双向抽运拉曼光纤放大器性能的研究

对双向抽运拉曼光纤放大器(RFA)的噪声特性、增益饱和及抽运功率转换效率进行了详细研究。结果表明,双向抽运拉曼光纤放大器的噪声特性介于前向抽运与后向抽运之间,但主要取决于前向抽运方式所导致的噪声特性;双向抽运方式的饱和功率低于单向抽运方式的饱和功率,同前向抽运与后向抽运提供的增益比例有关;双向抽运方式的抽运功率转换效率同信号光功率及前、后向抽运提供的增益有关,当信号光功率较低时,增加前向抽运的比例可取得较高的抽运功率转换效率,而信号光功率较高时,增加后向抽运的比例可取得较高的抽运功率转换效率。研究一种配置(情况3)的双向抽运拉曼光纤放大器,可以完全补偿100km传输线路的损耗(包括无源器件的损耗),最低光信噪比为30．21dB。     

在同种光纤中实现RFA增益平坦化的方法

提出了一种新的光纤拉曼放大器设计方法:在同一种光纤内运用不同波长的泵浦光源达到前增益后补偿的目的,最终实现在放大器输出端信号光增益谱平坦化。通过对拉曼增益谱前后沿做线性化处理,化简稳态SRS耦合波方程的解析解,最终在输出端得到了一个固定的功率输出值。模拟结果表明:所设计的放大器具有增益平坦度好、增益高的优点,且设计方法简单。该方案为增益平坦化的拉曼光纤放大器设计提供了一种新的思路。     

An approximate Green's function for a locally excited fluid-loaded thin elastic plate

In the classic treatment of the line-driven, fluid-loaded, thin elastic plate, a branch cut integral typically needs to be evaluated. This branch cut arises due to a square root operator in the spectral form of the acoustic impedance. In a previous paper [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 3018 (2001)], DiPerna and Feit developed a methodology, complex layer analysis (CLA), to approximate this impedance. The resulting approximation was in the form of a rational function, although this was not explicitly stated. In this paper, a rational function approximation (RFA) to the acoustic impedance is derived. The advantage of the RFA as compared to the CLA approach is that a smaller number of terms are required. The accuracy of the RFA is examined both in the Fourier transform domain and the spatial domain. The RFA is then used to obtain a differential relationship between the pressure and velocity on the surface of the plate. Finally, using the RFA in conjunction with the equation of motion of the plate, an approximate expression for the Green's function for a line-driven plate is obtained in terms of a sum of propagating and evanescent waves. Comparisons of these results with the numerical inversion of the exact integral show reasonable agreement.     

Parameters optimization of high efficiency discrete Raman fiber amplifier by using the coupled steady-state equations

By using the coupled steady-state equations, we have numerically studied the characteristics optimization of Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) in a signal/pump double-passes-the-gain-medium scheme. The simulation results are in very good agreement with those of experimental data. Given a constant pumping power, the length of dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) in a RFA could be determined. The optimum design shows that the best length of the DCF is at around 3.8 ± 0.2 km in our study. This could provide both the highest signal output power and the lowest noise figure among all conditions we choose.     

Electronic structure of hafnium: A compton profile study

In this paper, we report the first-ever isotropic Compton profile of hafnium measured at an intermediate resolution, with 661.65 keV γ-radiation. To compare our experimental data, the theoretical computations have also been carried out within the framework of pseudopotential using CRYSTAL03 code and the renormalized-free-atom (RFA) model. It is found that the present experimental profile is in better agreement with the RFA calculations if the outer electronic configuration is chosen as 5d^3.26s^0.8. The cohesive energy of Hf is also deduced from the experimental data and is compared with the available data. On leave from Hindu College, Sonepat 131 001, India     

Design of broadband hybrid fiber amplifier based on particle swarm optimization algorithm北大核心CSCD

基于铒/镱共掺光纤放大器（erbium-ytterbium doped fiber amplifier, EYDFA）的理论模型和受激拉曼散射效应的分析理论,利用EYDFA和拉曼光纤放大器（Raman fiber amplifier, RFA）的增益谱互补特性,研究并设计了EYDFA与二阶多泵浦RFA相结合的混合放大器结构。为了得到高增益和低平坦度的混合放大器,引入了粒子群算法优化泵浦光波长和功率。仿真结果表明:在不使用增益均衡器的条件下,所设计的混合光纤放大器在输出端得到了近似相等的输出光功率,在90 nm的带宽范围内平均增益为38.78 dB,增益平坦度为1.1 dB,为混合放大器的设计和优化提供了参考。     

Optimally gain-flattened and dispersion-managed C + L-band hybrid amplifier using a single-wavelength pump laser

We propose a hybrid C-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and L-band Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) using a single pump laser diode. The optimum pump sharing ratio to EDFA/RFA is 1/10 with a total pump power of 660 mW. Using multiple fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with various reflectivities at different positions along the dispersion compensation fiber, the optimum dispersion compensation and power equalization for C + L-band channels are simultaneously realized. With an input power of −20 dBm/ch, the signal power variation among the channels is reduced from 9.8 dB to less than ±0.5 dB. Two pump reflectors are introduced to increase the pumping efficiency.     

Gain and gain-flatness improved photonic crystal fiber Raman amplifier based on a dual-pass amplification configuration with single pump laser

A gain and gain-flatness improved L-band dual-pass Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) utilizing a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) as gain medium is demonstrated. By introducing complementary gain spectra of typical forward and backward pumping single-pass RFA using the same PCF, we finally achieve average net gain level of 22.5 dB with a ±0.8 dB flattening gain in 20-nm bandwidth from 1595 nm to 1615 nm, which is rare in RFAs with only one single pump and no flattening filter. Compared with the single-pass pump configurations, gain level, flatness and bandwidth are greatly improved by using the dual-pass amplification configuration. The limitation of this configuration caused by multi-path interference (MPI) noise and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is also discussed.     

Investigation on the suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-frequency Raman fiber amplifiers

High power operation of single-frequency Raman fiber amplifiers (SF-RFAs) is usually limited by the onset of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). In this paper, we present our theoretical investigation on the suppression of SBS in SF-RFAs, based on the intensity equations combining SBS and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). The effects of increasing the mode area of fiber and utilizing temperature and strain gradients along the fiber on the suppression of SBS are discussed. The simulation results suggest that it is not an advisable method to suppress SBS in SF-RFAs by increasing the mode area. Besides, although tensile strain and temperature gradients can suppress SBS in RFA singly, the conditions are too rigorous to realize. Based on the numerical simulation results, a feasible scheme for the suppression of SBS in RFA is proposed using the temperature gradients together with tensile strain gradients along the fiber length, resulting in an increase of ～3 times of amplifiers output power.     

群体智能优化中的虚拟碰撞：雨林算法

启发式优化算法中寻优代理过早收敛易陷入局部最优. 本文对此进行机理分析并发现, 虚拟碰撞作为一种隐性过早收敛现象将直接影响群体智能优化算法的准确性与快速性, 而采样过程的无约束性和样本分布信息的缺失是导致虚拟碰撞的根本原因. 为解决上述问题, 本文提出雨林优化算法. 该算法仿照植物生长模式, 利用规模可变种群代替规模限定种群进行分区分级寻优采样, 并结合均匀与非均匀采样原则来权衡优化算法的探索与挖掘, 可以有效减少虚拟碰撞的发生, 在提高寻优效率的同时, 获取精准性和稳定性较高的全局最优解. 与遗传算法、粒子群算法对标称函数的寻优对比实验表明, 雨林算法在快速性、准确性以及泛化能力等方面均具有优势. 关键词： 优化算法 群体智能 进化计算 计算智能     

拉曼光纤放大器增益谱特性研究

分析了影响拉曼光纤放大器增益谱的几个因素。在四抽运激光器抽运时，模拟了多抽运激光器抽运时的拉曼增益谱特性。实验中，采用增益平坦滤波器和功率分配两种方法实现增益谱平坦，指出了功率分配方法的优势。     

An efficient shooting method for fiber amplifiers and lasers

A simple shooting method is proposed for the design of distributed multi-pumped Raman fiber amplifiers (RFAs) and Yb-doped double-clad fiber lasers (DCFLs). Using the proposed method a distributed RFA with 10 pump sources and 1700 mW total input pump power is simulated and high-power Yb-doped DCFL rate equations are solved numerically. The numerical simulation results show that the proposed method has good convergence in the condition of increasing numbers and power of input pump sources.     

光纤喇曼增益系数的简捷测量

基于小信号开关增益原理,采用抽运光-探测波法,利用SLD(超辐射激光二极管)作为宽带小信号探测光源,快速测量出了标准单模光纤(G.652)的频移为0.5～20 THz内的喇曼增益系数,测量结果和文献中已有的值基本吻合,所测得的光纤喇曼增益系数可用于光纤喇曼放大器的理论和实验研究,该方法同样可以对其他类型光纤的喇曼增益系数进行测量.     

束腔共振场预聚束器

 提出一个可用于射频加速装置预聚束的新机理, 即束腔共振场聚束。它要求满足三个条件:(1) 电子束重复频率与预聚腔特征频率之间要有可观的失谐; (2) 失谐量为负, 即预聚腔频率要偏高; (3) 腔体材料为高阻抗导体。在中国原子能院的相应装置上实现了这个机理, 不用任何外加射频功率源, 将重复频率为108.33MHz的电子束团由初始3ns, 2A流强压缩为1ns, 4A流强。     

Electron momentum distribution and Compton profiles of europium

The electron momentum distribution and Compton profiles of the rare earth element Eu was measured using HPGe photon detector. The target atoms were excited by means of 59.54 keV gamma rays from Am-241 radioactive source of strength 300 mCi. Elemental foil of uniform aerial density, and purity better than 99.9% was used as target. The data were recorded and analyzed using a 4 K multichannel analyzer. These data duly corrected for instrumental resolution effects, sample absorption, energy dependence of the differential Compton cross-section and double scattering, and compared with theoretical renormalized free atom (RFA) values.     

Electron momentum density distribution in iridium by Compton scattering technique

The isotropic Compton profile of iridium, measured using 59.54 keVγ-rays, is reported in this paper. The results are compared with the theoretical Compton profiles from APW method with and without incorporating electron correlation effects. It is seen that correlation effects improve the agreement between the experiment and theory. Comparison with the renormalized-free-atom (RFA) model calculations has also been made. Behaviour ofd-band electrons in Ir and some other 5d transition metals is discussed in terms of broadening in their Compton profiles.     

Combined modified-Dixon and PROPELLER method with low refocusing flip angle for contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted MRI: A prospective cross-sectional study

PurposeTo propose the combined modified-Dixon and PROPELLER sequence with low refocusing flip angle (RFA) and investigate whether this sequence can acquire clinical contrast-enhanced (CE), fat-suppressed T1-weighted (T1W) images of the head and neck.MethodsThe optimal RFA for T1W imaging was investigated in the brain of a healthy volunteer. The motion artifacts, water–fat separation error, contrast ratio (CR), and comprehensive quality were evaluated through comparison with a standard Cartesian modified-Dixon sequence in 50 patients. Two radiologists independently scored motion artifacts and water–fat separation error using a 4-point scale (1, unacceptable; 4, excellent) and comprehensive quality using a 5-point scale (1, substantially inferior; 5, substantially superior). The CR between CE lesions and non-CE muscle was calculated.ResultsThe optimal RFA of 40° was determined. In the motion artifact assessment, ratings of 3 or 4 points were assigned to 83% (observer-1, 42/50; observer-2, 41/50) and 99% (50/50; 49/50) of cases for the standard and proposed sequences, respectively (p < 0.001; p < 0.001). For the water–fat separation error assessment, ratings of 3 or 4 points were assigned to 100% (50/50; 50/50) and 97% (48/50; 49/50) of cases, respectively (p < 0.001; p = 0.02). In comprehensive evaluation, the proposed sequence was equal, slightly superior, or substantially superior to the standard sequence in 85% (39/50; 46/50). The CR was significantly higher with the proposed sequence [2.27 (1.99–2.97) vs. 2.08 (1.88–2.42), p < 0.001].ConclusionThe proposed sequence acquired stable fat-suppressed CE T1W images without motion artifacts and yielded superior overall image quality compared with the standard sequence.     

Energy bands and electronic density of states in liquid palladium

Calculations are presented of the energy bands E(k) and electronic density of states N(E) using a liquid generalization of Andersen's version of the KKR equations of band theory. The method is applied to liquid Pd using a muffin-tin potential in the renormalized free atom approximation (RFA) with Slater exchange, and a comparison is made with earlier resistivity calculations by the authors using the same potential model. Some observations are made regarding the value and future applications of this approach.     

On the ion energy distribution of high current arcs in vacuum

With the experiments presented in this paper, applications of a retarding field analyzer (RFA) for the measurement of the ion energy E _i in a vacuum arc plasma are discussed. The examined plasma was produced by a sinusoidal half-wave vacuum arc current. The experiments were concentrated on evaluating the plasma parameters at the last three milliseconds before current zero. In a current range from 300 A_rms to 10 kA_rms, the ion energy distributions and their peak values were evaluated. With the increase of the arc current, a decrease of the ion energy was found. By additional investigations of the angular distribution of the ion energies, a transition from a collision dominated interelectrode plasma to a freely expanding plasma was observed, depending on the arc current     

A study of the dose distribution in the region of the eye lens and extremities for staff working in interventional cardiology

The dose distributions at the region of eye lens and extremities of staff working in interventional cardiology were analyzed. The doses to physicians and nurses from three hospitals in Poland were measured with TL dosimeters (MCP-N) located on various places near eyebrows, on both fingers, wrists, knees and on the ankle. The procedures under investigation were coronary angiography (CA) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), peacemaker and defibrillator implantations (PM/ICDs), cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without defibrillator implantations (CRT-D or CRT) and radiofrequency ablations (RFA). The study aimed at analyzing the distribution of radiation in selected anatomic regions, determining the typical locations of highest doses and estimating the dose ranges for selected types of procedures.The maximum registered doses per procedure to eye lens and ankle were 1.21 mSv and 1.46 mSv for CA PCI procedures, 0.02 mSv and 0.05 mSv for RFA and 0.13 mSv and 0.51 mSv for PM/ICDs, respectively. The maximum doses to fingers, wrists and knees were, accordingly, 2.11 mSv, 1.07 mSv and 0.77 mSv for CA PCI procedures, 0.38 mSv, 0.20 mSv and 0.04 mSv for RFA ones, 0.50 mSv, 0.25 mSv and 0.01 mSv for PM/ICDs procedures and 2.25 mSv, 1.12 mSv and 0.58 mSv for CRT and CRT-D ones. The factors which might influence the dose like utilized radiation, availability of additional protective equipment and position of the staff with respect to X-ray source were also analyzed.The annual doses for eye lens and extremities were estimated on the basis of individual annual workloads of the physicians participating in the study. The highest annual doses were revealed for physicians performing CA PCI procedures. Annual eye lens doses range up to 247 mSv indicating that the occupational limit for eye lens 150 mSv has been surpassed. In case of extremities the maximal estimated annual doses were 355 mSv, 136 mSv, 55 mSv and 328 mSv, for fingers, wrists, knees and for ankle, respectively. Moreover, in the light of ICRP new Statement on Tissue Reactions raising the possibility of lowering the annual limit for the lens of the eye the annual doses estimated in our paper indicate that for some procedures the monitoring of eye lens doses should be considered. On the other hand, it is important to note that most of high occupational doses can be easily avoided if radiation protection tools are used and, moreover, used properly.The present survey is a part of ORAMED project concerning the determination of doses to extremities (fingers, wrists and knees) and eye lens during interventional procedures and includes the detailed analyses of results of Polish partner. They are, however, presented in wider context. The study is additionally extended by the investigation of the dose distribution at the eyebrows and ankle level.