pH调控合成溴氧铋纳米片的底物依赖光催化特性（英文）

近年来,半导体光催化技术已广泛用于去除水中有机污染物.在各类光催化剂中,具有合适禁带宽度的溴氧铋(BiO Br,2.7 eV)材料吸引了众多研究者兴趣.通常情况下,半导体光催化降解有机污染物性能主要与光催化材料的结构性质,如物相组成、颗粒粒径、材料表面结构等相关.研究已经证实了TiO 2光催化降解有机污染物具有底物依赖的特性,但是BiO Br的有机物降解特性与底物性质的关系研究尚未见文献报道.为发展高效的BiO Br太阳光催化污染净化技术,研究有机底物与BiO Br光催化降解性能的关系具有重要意义.本文分别在pH=1和pH=3条件下采用水热法合成了BiO Br纳米片(BOB-1和BOB-3),并通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM),紫外-可见漫反射(DRS)等技术表征了所制备半导体光催化材料.结果表明,在不同pH条件下均能合成具有高结晶度的四方相BiO Br,BOB-1和BOB-3均由不规则的纳米片组成,BOB-3纳米片宽度大约为0.6–1.5μm,厚度大约27–44 nm,而BOB-1纳米片宽度大约为0.7–2.0μm,厚度大约50 nm.选区电子衍射观察到了BOB-1和BOB-3清晰的晶格条纹,晶格间距为0.20和0.28 nm,分别对应着四方晶系的(020)面和(110)面.选取罗丹明B(RhB)和水杨酸(SA)为典型有机底物分子,研究了BOB-1和BOB-3纳米片的底物依赖光催化特性.结果表明,BOB-1吸附SA和RhB 1 h后,吸附率分别仅为0.2%和0.8%,而BOB-3对SA和RhB的效率分别可达9.1%和12.7%;光催化降解两种底物分子的结果表明,BOB-1和BOB-3降解RhB的速率分别为4.00以及16.10 g·min–1·m2,而降解SA的速率分别为和2.35 g·min–1·m2.可见,BOB-1显示了高效降解SA的能力,而,BOB-3则表现出更强的降解RhB活性.电化学Mott-Schottky和电动电位测试结果表明,BOB-1比BOB-3有更正的价带电位和更低的表面电荷.捕获实验(KI捕获空穴,K2Cr2O7捕获电子,氩气捕获超氧负离子,异丙醇捕获羟基自由基)表明光生空穴与超氧负离子是BOB-3降解RhB的主要活性物种,而BOB-1降解SA主要是光生空穴作用,电子顺磁共振(ESR)测试进一步证实了以上结果.光电流密度测试结果表明,可见光作用下RhB可被激发到RhB*,导致BOB-3的电子空穴对分离效率高;而当电解质中存在SA时,催化剂的表面羟基与SA形成氢键,致使光生电子与空穴分离效果变差,因而光电流减少.本文提出了pH调控合成溴氧铋纳米片的底物依赖光催化降解RhB和SA机理,与BiO Br导带电位、底物分子吸附量、底物分子物理化学性质相关.BOB-1和BOB-3纳米片催化剂在可见光激发下能产生光生导带电子和价带空穴,这些光生载流子可迁移到催化剂表面.染料分子RhB在可见光作用下能发生光敏化作用生成激发态RhB*,RhB*可以将电子注入BOB-3催化剂的导带,导带上的光生电子与RhB*注入电子与吸附在其表面的氧气共同作用生成更多的超氧负离子,从而高效降解RhB.由于BOB-1比BOB-3有更正导带电势,导带电子无法直接还原氧气生成超氧负离子,仅能依靠光生空穴直接氧化RhB,导致BOB-1表现出降解RhB性能弱;对于无色的底物SA,吸附较多SA的BOB-3催化剂上的表面羟基与SA之间形成氢键作用,抑制了光生电子与空穴对的分离,导致BOB-3在可见光光催化降解SA活性弱,而BOB-1表面吸附SA较少,同时BOB-1有更负的价带电位,利用光生空穴与吸附在催化剂表面的SA反应,从而表现出高效降解SA的性能.     

表面活性剂修饰碳酸氧铋的制备及光催化性能

采用水热法,以阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、非离子型表面活性剂聚乙二醇8000(PEG8000)、阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)及SDS与CTAB耦合修饰Bi₂O₂CO₃。 系统地研究了表面活性剂种类及用量对Bi₂O₂CO₃晶面、形貌、光吸收特性及光催化降解效率的影响。 以紫外光下降解罗丹明B(RhB),考察样品的光催化性能。 结果表明,当Bi盐投加量为6 mmol(2.9106 g)时,SDS对Bi₂O₂CO₃的修饰对其光催化活性有所抑制;0.6 g CTAB修饰Bi₂O₂CO₃能有效提高其光催化活性;0.3 g SDS与CTAB耦合修饰Bi₂O₂CO₃就能有效提高其光催化活性;0.3 g PEG8000修饰Bi₂O₂CO₃也能使其光催化活性有所提高。     

花形ZnO纳米片微球的合成、表征及光催化性能

以ZnCl2和尿素为原料,采用水热法合成了由纳米片组成的花形微球碱式碳酸锌前驱体,然后在300℃下煅烧0.5 h得到了形貌一致的ZnO产物。采用XRD、FTIR、TG、SEM、TEM、XPS对其进行表征,结果表明产物为六方纤维矿结构ZnO;组成3D花型微球的纳米片构筑单元厚度为10 nm,表面呈孔装结构,比表面积为72 m2.g-1。分别以花形ZnO纳米片、单分散ZnO纳米片和商用ZnO纳米颗粒为光催化剂,通过降解罗丹明B(Rh B)进行了光催化活性研究。结果表明,与商用ZnO纳米颗粒相比,水热法制备的花形ZnO纳米片显示了更好的光催化活性,可能是由于花形ZnO纳米片微球有较高的比表面积和3D花形形貌所致。     

Pt/BiOCl纳米片的制备、表征及其光催化性能

采用光化学沉积法制备了一系列不同Pt含量的新型Pt/BiOCl纳米片光催化剂,运用N2物理吸附-脱附、X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱、光致发光光谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱等手段对Pt/BiOCl进行了表征,并以λ=254nm的紫外灯和钨灯为光源,考察了Pt含量对Pt/BiOCl光催化降解酸性橙II活性的影响.结果表明,沉积的Pt对BiOCl样品比表面积的影响不大,但可有效增强催化剂对可见光的吸收能力,显著抑制光生电子与空穴的复合.当Pt含量为1%~2%时,能大幅度提高紫外光下BiOCl催化降解染料的活性,并产生可见光活性.这是由于Pt/BiOCl具有一定的可见光吸收能力,产生了Pt纳米粒子的等离子体光催化作用.     

凝胶网格控制合成纳米ZnO及其光催化活性

以明胶为反应介质,采用凝胶网格控制合成法制备了单分散球形纳米ZnO光催化剂.利用TG-DTA、XRD、TEM、BET、UV-Vis、HPLC等测试手段对制备过程、样品的结构和性能进行了研究,探讨了明胶浓度、煅烧温度对产物粒径和光催化活性的影响.结果表明:利用凝胶网格控制合成法不仅能够控制纳米微粒的形状和大小,而且可防止沉淀物相互聚集和团聚.以染料罗丹明B溶液为目标降解物,1 h的降解率为99.9%,最佳光催化剂的合成条件:13%明胶浓度、350℃煅烧2 h.     

人工氧缺陷对提高Bi2O2CO3纳米片光催化活性和选择性的关键作用

碳酸氧铋(Bi_2O_2CO_3, BOC)是一种新兴的半导体光催化剂.然而,纯BOC具有较强的紫外光吸收能力和较高的载流子复合率,因而其光催化效率较低.本研究通过添加NaBH_4在BOC表面引入氧缺陷(标记为OV-BOC),以拓宽光吸收范围,提高电荷分离效率.结果表明, NaBH_4的加入改变了BOC的表面结构,产生了更多的氧缺陷作为活化反应物的反应位点,使光催化净化NO的去除率由BOC的10.0%提高到OV-BOC的50.2%.XRD、XPS和EPR的测定结果证明了含有氧缺陷的正方晶系BOC的成功合成.SEM和TEM表征发现OV-BOC为纳米片状结构,并且其表面的确因缺陷而形成了晶格条纹的变化.UV-vis DRS、Mott-Schottky和禁带宽度计算结果发现BOC中的氧缺陷可以减小禁带宽度,而PL和SPV的测定结果表明氧缺陷也促进了电荷转移.根据ESR谱和DFT计算结果, OV-BOC的所有活性氧信号强度大大超过BOC,进一步证明氧缺陷可以促进载流子的生成和运输.此外, OV-BOC的·OH信号强度超过BOC,说明氧缺陷可以驱动电子/空穴的分离,从而促进·OH的产生.因此, O_2和H_2O分子的活化被促进,从而产生更多的活性氧参与光催化反应并极大地提高了NO的去除效率.另外,利用原位红外光谱动态监测了光催化氧化NO反应的中间产物的演化过程.结合原位红外光谱和DFT的结果表明,氧缺陷能促进OV-BOC中间产物和表面氧缺陷之间的电子交换,使反应物更容易被活性自由基氧化,这有利于NO转化为目标产物从而抑制毒副产物的生成.该研究为提高光催化剂活性和选择性提供了新的途径,也为理解气相光催化反应机理提供了新的思路.     

Ag3VO4纳米粒子的合成及其对可见光下降解罗丹明B的催化活性

利用一种简单共沉淀的方法,通过调变合成温度(0～80 ℃)成功地合成了一系列Ag3VO4样品,其粒子尺寸在100 nm～5 μm间. 通过在合成体系中添加聚乙二醇4000, Ag3VO4粒子尺寸可进一步降低至50～100 nm. 可见光下降解罗丹明B的实验结果表明, Ag3VO4样品特别是纳米尺寸的样品,显示出比当前广泛使用的P25更高的催化活性. Ag3VO4样品循环使用4次之后其光催化活性并没有明显降低,证明Ag3VO4是一种稳定有效的可见光催化剂.     

层级纳米花环状Bi_2O_3/(BiO)_2CO_3复合材料光催化降解罗丹明B

通过程序升温水热法制备了层级纳米花状结构Bi_2O_3/(BiO)_2CO_3复合材料(简称BO/BCO)。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-Vis/DRS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和氮气吸附-脱附测定等方法对上述合成材料的晶型结构、组成、光吸收性质、形貌和表面物理化学性质进行了表征。结果表明,该复合材料中(BiO)_2CO_3的晶型为四方相,Bi_2O_3的晶型为单斜相,复合后的材料同时具有两者晶型结构。并且,合成时随着OH-的引入与反应时间的增加,复合材料中(BiO)_2CO_3的特征衍射峰强度逐渐降低,Bi_2O_3的特征衍射峰强度逐渐增加,证明了Bi_2O_3在样品中所占比例的增加。从UV-Vis/DRS吸收光谱分析结果显示,与单体(BiO)_2CO_3和单体Bi_2O_3相比,合成的BO/BCO复合材料的吸收边带发生偏移,且Bi_2O_3的引入有效增加其可见光区吸收。同时,样品由片状(BiO)_2CO_3生长为层级纳米花环状结构的BO/BCO-0.5,而层级结构的形成导致BO/BCO-0.5的带隙能变窄,且对于光电子的反射与散射发生改变,从而有利于光生电荷的转移与光的吸收效率。另外,以罗丹明B为模型分子,通过不同光源照射下的光催化活性实验,循环实验以及捕获实验对复合材料BO/BCO的光催化活性进行了研究。结果表明,与其他体系(单体Bi_2O_3和P25)相比,BO/BCO-0.5活性有明显提高,并且在多次循环实验后依然保持良好的稳定性。此外,根据捕获实验结果推测了BO/BCO复合材料可能的光催化反应机理。     

MCM-41分子筛担载纳米TiO2复合材料光催化降解罗丹明B

采用溶胶.凝胶法将TiO2担载在介孔MCM-41分子筛上,制备了不同TiO2含量的系列TiO2/MCM-41复合材料,利用X射线衍射、N2吸附、紫外-可见光谱和透射电镜等方法对其进行表征.TiO2的晶型为锐钛矿相,复合材料的比表面积和孔体积随其中TiO2担载量(复合材料中TiO2与MCM-41的质量比)的增加而减小,TiO2的平均粒径随其担载量的增加而增大.以罗丹明B的光催化降解为探针反应,评价了TiO2/MCM-41复合材料的光催化降解活性.结果表明,在紫外光照射下,罗丹明B在该复合材料上的光催化降解反应遵循一级反应动力学,复合材料对罗丹明B的光催化降解活性明显高于商用TiO2(P-25),复合材料的光催化降解活性由复合材料的吸附能力和所含TiO2的光催化活性共同决定.     

Effect of synthesis pH on the physicochemical properties of a synthesized Bi2WO6 and the type of substrate chosen,in assessing its photo-catalytic activities

Crystalline orthorhombic Bi₂WO₆ powders were synthesized by a hydrothermal method from aqueous solutions of Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O and Na₂WO₄·2H₂O over a range of three selected pH values (2.0, 5.0 and 7.0), using NaOH as precipitating agent. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, FE-SEM, TEM, XPS and UV-vis spectroscopy. The effect of pH-synthesis on crystallinity, morphologies, surface area and optical absorption properties, were investigated. Although the pH has a marked influence on morphology, the nature of the precipitating agent (NaOH or TEA) also influences the morphology and surface structure composition, as it is observed in the present work. Three different probe molecules were used to evaluate the photo-catalytic properties under two illumination conditions (UV and Visible): Methyl Orange and Rhodamine B were chosen as dye substrates and Phenol as a transparent substrate. The photo-catalytic activities are strongly dependent not only on the pH used in the synthesis but also on the nature of the chosen substrate in assessing the photo-catalytic activities. Results were compared with those obtained when using TiO₂(P25, Evonik) in the same experimental conditions. The photo-catalytic activity of one of the synthesised samples has been evaluated by exposing a mixture of Rhodamine B and Phenol in water, to different illumination conditions. Our results provide new evidences about the issue of whether dyes are suitable substrates to assess the activity of a photo-catalyst.     

可见光驱动Ag3PO4催化降解罗丹明B和甲基橙

采用简易离子交换法制备可见光驱动Ag3PO4光催化剂.通过X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜、N2吸附-脱附、紫外-可见漫反射光谱及傅里叶变换红外光谱对所制备的Ag3PO4催化剂进行表征.结果表明,在可见光照射下,Ag3PO4催化剂对罗丹明B降解表现出优越的光催化活性,但对甲基橙的降解活性低,这归因于Ag3PO4催化剂对甲基橙分子吸附量低.可见光照Ag3PO4反应体系中,空穴和超氧自由基共同发挥作用导致罗丹明B和甲基橙光催化降解.在罗丹明B的协助作用下,Ag3PO4催化剂对甲基橙的可见光催化降解活性大大增强,这是由于罗丹明B的存在可产生更多的超氧自由基,从而使甲基橙进一步降解.     

Fe、N共掺杂TiO2纳米管阵列的制备及可见光光催化活性

应用电化学阳极氧化法结合浸渍和退火后处理制备了Fe和N共掺杂的TiO2纳米管阵列光催化剂,并用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和俄歇电子能谱(AES)仪对其进行了表征.结果表明,Fe、N共掺杂对TiO2纳米管阵列的形貌和结构没有明显影响,Fe和N均掺入了TiO2晶格.紫外-可见(UV-Vis)漫反射光谱显示Fe和N共掺杂TiO2纳米管阵列的吸收带边较纯TiO2纳米管阵列和单一掺杂TiO2纳米管阵列红移,可见光吸收增强.以可见光催化降解罗丹明B(RhB)考察了材料的光催化活性,Fe和N共掺杂TiO2纳米管阵列对RhB的降解速率较纯TiO2纳米管阵列和单一掺杂TiO2纳米管阵列明显提高,证明了Fe、N共掺杂产生的协同效应提高了TiO2纳米管阵列在可见光照射下的光催化活性.     

Ag2S-石墨烯/TiO2的声化学法合成及可见光催化活性（英文）

Ag2S‐graphene/TiO2 composites were synthesized by a facile sonochemical method.The products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and UV‐Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry.During the synthesis reaction,the reduction of graphene oxide and loading of Ag2S and TiO2 particles were achieved.The Ag2S‐graphene/TiO2 composites possessed a large adsorption capacity for dyes,an extended light absorption range,and efficient charge separation properties.Hence,in the photodegradation of rhodamine B,a significant enhancement in the reaction rate was observed with the Ag2S‐graphene/TiO2 composites as compared to pure TiO2.The generation of reactive oxygen species was detected by the oxidation of 1,5‐diphenyl carbazide to 1,5‐diphenyl carbazone.The high activity was attributed to the synergetic effects of high charge mobility and the red shift in the absorption edge of the Ag2S‐graphene/TiO2 composites.     

Flotation and adsorption investigations of the systemn-dodecanoic acid/mercury at different pH values

The systemn-dodecanoic acid/mercury in 0,1 N KCl solutions has been investigated within pH range 4,0–10,5 in order to characterize the adsorption of surfactant and to determine its influence on the flotation of mercury. Flotation tests have been carried out in a model mercury flotation apparatus developed by Pomianowski and Para. Some characteristic parameters of adsorption (attraction constant of Frumkin isotherm, adsorption coefficient at maximum adsorption potential, free standard adsorption enthalpy and area per molecule) have been determined by a. c. polarographic capacity-potential and capacity-time curves. Flotation recovery as well as attraction constant, adsorption coefficient and surface excess reach maximum at pH5,1. It is explained by the assumption of an ion-molecule associate formation.Publ.-No. 810 from Research Institute of Mineral Processing, Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic, Freiberg     

Self-assembly of silver polymers based on flexible isonicotinate ligand at different pH values: syntheses, structures and photoluminescent properties

Two interesting coordination polymers, [Ag₈(IN)₆(NO₃)₂] 1 and [Ag(IN)(HIN)]_1/2 [Ag(IN)] 2 (HIN=isonicotinic acid) have been synthesized hydrothermally at different pH values. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1, with , , , α=75.87(3)°, β=80.87(3)°, γ=76.50(3)°, and Z=2. Compound 1 is the first example of a bilayer framework, in which both single layers are connected by the bond interactions (Ag-O) between Ag from two two-dimensional (2D) single layers generated by the A building block and O atoms from one-dimensional (1D) chain constructed by the B building block, in which coordination modes of IN were reported for the first time. 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c, with , , , β=92.90(3)°, V=1185.0(4) and Z=4. Compound 2 exhibits a 2D plywood-like structure assembled by hydrogen bonds and weak Ag-O interactions.     

In situ AFM study of sorbed humic acid colloids at different pH

Humic acid colloids adsorbed on the basal plane of cleaved muscovite are investigated under in situ conditions by non-contact mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) in liquid (also called fluid tapping-mode AFM). Structures are found to be of nanometer scale, consisting of flat particles (8–13 nm in diameter), aggregates of particles (20–100 nm), chain-like assemblies, networks and torus-like structures. In contrast to former investigations colloids are investigated in aquatic solution and structures are not influenced by sample preparation. Nanostructure, surface coverage and particle sizes are found to depend on solution pH. Humic colloids can be distinguished from surface roughness and background noise by image processing. Furthermore, an approach to quantify the surface coverage is discussed. Therefore, non-contact mode AFM in liquid is shown to be a powerful method to study the interaction of colloids at solid–liquid interfaces.     

Calculation and analysis of lifetimes of thymine and 5-chlorouracil tautomers in aqueous solutions at different pH values

The lifetime of zwitterionic, neutral, oxo, and hydroxy tautomeric forms of thymine and 5-chlorouracil is calculated with regard to intermolecular proton transfer in dimers. Time characteristics of picosecond spectra of aqueous solutions at different values are interpreted.     

Inclusion of aromatic and aliphatic anions into a cationic water-soluble calix[4]arene at different pH values

A cationic calix[4]arene derivative binds both aliphatic and aromatic, carboxylate and sulfonate anions in aqueous solution thanks to concerted electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The sulfonate guest inclusion is affected by the different mobility of the host caused by the pH change.