃ bicomponent supported system, and the solid bicomponent sample prepared from the [Pt(NH₃)₄][H₂PMo₁₂O₄₀]₂·7H₂O complex salt were used as catalysts. Among the catalysts with the same molar compositions of the active components, the bicomponent materials are much more active in the oxidation than a combination of the Pt catalyst with an HPC solution. The bulk catalyst is a crystalline solid substance with the HPC structure with incorporated Pt species. Molybdenum is predominantly oxidized, and platinum is present in both the reduced and ionic states. The oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons affords alcohols and ketones. The yield of the positional isomers of the oxygenated products increases in the series primary << secondary < tertiary C-atoms. Benzene and toluene are converted into the corresponding phenols in equal yields. The scheme proposed for oxidation assumes the participation of the active hydroxyl radical.     

Catalytic Performance and Characterization of Pt‐Co/Al2O3 Catalysts for CO2 Reforming of CH4 to Synthesis Gas

Pt‐Co/Al₂O₂ catalyst has been studied for CO₂ reforming of CH₄ to synthesis gas. It was found that the catalytic performance of me catalyst was sensitive to calcination temperature. When Co/Al₂O₃ was calcined at 1473 K prior to adding a small amount of Pt to it, the resulting bimetallic catalyst showed high activity, optimal stability and excellent resistance to carbon deposition, which was more effective to the reaction than Co/Al₂O₃ and Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts. At lower metal loading, catalyst activity decreased in the following order: Pt‐Co/ Al₂O₃ > Pt/Al₂O₃ > Co/Al₂O₃. With 9% Co, the Co/Al₂O₃ calcined at 923 K was also active for CO₂ reforming of CH₄, however, its carbon formation was much more fast man that of the Pt‐Co/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The XRD results indicated that Pt species well dispersed over the bimetallic catalyst. Its high dispersion was related to the presence of CoAl₂O₄, formed during calcining of Co/Al₂O₃ at high temperature before Pt addition. Promoted by Pt, Co/Al₂O₄ in the catalyst could be reduced partially even at 923 K, the temperature of pre‐reduction for the reaction, confirmed by TPR. Based on these results, it was considered that the zerovalent platinum with high dispersion over the catalyst surface and the zerovalent cobalt resulting from Co/Al₂O₄ reduction are responsible for high activity of the Pt‐Co/Al₂O₃ catalyst, and the remain Co/Al₂O₄ is beneficial to suppression of carbon deposition over the catalyst.     

Nonoxidative conversion of methane and <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-pentane over a platinum/alumina catalyst

Methane adsorption on the Pt–H/Al₂O₃ and Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts begins at Т = 475°C and is accompanied by the appearance of hydrogen in the reaction medium. At a higher temperature is raised to 550°C, the amount of adsorbed hydrogen increases to 1.1 and 0.8 mol/(mol Pt), respectively. According to the calculated degree of methane dehydrogenation on platinum sites at Т = 550°C, the Н/C ratio is 1.3 (at/at) for the Pt–H/Al₂O₃ catalyst and 1.5 (at/at) for the Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The introduction of n-pentane into the reaction medium increases the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and toluene) by a factor of 8.8 over the arene yield observed in individual n-pentane conversion. A mass spectrometric analysis of the arenes obtained with the Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst has demonstrated that 37.5% of the adsorbed methane is involved in the methane–n-pentane coaromatization yielding benzene and toluene.