Dielectric properties of moist disperse materials in the microwave range

The behavior of the dielectric permittivity of a mixture of disperse materials is investigated for a change in the volume content of the component with a high value of the dielectric permittivity. An analysis is performed from the viewpoint of computing the dielectric permittivity of such mixtures. A formula is proposed for computation of the dielectric permittivity of mixtures of disperse materials with water.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 74–78, July, 1981.     

Analysis of Experimental Results by the Havriliak–Negami Model in Dielectric Spectroscopy

The problem of identifying experimental results on studying frequency dependences of the real and imaginary parts of dielectric permittivity concerning the correspondence to one of accepted frequency dispersion models: Debye, Cole–Cole, Davidson–Cole, and Havriliak–Negami models is considered. Based on expressions for components of complex dielectric permittivity with the use of mathematical analysis, a sequence of steps for the determination of the following characteristic parameters of the generalized Havriliak–Negami model is developed: static ε _S and high-frequency ε_∞ dielectric permittivity, frequency dispersion indices α and β, and relaxation time τ. As an example, the parameters ε _S , ε_∞, α, β, and τ are calculated for a sample of a frozen disperse medium based on fine-grained quartz powder at a humidity of 13% in a temperature range from –140 to 0°C.     

Microwave permittivity and dielectric relaxation of a high surface area activated carbon

Carbonaceous materials are amenable to microwave heating to varying degrees. The primary indicator of susceptibility is the complex permittivity (^*), of which, the real component correlates with polarization, and the imaginary term represents dielectric loss. For a given material, the complex permittivity is dependent upon both frequency and temperature. Here we report the complex permittivity of a high surface area coconut shell activated carbon which is commonly used in analytical chemistry and a wide variety of industrial separations. Associated polarization-relaxation phenomena are also characterized. Broadband measurements were made using a high temperature compatible open-ended coaxial dielectric probe at frequencies between 0.2 and 26 GHz, and across the temperature region between 24 °C and 191 °C. PACS 77.22.-d     

Temperature studies of dielectric permittivity and mass density pretransitional anomalies in binary mixtures

Results of temperature studies of dielectric permittivity and mass density in binary mixtures are presented. The anomaly of dielectric permittivity as a function of temperature in nitrobenzene-n-alkanes binary mixtures has been studied. Molar dielectric permittivity which takes into account the anomaly of dielectric permittivity and the mass density anomaly has been introduced.     

The giant dielectric tunability effect in bulk La2NiMnO6 around room temperature

The effect of applied dc bias electric field on dielectric permittivity in bulk La₂NiMnO₆ is investigated in this paper. It is found that a small bias field of 40 V/cm can greatly reduce the dielectric permittivity around the room temperature, compared to the much larger electric field that is required for conventional ferroelectric materials. The observed giant dielectric tunability is retained over a broad range of around room temperature and is most likely related to the charge ordering of Ni²⁺ and Mn⁴⁺ ions, further confirming the existence of electronic ferroelectricity in La₂NiMnO₆.     

The giant dielectric tunability effect in bulk Y<Subscript>2</Subscript>NiMnO<Subscript>6</Subscript> around room temperature

The effect of applied dc bias electric field on dielectric permittivity in bulk Y₂NiMnO₆ is investigated in this paper. It is found that a small bias field of 40 V/cm can greatly reduce the dielectric permittivity around the room temperature, compared to the much larger electric field that is required for conventional ferroelectric materials. The observed giant dielectric tunability is retained over a broad range of around room temperature and is most likely related to the charge ordering of Ni²⁺ and Mn⁴⁺ ions. This may further confirm the existence of electronic ferroelectricity in Y₂NiMnO₆.     

Measurement of Low-Loss Dielectric Materials Using Dielectric Rod Resonator

To obtain the complex permittivity of low-loss dielectric materials at 60 GHz, a measurement method is developed. Using a dielectric rod resonator excited by a dielectric waveguide, effective conductivity of conducting plates for short circuiting the resonator is determined. The complex permittivity of the dielectric rod is determined by the resonant frequency and unloaded quality factor of the TE_0m1-mode resonator. Moreover, the complex permittivity of single crystal sapphire, polycrystalline ceramics, and cordierite has been investigated in virtue of numerical simulation. For all the measured specimens in this study, the proposed method is seen to provide much better accuracy for values. This work was supported in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China, under Grant NSFC 60671009.     

Determination of the magnetoelectric coupling coefficient from temperature dependences of the dielectric permittivity for multiferroic ceramics Bi5Ti3FeO15

In the multiferroic materials, the dielectric and magnetic properties are closely correlated through the coupling interaction between the ferroelectric and magnetic order. We attempted to determine the magnetoelectric coupling coefficient from the temperature dependences of the dielectric permittivity for multiferroic Bi₅Ti₃FeO₁₅. Multiferroic ceramics Bi₅Ti₃FeO₁₅ belong to materials of the Aurivillius-type structure. Multiferroic ceramics Bi₅Ti₃FeO₁₅ was synthesized via sintering the Bi₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ mixture and TiO₂ oxides. The precursor material was ground in a high-energy attritorial mill for 5 hours. This material was obtained by a solid-state reaction process at T = 1313 K. We investigated the temperature dependences of the dielectric permittivity for the different frequencies. From the dielectric measurements, we determined the temperature of phase transition of the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric type at about 1013 K. Based on dielectric measurements and theoretical considerations, the values of the magnetoelectric coupling coefficient were specified.     

Effect of nickel nanofillers on the dielectric and magnetic properties of composites based on rubber in the X-band

Nickel–rubber nanocomposites were synthesized by incorporating ferromagnetic nickel nanoparticles in a natural rubber as well as neoprene rubber matrix. Complex dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability of these composites were evaluated in the X-band microwave frequencies at room temperature using cavity perturbation technique. The dielectric loss in natural rubber is smaller compared to neoprene rubber. A steady increase in the dielectric permittivity is observed with increase in the content of nickel in both the composites. The magnetic permeability exhibits a steady decrease with increase in frequency and magnetic loss shows a relaxation at 8 GHz. The suitability of these composites as microwave absorbers is modeled based on the reflection loss which is dependant on the real and imaginary components of the complex dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability.     

Room temperature ferroelectric effect and enhanced dielectric permittivity in Rochelle salt/PVA percolative composite films

Rochelle salt (RS) filled polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite films have been prepared via a simple solution casting technique. The transport, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the samples have been studied. The dielectric permittivity decreases slowly with increasing frequency and rise gradually with increasing temperature and RS contents in the composites. As the volume fraction of the RS reaches to percolation threshold (f_c ～0.0538), an abrupt increase in the dielectric permittivity (～403 almost 80 times higher compared to pure PVA with low loss ～0.18 at 1 kHz and room temperature) occurs in the RS/PVA composite film, which is attributed to the formation of the conductive network in the matrix. Ferroelectric loops up to room temperature (300 K) and the slight increase in Curie temperature from 297 to 300 K have also been observed for percolative composite film. The developed composite material with low loss high dielectric permittivity and room temperature ferroelectric behaviors might be applied in the technological fields.     

Effective permittivity of periodic composite materials: Numerical modeling by the finite element method

The effective properties of composite materials are closely related to the composition and arrangement of its constituents. Many studies and articles are actively studying the dielectric properties of heterogeneous structures with random and periodic arrangement. In the quasistatic limit, we use the finite element method as a numerical tool to evaluate the effective permittivity of two and three component composites. Two heterostructures are investigated; the first is formed by crossed dielectric cylinders in permanent contact and arranged in three layers. The cylinders are immersed in a dielectric host medium. The second structure is similar to the first except that the tubes are covered by an interphase layer. The numerical tool used to extract the exact value of the effective permittivity takes into account all internal multipolar interactions which contribute to the polarization of the material medium. The impacts of the relative permittivity and volume fraction of cylinders, the thickness of interphase and its dielectric constant are reported. The Maxwell–Garnett theory fails to predict the effective permittivity of the studied structures for high volume fraction and permittivity contrast. To overcome this problem, an amendment was made to the McLachlan equation McQ also termed the Two Exponent Single Percolation Equation TESPE. The first exponent t is held equal to 1 and the other exponent s is depending on the volume fraction. s is calculated so that the whole values of the effective permittivity obtained by the McQ rule are exactly the same values obtained by the simulations. Finally, we obtained a chart and a model to find the values of s, a fast way that is very useful for practitioners and design engineers of composite materials.     

Application of Bruggeman and Maxwell Garnett homogenization formalisms to random composite materials containing dimers

The homogenization of a composite material comprising three isotropic dielectric materials was investigated. The component materials were randomly distributed as spherical particles, with the particles of two of the component materials being coupled to form dimers. The Bruggeman and Maxwell Garnett formalisms were developed to estimate the permittivity dyadic of the homogenized composite material (HCM), under the quasi-electrostatic approximation. Both randomly oriented and identically oriented dimers were accommodated; in the former case the HCM is isotropic, whereas in the latter case the HCM is uniaxial. Representative numerical results for composite materials containing dielectric–dielectric dimers demonstrate close agreement between the estimates delivered by the Bruggeman and Maxwell Garnett formalisms. For composite materials containing metal–dielectric dimers and metal–metal dimers with moderate degrees of dissipation, the estimates of the two formalisms are in broad agreement, provided that the dimer volume fractions are relatively low. In general, the effects of intradimer coupling on the estimates of the HCM’s permittivity are relatively modest but not insignificant, these effects being pronounced by anisotropy when all dimers are identically oriented.     

冷绝缘超导电缆绝缘材料测试综述

绝缘材料在液氮中的各种性能将直接影响到冷绝缘高温超导(HTS)超导电缆的质量。对四种绝缘材料:电缆纸、聚丙烯层压纸、聚酰亚胺薄膜和低密度聚乙烯薄膜在常温和低温下的电阻率、介电常数、介质损耗角正切、低温介电强度和局部放电进行实验研究和对比,得到了有价值的数据。     

Study on the dielectric properties of Mg-doped NaBiTi_6O_(14) ceramics

With the interest in using lead-free materials to replace lead-containing materials increasing,the use of Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3(NBT) has come into our sight.We studied the composition of NBT and found that NaBiTi_6O_(14) ceramics can be compositionally tuned by Mg-doping on the Ti-site to optimize the dielectric properties.In this study,Mg-doped NaBiTi_6O_(14)(NaBi(Ti_(0.98)Mg_(0.02))_60_(14-d)) ceramics were prepared by a conventional mixed oxide route at different sintering temperatures,and their dielectric properties have been studied at a wide temperature range.X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns of the NBT-based ceramics indicate that all samples have a pure phase without any secondary impurity phase.The experimental data show that after Mg-doping,the relative permittivity and dielectric loss become lower at 1040,1060,and1080 ℃ except 1020 ℃ and at different frequencies from 10 kHz,100 kHz to 1 MHz.Take 1060 ℃ for example,when the sintering temperature is 1060 ℃ at 1 MHz,the minimum relative permittivity of NaBiTi_6O_(14) is 32.9 and the minimum dielectric loss is 0.01417,the relative permittivity of NaBi(Ti_(0.98)Mg_(0.02))_60_(14-δ) under the same condition is 25.8 and the dielectric loss is 0.000104.We explored the mechanism of Mg-doping and surprisingly found that the dielectric property of NaBi(Ti_(0.98)Mg_(0.02))_60_(14-δ) becomes better owing to Mg-doping.Thus,NaBi(Ti_(0.98)Mg_(0.02))_60_(14-δ) can be used in microwave ceramics and applied to new energy materials.     

Dielectric properties of antiferroelectric liquid crystals composed of banana-like molecules

The dielectric properties of an antiferroelectric B₂ phase representing a homolog (n=14) from a series of 4-chloro-1,3-phenylene-bis[4-(4-n-alkylphenyl)aminobenzoates] with banana-like molecules were studied. The temperature dependence of the dielectric relaxation time was measured, and the corresponding activation energy was determined. The kinetics of the dielectric permittivity was studied in the course of the polarization vector variation under the action of a low-slope triangular bias voltage in the entire temperature range of existence of the B₂ phase. Dependence of the dielectric permittivity on the electric field strength (bias voltage) is determined by the presence of two polar subsystems forming the antiferroelectric B₂ phase.     

Dielectric properties and phase transition of zinc tris(thiourea) sulfate single crystal

The dielectric properties and the ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition of zinc tris(thiourea) sulfate (ZTS) single crystal have been investigated in a wide range of temperatures and frequencies. In the lower frequency region the real part of dielectric permittivity of the ZTS crystal shows a sudden increase at 323 K. Prominent first-order ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition at 323 K has been observed in the plot of dielectric permittivity versus temperature at different frequencies. It has been observed that the phase transition occurs in ZTS crystal with a low degree of disorder. Surprisingly, it has been observed for ZTS that the value of the dielectric permittivity is only about 10 at high frequencies and is found to increase to 50 at low frequencies. Dielectric loss has higher values in the paraelectric region.     

Microwave dielectric behavior of PVDF and VDF-TrFE copolymer

Measurements of the temperature dependent microwave dielectric permittivity of PVDF and 60%–40% VDF-TrFE copolymer are presented. A cavity perturbation method is used. At room temperature a surprisingly high absorption of microwave power is observed, which decreases with decreasing temperature. This behavior seems to be connected with the ferroelectric-to-para-electric phase transition. With the copolymers a dependence of the complex permittivity on annealing temperature is found. A model considering paraelectric fluctuations is proposed.     

Broadband dielectric dispersion in ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer films

Ferroelectric polyvinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer films with different thicknesses are prepared by a solvent-cast technique, by spin coating, and by a horizontal Langmuir–Blodgett technique respectively. The frequency dependent dielectric permittivity of these films is investigated with varying sample thickness and varying temperature in the ferroelectric as well as in the paraelectric phase. A dielectric relaxation according to a Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher law of the relaxation times is found in all samples. However, the relaxation times extracted from the dielectric permittivity in the frequency range are not consistent with the relaxation times determined from the temperature range. An explanation for this behavior is given by a temperature dependent distribution of relaxation times. Additionally, in thin samples a second relaxation with a weak anomalous temperature dependence, i.e. an increasing relaxation time with increasing temperature, is observed at high frequencies. Detailed investigations show that this behavior can be attributed to an electrode effect.     

Dielectric relaxation and anisotropy of nematic mixture E-24

The dielectric anisotropy and dispersion of the real and imaginary part of permittivity of commercially important nematic mixture E-24 were investigated in the frequency range from 1 kHz to 10 MHz and temperature range 287-328 K. The measurements in nematic phase indicate Debye-type dispersion with relaxation time of 1.07 μs at 313 K and activation energy 41.01 kcal/mol. The results have been explained by assuming the molecular rotation about the long molecular axis under a hindering nematic potential. The dielectric anisotropy Δε is positive and the mean dielectric permittivity falls with rising temperature. Δε is also used to determine the order parameter for varying temperature.