氮氧自由基电催化氧化盐酸伪麻黄碱的电化学行为及其电化学动力学性质

运用循环伏安法(CV)、计时电流法(CA)在玻碳电极(GCE)上研究了以氮氧自由基(4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基-哌啶-1-氧自由基,TEMPOL)为均相电子转移媒体电催化氧化盐酸伪麻黄碱(PEH)的电化学行为及其电化学动力学性质.研究结果表明,PEH在GCE上的电化学氧化过程十分迟缓,不易直接发生电化学氧化反应.而在TEMPOL存在时PEH在0.641 V处出现了一个不可逆的氧化峰,且峰电流大幅度增加,表明TEMPOL对PEH的电化学氧化具有良好的电催化作用.在5～1 000 mV/s扫描速度范围内,氧化峰电流(Ipa)与扫描速率平方根(v1/2)呈线性关系,此催化氧化反应是一受扩散控制的电极过程.测定了电催化氧化反应动力学参数:电子转移系数α为0.72,催化反应速率常数k为(2.26±0.05)×103(mol/L)/s.催化体系氧化峰电流与PEH浓度在2.0×10-5～2.0×10-3mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.0×10-5mol/L.     

魔芋多糖固定化肌红蛋白的直接电化学与电催化

用魔芋多糖(KGM)和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的加合物,将肌红蛋白(Mb)固定在玻碳电极(GCE)上,制备了稳定的Mb-KGM-DMF/GCE修饰电极,并研究了Mb在修饰电极上的直接电化学行为和电催化性能。该电极在pH=7.0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)中,-0.38 V(E0′)处有一对氧化还原峰,峰电位差ΔEp=70 mV,该峰正是Mb中血红素辅基FeⅢ/FeⅡ电对的氧化还原特征峰。在0.2~9.0 V/s扫速的范围内,氧化还原峰峰电流大小和扫描速率成正比,呈现出表面控制行为。在pH为5.0~12.0的范围内,式电位和pH值呈线性关系,表明电子传递过程伴随着质子转移。同时,Mb-KGM-DMF/GCE修饰电极表现出良好的电催化性能,对氧、H2O2有显著的催化作用。在4.70~75.0μmol/L的范围内,其催化峰电流大小与H2O2的浓度有良好的线性关系,其线性回归方程i=0.127 0.093C,r=0.9989,表观米氏常数为80.8μmol/L。     

更昔洛韦在碳纳米管-离子液体修饰电极上的电催化氧化及电分析方法

将疏水性离子液体与多壁碳纳米管修饰在玻碳电极上,制备了多壁碳纳米管-离子液体修饰玻碳电极(MWCNTs-IL/GCE).运用循环伏安法进一步研究了更昔洛韦(GCV)在MWCNTs-IL/GCE上的电化学行为.结果表明,GCV在GCE电极上于1.06 V处有一不可逆氧化峰.与GCE相比,GCV在MWCNTs-IL/GCE上的峰电位约负移100 mV,峰电流明显增强,表明MWCNTs-IL/GCE对GCV具有良好的电催化氧化作用.在40 ～400 mV/s范围内,其氧化峰电流与扫描速率呈良好的线性关系,表明GCV在MWCNTs-IL/GCE上的电极反应受吸附控制.测定了GCV在MWCNTs-IL/GCE上的电荷转移系数α、电极反应速率常数K′s.采用微分脉冲伏安法测得GCV氧化峰电流与其浓度在2.0×10-7 ～2.5×10-5 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为5.4×10-8 mol/L.该法用于GCV药物的含量测定,RSD为2.4% ～3.6%,加标回收率为96% ～101%.     

L-半胱氨酸在乙酰二茂铁修饰碳糊电极上的电催化氧化及其电化学动力学性质研究

研究了L-半胱氨酸(L-cysteine,L-Cys)在乙酰二茂铁(acetylferrocene,Afc)修饰碳糊电极(Afc/CPE)上的电催化行为.研究结果表明,Afc/CPE对L-Cys的电化学氧化具有良好的催化作用.用循环伏安法(CV)、计时电流法(CA)测定了L-Cys在Afc/CPE上的电极过程动力学参数.测得Afc分散于液体石蜡中表观扩散系数Dapp=9.49×10-9 cm-2·s-1,电荷传递系数α=0.59,电催化氧化反应速率常数k=(3.76±0.10)×103(mol·L-1)-1·s-1.催化氧化峰电流与L-Cys在浓度8.0×10-6～1.5×10-3mol·L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为Ipa(μA)=3.139 c(mmol·L-1) 4.068,r=0.999 7,检出限为2.5 μmol·L-1.该结果可用于对L-Cys的电化学定量测定.     

金纳米粒子/碳纳米管修饰电极对4 壬基酚的电催化氧化及检测研究

制备了金纳米粒子/碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极(AuNPs-CNTs/GCE),采用循环伏安法和线性扫描伏安法研究了4-壬基酚在修饰电极上的电化学行为,并建立了一种灵敏简便地检测4-壬基酚的电化学方法。优化了pH值、扫描速率、富集时间等测定参数,并计算出pH值与氧化峰电压、扫描速率与氧化峰电流之间的数量关系。在pH 10.0的BR缓冲溶液中,4-壬基酚在AuNPs-CNTs/GCE上出现灵敏的氧化峰,氧化电位为0.51 V。与裸玻碳电极(GCE)和单一碳纳米管修饰电极(CNTs/GCE)相比,AuNPs-CNTs/GCE明显提高了4-壬基酚的氧化电流。在优化实验条件下,4-壬基酚的浓度分别在0.05～4μmol/L和6～14μmol/L范围内与氧化峰电流呈良好的线性关系,检出限为0.023μmol/L,对于实际样品测定的回收率为95%～104%。该修饰电极具有良好的重现性和稳定性,可用于环境样品中4-壬基酚的直接检测。     

石墨烯量子点/PtAu复合电极应用于四环素的电化学检测

制备了石墨烯量子点(GQDs)、Pt和Au纳米粒子修饰玻碳电极(GQDs/PtAu/GCE),并应用于四环素(TTC)的电化学检测。研究TTC在GQDs/PtAu/GCE上的电催化行为和反应机理。GQDs/PtAu/GCE复合电极的形貌和性质通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量散射光谱(EDS)和电化学技术表征。研究结果表明,GQDs/PtAu/GCE对TTC的电化学氧化具有良好的催化行为,氧化过程出现2个阳极峰,其中高电位氧化峰较稳定。通过计算得出,TTC电催化氧化是2电子转移的催化反应,电子转移速率常数k_s为100.6/s。采用循环伏安法检测高浓度TTC,氧化峰电流与其浓度在1.0×10~(-4)～0.2 mol/L范围呈现良好的正相关性。采用安培法检测低浓度TTC,催化电流与TTC浓度呈现两段线性区间,线性范围分别为5.0×10~(-7)～3.5×10~(-5) mol/L(I_p=18.59c_(TTC)+0.0364,R~2=0.9922),4.5×10~(-5)～2.25×10~(-4) mol/L(I_p=3.368c_(TTC)+0.5744,R~2=0.9942),方法的检出限为1.5×10~(-7) mol/L。该GQDs/PtAu/GCE修饰电极具有良好的稳定性和重复性,应用于实际样品中TTC的测定,加标回收率为95.6%～105.7%。     

对乙酰氨基酚在纳米金/十二烷基苯磺酸钠修饰电极上的电化学行为研究

基于电化学沉积法制备了纳米金/十二烷基苯磺酸钠修饰玻碳电极(Nano-Au/SDBS/GCE),并采用扫描电子显微镜、X-射线光电子能谱和电化学方法进行表征。研究了对乙酰氨基酚在Nano-Au/SDBS/GCE上的伏安行为,结果表明,对乙酰氨基酚由在裸玻碳电极上的不可逆氧化过程变为准可逆过程,氧化峰峰电位由0.60 V负移至0.50 V,且在0.42 V处产生一个新的还原峰,表明nano-Au/SDBS膜能催化对乙酰氨基酚的电化学反应。在优化条件下,氧化峰峰电流与对乙酰氨基酚浓度在1.0×10-6mol/L～9.0×10-6mol.L–1和1.0×10-5～1.0×10-4mol.L–1间有良好的线性关系,检出限为8.0×10-7mol.L–1(S/N=3)。     

L-色氨酸在聚甲基红膜修饰电极上的电化学行为及其分析研究

用循环伏安法制备了聚甲基红膜修饰玻碳电极(PMRE/GCE)。研究了L-色氨酸(L-Trp)在该修饰电极上的电化学行为,探讨了不同缓冲溶液、pH以及扫描速率等的影响。实验表明:在pH=5.5的HAc-NaAc支持电解质中,L-Trp在PMRE/GCE上的电化学氧化反应是一不可逆过程,于0.783V(vs.SCE)处产生一灵敏的氧化峰,峰电流大大增加。氧化峰电流与L-Trp的浓度在2.0×10-6~1.0×10-3mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为8.0×10-7mol/L,样品检测平均回收率为100.16%。     

苯甲酰肼在多壁碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极上的电催化氧化及其电化学动力学性质

研究了苯甲酰肼(BH)在MWCNT/GCE上的电化学行为。实验结果表明,BH在GCE上的直接电化学氧化十分迟缓,无氧化峰出现,但在MWCNT/GCE上BH在0.20 V处出现了一个不可逆氧化峰,且峰电流大幅度增大,表明MWCNT/GCE对BH电化学氧化具有良好的催化作用。同时用计时库仑法(Chro-nocoulometry,CC)和计时电流法(Chronoamperometry,CA)测定了电极过程动力学参数:扩散系数D=8.73×10-5cm2.s-1,电子转移系数α=0.85,电极反应速率常数kf=1.45×10-3s-1。稳态电流-时间实验结果表明,电流响应信号随其浓度成比例增长,响应时间小于6 s,最低响应浓度为1×10-6mol/L。该方法可用于BH电化学定量测定。     

亚硫酸盐在乙酰二茂铁修饰碳糊电极上的电催化氧化及其电化学动力学性质研究

研究了亚硫酸盐在乙酰二茂铁(AFc)修饰碳糊电极(AFc/CPE)上的电催化行为。研究结果表明,其在裸碳糊电极(CPE)上的行为比亚硫酸盐在AFc/CPE上的氧化峰电流增加约3倍,氧化峰电位负移360 mV,表明AFc/CPE对亚硫酸盐的电化学氧化具有良好的催化作用。用循环伏安法、计时电流法测定了亚硫酸盐在AFc/CPE上的电极过程动力学参数,测得电荷传递系数α为0.70,电催化氧化反应速率常数k为(4.91±0.05)×104(mol/L)-1.s-1。催化氧化峰电流与亚硫酸盐在5.0×10-4~1.1×10-2mol/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为Ipa(μA)=1.345 7.956c(10-3mol/L),R=0.9988,检出限为2.0×10-5mol/L。可用于亚硫酸盐的电化学定量测定方法。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.