标准负阶跃力的实现及其测量研究

本文介绍了新研制成功的用于对大力值（最大1200KN）、宽频带（最高分析频率50kHz)的力传感器动态特性校准的标准负阶跃力装置,该装置是基于帕斯卡原理和冲击卸荷方法来实现的,文中详细介绍了力传感器输出电压和用激光测速仪测量负阶跃力跃变过程的高速数据同步采集技术。     

相对湿度对材料表面粘附力影响的研究

利用自制微摩擦及粘附力测试装置考察了在微载荷条件下,相对湿度对Si(100)材料表面粘附力的影响,分析了在大气环境中水分子的毛细作用力和范德华力对粘附力的贡献,并以BET吸附模型为基础推导出考虑湿度影响的粘附力计算公式.结果表明:在微载荷条件下,相对湿度对材料表面的粘附力影响十分显著,随着相对湿度升高粘附力增加,特别是相对湿度RH在40%～80%之间时,粘附力变化最为显著;当相对湿度RH小于20%时,范德华力大于水的毛细作用力且占主导地位;当相对湿度RH大于20%后,水分子的毛细作用力不断增加,同时范德华力因水膜的存在而降低,水的毛细作用力占主导地位.     

针尖的化学物理力学研究

扫描探针显微镜的发明, 使人们了解纳米、分子和原子尺度的超微结构, 探测原子、分子间的力、电、磁及其复杂的物理和化学性质, 以及进行单原子、单分子操纵 成为现实. 本文从探针技术与表面化学物理力学耦合的角度出发, 首先对针尖的化学物理力 学研究领域进行了概述, 接着介绍了针尖的几种重要的化学修饰方法, 包括金属薄膜、自组 装单分子膜、胶体粒子及碳纳米管修饰; 然后以理论与实验结合的方式介绍了几个研究活跃 的领域: 表面力及分子间力(主要包括Van der Waals力, 双电层力, 憎水亲合力, Casimir力和单键力等)的理论描述与测量, 针尖的化 学物理力学在化学力滴定和表面化学识别等研究中的应用. 讨论了针尖与基底材料对测量力 的影响. 而这些复杂的原子、分子相互作用和物理、化学、力学及生物特性的实现均发生于 小小针尖上, 由此我们提出了``针尖力学'的概念. 并且指出多场(如电场、磁场、超声、 微波等)作用下, 针尖的化学物理力学研究将成为力学交叉学科研究的重点和热点.     

静电负刚度调谐加速度计的力平衡闭环检测控制方法

静电负刚度调谐加速度计(EFMA)在设计原理上具有兼顾电容式加速度计和谐振式加速度计相关优点的潜力.然而由于静电刚度对应的极板位移具有明显的非线性效应,使得EFMA在大量程应用中标度因数非线性较差,成为了当前制约EFMA量程提升的重要因素.基于EFMA频率输出的特点,推导了力平衡控制量并开展了力平衡控制环路的设计与研究...     

固定结构下的两向力及弯矩传感器设计

为了刀板切削过程中的受力满足最合理的设计准则,专用传感器设计须基于固定总体结构,对局部结构优化,以达到设计合理的目的。刀板切削时受到土体的阻力可分解为水平力和垂直力,多维力传感器测量了两个力的大小和对传感器产生的弯矩。刀板工作中,弯矩引起的正应力比垂直力引起的拉应力及水平力引起的切应力要大得多,因此特别设计了弹性体的局部结构使得三个应力值接近于同一量级。传感器的标定结果显示,输入输出有良好的线性关系,并且很好地消除了耦合效果。最终,将该传感器应用于土体切削测试并验证了其可靠性。     

单丝碳纳米管纤维的横向冲击性能研究

由于碳纳米管(CNT)纤维具有优异的力学和电学性能,使其成为人工肌肉、超级电容器和耐撞结构的理想材料.但由于纤维单丝的力学信号较弱,对其横向冲击失效行为的研究尚欠缺.本文基于高精度力传感器发展了纤维单丝在横向冲击过程中的信号测量装置,利用该装置结合扫描电镜对比研究了尼龙纤维和碳纳米管纤维的横向冲击特性.研究结果表明:碳...     

微型硅谐振式力传感器的振动分析

介绍了谐振式力传感器的工作原理，并从理论上和实验上对中科院合肥智能所研制的第一代微型硅谐振梁（３×０．４×０．０４５ｍｍ＾３）式测力传感器进行了全面的振动分析，所得结构为其进一步优化设计提供了科学根据，文中使用的实验分析方法，为其它微小物体的动态和识别提供了一条有效途径。     

负泊松比材料和结构的研究进展

负泊松比材料和结构具有特殊的力学性能,在单轴压力(拉力)作用下发生横向收缩(膨胀).其在抗剪承载力、抗断裂性、能量吸收和压陷阻力等方面比传统材料更有优势,因而负泊松比材料在医疗设备、传感器、防护设备、航空航海及国防工程等领域有广泛的应用前景,但目前负泊松比材料的应用与普及仍面临一些挑战.本文广泛讨论了国内外关于负泊松比材料的研究成果并介绍了负泊松比材料的最新进展,将负泊松比材料大体概括为以下4类:天然负泊松比材料、胞状负泊松比材料、金属负泊松比材料、多重和复合负泊松比材料.主要介绍了各种负泊松比材料的内部结构、负泊松比机理、力学性能以及在各行各业的新发明、新应用.针对目前负泊松比材料研究理论和实验成果多,而实际应用仍然较少的情况,指出了负泊松比材料的缺点及其推广所面临的挑战.目前负泊松比材料面临的主要问题是制造成本高、孔隙率大而承载力不足以及仅适用于小应变情况等.本文针对此情况详细介绍了金属负泊松比材料及其设计和制作的方法,改善负泊松比材料的不足并推广其应用.      

新型三向力传感器弹性元件的设计

应用弹性力学理论，对一种新型三向力传感器的弹性元件进行分析和探讨，给出了设计板柱式弹性元件各参数的通用方法及计算公式     

杯突试验机夹紧参数校准技术研究

介绍了杯突试验机夹紧参数校准的工程背景和技术现状,提出了一种用于校准夹紧参数的十字型悬臂梁式力传感器的解决方案,建立了夹紧参数计算的数学模型．对力传感器的应力状态、制作以及整个校准装置的标定、非线性误差修正和测量数据处理等问题进行了论述,为杯突试验机夹紧参数的全面校准提供了充分的技术依据．     

基于Hopkinson杆和人工神经网络的三轴冲击力传感器同步解耦标定方法

三分量冲击力载荷的同步激励与输入输出间的精准建模是三轴冲击力传感器标定所面临的主要挑战。为了实现对三轴冲击力传感器的有效标定,使其能够准确测量空间中的三维冲击力载荷。首先,基于Hopkinson杆与矢量分解原理建立了一种高幅值（104 N量级）、窄脉宽（10?4 s量级）可计量三分量冲击力载荷的同步激励方法,实现了对三轴冲击力传感器的同步加载。然后,基于最小二乘原理与矩阵微分构建了三轴冲击力传感器的线性标定模型,并通过改变子弹结构与冲击气压揭示了线性解耦标定模型中传感器主灵敏度系数与轴间耦合灵敏度系数并非固定常数而均与冲击力载荷脉冲构型（幅值、脉宽）相关的冲击特性。最后,将能够反映载荷构型信息的传感器各轴输出电压脉冲的幅值与脉宽作为影响因素,并以神经元的形式添加到人工神经网络（artificial neural network, ANN）的输入层,建立了基于ANN的三轴冲击力传感器输出电压与输入载荷间的代理模型,实现了数据驱动的三轴冲击力传感器非线性解耦标定。结果表明,相对最小二乘模型,ANN标定精度更高,采用ANN进行三轴冲击力传感器标定具有可行性和有效性。     

S型测力传感器的动态特性与标定

本文对 S 型测力传感器的动态特性进行了研究。采用模态分析测量技术,测定了传感器的固有频率、模态质量、模态刚度、模态阻尼和阻尼比,并以动画形式显示了其主振型.作出激振力与传感器应变片输出信号的传递函数幅频和相频特性曲线,可简便地确定传感器工作频率范围及相应的误差。     

Base strain effects on force measurements

Force transducers directly interact with their environment. In this study, a force transducer is attached to the midpoint of a free-free beam and is used to measure the force on a rigid mass that vibrates with the beam. The ratio of force to mass times acceleration is measured for several different masses over a frequency range that includes the first four odd natural frequencies of the beam. Then the force transducer is mounted so that the beam's strain is isolated from the transducer. The tests are repeated. The results dramatically illustrate the effects of base strain on the force measurements. A simple theoretical model is developed that explains the vertical axis shift in the calibration curve. Paper was presented at SEM 1994 Spring Conference and Exhibits.     

DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS OF PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTALS TRANSDUCER IN DYNAMIC EXPERIMENTS

各种压电器件广泛用于电子工业、信息传输、医学诊断等许多领域,以实现能量转换、传感、驱动、频率控制等功能. 特别地,压电晶体以其高频响的压电效应,在动载实验中用于动态应力的测试. 利用其特有的各向异性特性,通过设计特殊的切型方向,可以实现对不同应力的测试. 本文通过分析各向异性晶体的特性,从压电效应的基本原理出发,导出了利用各向异性晶体作为剪应力量计的设计思想,并给出了两种典型的动态剪应力计:17.705°Y 切石英和165.44°Y 切铌酸锂晶体.     

动载实验中压电晶体应力量计的设计与应用

各种压电器件广泛用于电子工业、信息传输、医学诊断等许多领域,以实现能量转换、传感、驱动、频率控制等功能. 特别地,压电晶体以其高频响的压电效应,在动载实验中用于动态应力的测试. 利用其特有的各向异性特性,通过设计特殊的切型方向,可以实现对不同应力的测试. 本文通过分析各向异性晶体的特性,从压电效应的基本原理出发,导出了利用各向异性晶体作为剪应力量计的设计思想,并给出了两种典型的动态剪应力计:17.705°Y 切石英和165.44°Y 切铌酸锂晶体.      

Active decoupling of the axisymmetric body wake response to a pitching motion

Controlled interactions between fluidic actuators and the cross flow over the aft end of a wire-mounted axisymmetric wind tunnel bluff body model (Re_D=2.3·10⁵) are exploited for modification of the near wake dynamics, and the consequent global aerodynamic loads. Actuation is effected using an array of four aft-facing synthetic jet modules through narrow, azimuthally-segmented slots that are equally distributed around the perimeter of the tail end. The model is supported by eight wires, each including a miniature inline force transducer for measurements of the time-resolved tension. The model’s position is varied in a prescribed trajectory by synchronous activation of shape memory alloy (SMA) segments in each of the mounting wires, and the aerodynamic forces and moments are manipulated over a range of pitch attitude. The effectiveness of the flow control approach is demonstrated by decoupling of the wake response from the body’s pitch motion at a low pitch frequency (k=0.013). It is shown that, under the active control, the wake symmetry can be restored or its asymmetry can be amplified.     

Stability and response of a self-amplified braking system under velocity-dependent actuation force

Wedge brakes, featuring self-amplification, inspire good opportunity to obtain large normal force by small actuation force. A single degree of freedom torsional model with harmonic excitation for a driveline with a wedge brake is developed to investigate the effect of velocity-dependent actuation force. The stability analysis indicates that instability can occur even with a constant friction coefficient and is greatly influenced by the slope of the actuation force. Three bifurcation points are found: one stable, one unstable, and the other one Hopf. Phase portraits, time domain responses, Poincaré maps, and frequency spectra are provided by nonlinear computation. Three motions are observed: unidirectional stick-slip, bidirectional stick-slip, and non-stick-slip. Due to the self amplification, the wedge brake leads to more stick motions and more side bands compared with the conventional brake. By varying the slope, the dynamic response of the driveline can be synchronous or irregular multi-periodic motion. The dynamics at negative slope is studied further considering three other influencing factors, i.e., the initial actuation force, excitation frequency, and wedge angle. The results are provided by the comparison with those of the driveline with a conventional brake.     

Phenomena and modeling of piezoelectric energy harvesting from freely oscillating cylinders

We investigate energy harvesting from vortex-induced vibrations of a freely moving rigid circular cylinder with a piezoelectric transducer attached to its transverse degree of freedom. The power levels that can be generated from these vibrations and variations of these levels with the freestream velocity are determined. A mathematical model that accounts for the coupled lift force, cylinder motion, and harvested voltage is presented. Linear analysis is performed to determine the effect of the electrical load resistance of the transducer on the natural frequency of the cylinder and the onset of synchronization (the shedding frequency is equal to the cylinder oscillating frequency) region. The impact of the nonlinearities on the cylinder response and harvested energy is investigated. The results show that the load resistance shifts the onset of synchronization to higher freestream velocities. For two different system parameters, the results show that the nonlinearities result in a hardening behavior for some values of the load resistance.     

Analysis of effects of differential gain on dynamic stability of digital force control

The paper presents an analytical investigation of the dynamics of digital force control. A one degree-of-freedom (DoF) mechanical system with low viscous damping is subjected to proportional-derivative (PD) force control. Analytical results are presented in the form of stability charts in the parameter space of sampling time, control gains and mechanical parameters. Simple closed form results include the largest stable proportional gain and the least steady state force error that provide synthesis of mechanical and control system parameter influences for the design of digital force control. Also, a novel analytical explanation is given why even the properly filtered force derivative signal is rarely used in practice, and why the occurring vibrations have frequencies one range smaller than that of the sampling frequency of the digital control.     

Thermal-transient effects on pressure measurements

A set of experiments were performed on a flush-mounted strain-gage pressure transducer to determine the nature of erroneous responses induced by two types of thermal transients. The thermal transients studied were a constant step increase in transducer-diaphragm surface temperature, and a constant step increase in diaphragm-surface heat flux. The responses of the transducer to changes in ambient temperature and to temperature gradients in the transducer housing at steady state were investigated also. Analytic models for the transducer were solved under the experimental conditions and compared with the experimental results for the first two transients. These models predicted the response of the transducer quite well for about the first 25 percent of the transient period. Beyond this short time, the transducer behavior was drastically different from the models.