Characteristics of high-power radiating imploding discharge with cold start

A qualitative model of the dynamics of a multiterawatt radiating Z-pinch with cold start and high rate of current rise is proposed. The model is used to analyze discharges with currents I ～ 2–5 MA (with dI/dt > 10¹³ A/s) through uniform or structured plasma-producing loads, including wire arrays. The most important consequence of cold start is that spatially nonuniform plasma production is prolonged to almost the entire current rise time. Under these conditions, the Ampére force begins to play a dominant role in the plasma dynamics before the plasma-producing load is completely transformed into an accelerated plasma. The results of computations of wire-array vaporization are presented. A formula is proposed for estimating the highest attainable velocity of plasma flow into a heterogeneous liner driven by the Ampére force. It is shown that local imbalance between radial motion of the produced plasma and supply of the plasma-producing substance to be ionized leads to axially nonuniform breakthrough of magnetic flux into the liner, which precedes plasma collapse. The magnetic-flux breakthrough gives rise to a chaotic azimuthal-axial plasma structure consisting of radial plasma jets of relatively small diameter, which is called a radial plasma rainstorm. The breaking-through azimuthal magnetic flux obstructs further current flow in the breakthrough region. Analyses of Z-pinch implosion based on the theory of Rayleigh-Taylor instability or the snowplow model are incorrect under the plasma-rainstorm conditions. The processes taking place in a stagnant Z-pinch include conversion of the energy carried by the current-generated magnetic field into turbulent MHD flow of the ion component of the plasma, its convective mixing with magnetic field, heating, energy transfer from ions to electrons, and emission from the plasma. Under typical experimental conditions, emission plays a key role in the energy balance in an imploding pinch. Z-pinch is modeled by an electric-circuit component that has a time-dependent nonlinear impedance and consumes the magnetic energy supplied by a generator through a magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL). The peak power reached in the circuit is comparable to the peak soft X-ray power output emitted by the pinch in terms of magnitude and timing. Optimum matching conditions are formulated for the generator-MITL-pinch circuit.     

双层钨衬套Z箍缩内爆数值模拟

 介绍了在强脉冲电流的作用下双层钨衬套Z箍缩动力学过程的数值模拟,计算了一个双层钨衬套模型,分析了双层衬套的碰撞过程,指出了双层衬套下电磁内爆的现象和特点,给出了碰撞后电流在内外衬筒上的分布,并对箍缩功率和箍缩产生的能量进行了预估。     

X箍缩三维数值模拟

利用FOI-PERFECT程序对X箍缩进行了3D数值模拟研究,给出了X箍缩的物理图像和动力学过程,探讨了Z箍缩中出现磁重联的可能性,并指出如果双丝Z箍缩中能够出现磁重联,那么X箍缩是更有利于磁重联出现的位形,并且,X箍缩中出现多重X射线暴的一个可能原因是z轴上多个位置出现磁重联。     

喷气Z箍缩X光辐射信号分析

 在清华大学喷气Z箍缩平台上进行了对Ne气的箍缩软X射线诊断工作。该喷气装置由4个充电至23 kV的电容器并联组成,总储能4.5 kJ,放电电流峰值210 kA,上升沿2.5 ms。实验中通过观测放电电流微分信号来观测箍缩聚焦点的位置（波形的下凹尖峰点）,此尖峰也是X光辐射的时间分辨点。利用响应时间为亚ns量级的光敏半导体探测器(PIN)探头获得了Ne气箍缩时等离子体发出的软X射线信号,X光辐射出现在放电电流微分信号突变点附近。一般来说,多次箍缩会导致多次的X光辐射输出,实验中的X光脉冲实际为多个等离子热点辐射叠加的结果,单次箍缩所产生的X光辐射比多次箍缩所产生的X光辐射要强。对每次箍缩来说,单个X光脉冲信号比多个X光脉冲信号的幅值要大。     

基于聚龙一号的钨丝阵Z箍缩内爆辐射特性

介绍了基于聚龙一号装置的Z箍缩诊断和实验布局, 分析了丝数132~300、丝直径5~10 m、丝阵直径13~30 mm的单/双层钨丝阵Z箍缩内爆动力学过程和软X射线辐射特性规律。研究表明, 钨丝阵等离子体的停滞时间与零维薄壳模型计算的停滞时间一致, 内爆轨迹存在偏离, 丝阵等离子体内爆开始前以丝烧蚀为主, 内爆开始时间约为总内爆时间的67%;随着负载质量和半径的增大, 负载电流、内爆停滞时间和X射线辐射脉冲半高宽也相应增加, X射线辐射峰值功率减小。双层钨丝阵的内爆均匀性和一致性优于单层丝阵, 其辐射峰值功率明显高于单层钨丝阵, 但单/双层钨丝阵辐射产额基本相当, 能量转换效率约为15%。此外, 还初步讨论了单层钨丝阵驱动的低密度泡沫动态黑腔辐射功率波形特征及其与纯钨丝阵内爆辐射的差异。     

回流罩结构Z-箍缩实验的数值模拟

采用二维磁驱动数值模拟程序(MDSC2)对大电流脉冲功率装置FP-2上的回流罩结构Z-箍缩实验exp90和exp60进行了数值模拟。数值模拟表明,回流罩结构Z-箍缩实验测量电流/回路电流不是负载套筒电流,回流罩结构Z-箍缩实验中回路电流不完全从负载套筒通过,回路电流和负载套筒电流之间存在一个结构系数,提出了边界磁场强度与回路电流关系的新公式。采用具有结构系数的边界磁场强度公式和磁流体力学程序能正确模拟exp90和exp60两个回流罩结构Z-箍缩实验,模拟的套筒内径运动速度和实验测量速度相一致。回流罩结构Z-箍缩实验的结构系数为一常数,仅由回流罩的初始结构确定。90 mm和60 mm内直径套筒的结构系数分别为0.87和0.90。在套筒初始厚度、绝缘材料等其它条件相同的情况下,套筒内径越大,回流罩结构Z-箍缩实验的结构系数越小。     

Z箍缩诊断中椭圆晶体谱仪测量数据的处理

以氖气喷气Z箍缩的实验结果为例,详细讨论了椭圆晶体谱仪测量数据的处理方法,包括使用标定结果将胶片黑密度转换为X光强度,根据已知谱线的能量和扫描点序号对测量能谱的能点进行定标,以及使用Henke给出的考虑谱仪非均匀色散效应、晶体积分反射率和X光滤片透过率后的公式对测量能谱的强度进行修正,给出了最终的解谱结果。并使用Lorentz线型函数拟合谱线轮廓,求出了Hα,Heα和Heβ等K壳层谱线的相对强度,对处理后能谱强度的误差进行了简单分析。     

用马赫贞德干涉仪测量喷气式Z箍缩等离子体密度

 为了研究喷气式Z箍缩（gas-puff Z-pinch）等离子体的内爆特性，研制了一套马赫-贞德干涉系统，并在小型喷气式Z箍缩装置(充电电压23kV,放电峰值电流210kA)上进行了试验，获得了清晰的干涉图像。根据干涉图上条纹的移动数目，计算得到该装置内爆早期等离子体的平均电子密度为10¹⁷~10¹⁸/cm³。     

Subnanosecond collapse and pinch dynamics at the plasma focus

Compression and pinch phase at the plasma focus were investigated by streak camera observations of the visible emission. The duration of maximum local compression provides no evidence for magnetic confinement of the focus plasma. With increasing hard X-ray intensity a decreasing of the temporal evoution of the pinch phase is observed, indicating enhanced diffusion of magnetic field energy into the locally compressed plasma.     

Gepulste UV-Strahlungsquelle zur Erzeugung eines hoch ionisierten Ausgangsplasmas niedriger Dichte

A 100 kV Z-pinch, pulse-filled with high-density xenon gas, is used as radiation source for photoionizing hydrogen or rare gases at filling pressures of 1–10 mtorr. This produces a homogeneous, magnetic field free, highly ionized (degree of ionization ≈10% in H₂ and ≈ 20% in Ar) plasma suitable for example, for collisionless shock wave experiments. Experimental and theoretical investigations have yielded information on the conversion of the stored electrical energy into radiation energy. As a result of fast magnetic compression and ohmic heating (the relatively low temperature of max. 6 eV due to multiple ionization of the xenon atoms being favourable) the xenon pinch absorbs 30% of the stored electrical energy. Investigation of the matching of the external circuit to theZ-pinch by means of the snowplow model shows that the energy transmission efficiency could be increased about 50% if the current half-cycle is made equal to the compression time. The suitability of the xenon pinch as a radiation source is due on the one hand, to the almost complete conversion of the absorbed energy into radiation and, in particular, to the spectral distribution of the radiation, which is favourable for the ionization of hydrogen. It is found that the radiation is mainly emitted in lines with maximum intensity at the same wavelength λ ≈ 700 Å as the maximum of the photoionization cross section owing to the low temperature of the xenon plasma.     

快Z箍缩物理过程的PSPICE电路模拟方法分析

 简单介绍了快Z箍缩概念和物理过程，以及Z箍缩物理过程不稳定性因素和简单分析。用PSPICE电路模拟方法解薄壳模型得到了箍缩时间、等离子体壳的速度、负载上的电流、电压变化规律等Z箍缩物理量。     

On the Heating of Ions in Noncylindrical Z-Pinches

The method proposed here for analyzing processes in a hot plasma of noncylindrical Z-pinches is based on separation of the group of high-energy ions into a special fraction. Such ions constitute an insignificant fraction (~10%) of the total volume of the Z-pinch plasma, but these ions contribute the most to the formation of conditions in which the pinch becomes a source of nuclear fusion products and X-ray radiation. The method allows a quite correct approach to obtaining quantitative estimates of the plasma parameters, the nuclear fusion energy yield, and the features of neutron fluxes in experiments with Z-pinches.     

Spatial and temporal evolution of high-energy density plasmas inthe composite pinch on GIT-4 generator

A series of collaborative experiments on complex plasma loads has been carried out on the large inductive energy storage generator GIT-4. The aim of the experiments is to explore the different configurations for the formation of ultrahigh-energy density plasmas in high-voltage pulsed-power systems by direct electromagnetic energy coupling. In this paper, we present some of the underlying philosophy on these experiments and the results obtained. Particular emphasis is placed on the pulsed-power aspects and the effect of source-load coupling for the different studied Z-pinch loads. Resulting radiative properties of the classical exploding wire and liner are experimentally compared with those of the composite pinch scheme in which an intermediate low-density shell is used for staged energy transfer onto a micron-sized wire     

丝阵Z箍缩可见光辐射特性

在阳加速器上进行的Z箍缩实验中,利用快速硅光电二极管、多模光纤和石英滤片搭建了可见光探测系统,并利用该系统对丝阵Z箍缩等离子体内爆可见光辐射特性进行了研究。实验结果显示,可见光辐射在内爆开始时就已经存在,其波形与X射线辐射波形存在差异,在辐射波形的主峰前存在所谓的拐点。分析表明,在内爆滞止前,丝阵Z箍缩中单丝箍缩现象和预箍缩等离子体对可见光辐射贡献很大,而整体内爆开始时单丝附近的局域磁场消失是可见光辐射波形存在拐点的主要原因。     

Space and time resolved electron density and current measurementsin a dense plasma focus Z-pinch

Plasma density and current profiles in a Z-pinch are important parameters to understand the implosion and radiation physics. This paper describes measurements of electron density and current at radii of ⩾200 μm from the axis of a dense plasma focus (DPF) pinch plasma that is imploded by a ≈0.3 MA current pulse. These measurements use laser interferometry and polarimetry. The electromagnetic wave propagating through a current carrying plasma will change its phase, polarization state, and propagation direction. Refraction by electrons bends the wave fronts and changes the propagation direction; Faraday rotation due to the magnetic field and electron density rotates the laser polarization vector. By measuring these quantities simultaneously, the magnetic field and electron density can be separately determined. Although the DPF used here is a low current device, the measured densities (⩽10²⁰ cm^-3) and magnetic fields (~100 T) are similar to values expected just outside higher current but larger radius Z-pinches, so this technique should be applicable there as well. The techniques described here do not require access to the core of the pinch to work; just outside these pinches the coronal density and self-magnetic field are high enough to give reliable data but not so high as to make the measurements difficult     

Z箍缩驱动器与丝阵负载耦合特性研究

以丝阵内爆零维模型为基础,采用Pspice模拟行为建模方法,建立了丝阵内爆动态电感与Z箍缩驱动器耦合的全电路模型,实现驱动器放电过程与丝阵内爆过程的自洽求解,并研究了丝阵参数、电路参数对内爆过程的影响.结果表明:丝阵负载与驱动器存在强耦合关系,丝阵参数、电路参数对丝阵峰值箍缩电流、内爆时间、内爆动能影响很大;在驱动器参数不变,内爆时间不超过电路固有放电周期1/4的前提下,峰值箍缩电流、内爆时间、内爆动能随丝阵质量的增加而增大,内爆时间随丝阵初始半径的增加而增大;在丝阵参数不变时,随着驱动器等效电容的增大,内爆时间减小,丝阵内爆动能增大,但驱动器储能转化为内爆动能的效率却先增大后减小.对于特定的驱动器,优化的丝阵参数应使内爆过程充分利用驱动器固有放电周期的上升沿,使丝阵快速收缩的时间起点接近电路固有放电周期的四分之一,以获得最大的动能效率. 关键词： Z箍缩驱动器 零维内爆模型 模拟行为建模 耦合特性     

氩气Z箍缩内爆动力学过程实验研究

在太瓦级脉冲功率装置“阳”加速器上开展了一系列氩气Z箍缩内爆实验研究.利用了高时空分辨的X射线纳秒分幅相机、可见光高速扫描相机、激光剪切差分干涉系统、X射线针孔相机和软X射线功率谱仪对内爆动力学过程进行了诊断.观测到了内爆中的“拉链”效应、“颈缩”效应、腊肠不稳定性等现象，获得了等离子体温度变化和内爆速度变化等典型结果，并分析了电流上升时间等因素对等离子体内爆过程的影响，给出了相关结论. 关键词： Z箍缩 等离子体 “拉链"效应 腊肠不稳定性     

Observations of plasma dynamics in a gas-embedded compressionalZ-pinch

A series of experiments carried out in a gas embedded compressional Z-pinch are presented. A dc micro discharge of 150 μA between two conical sharp edged electrodes is established to produce a hollow cylindrical discharge. A few nanoseconds before the application of the main voltage, a pulsed laser is focused through the anode onto the cathode. With this preionization scheme an initial coaxial current structure is established. H₂ and D₂ at a pressure of 1/3 atm were used as a working gas. The experiments have been carried out using a pulse power generator capable of delivering current of up to I~200 kA with a dI/dt>10¹² A/s. The use of H₂ and D₂ allows the study of discharges with the same electrical properties, but with different dynamics. At early times this preionization scheme produces a coaxial double column pinch, which as current rises, coalesces into a single column becoming a gas embedded compressional Z-pinch. Diagnostics used are current and voltage monitors, single frame holographic interferometry and shadowgraphy, visible streak camera, and single frame image converter camera. Electron density, line density, pinch radius, and plasma motion are obtained from the optical diagnostics. It was found that the maximum electron density achieved on axis is greater than twice the expected value according with the filling pressure used in the discharges, which contrasts with a traditional gas embedded pinch in which the density is lower than the expected value from filling pressure. The expansion rate of the plasma column is reduced to a third of the observed value for the single channel laser initiated gas embedded pinch. These measurements agree with the existence of a central current channel in this new configuration of gas embedded pinch. The experimental results clearly show that compression is achieved with the composite preionization scheme     

Evolution of gas-puff Z-pinch during implosion and pinch phase

The four-frame high-speed electrooptical camera backed by an automatic image capturing and processing system has been used to investigate the evolution of the gas-puff Z-pinch. The sequence of four images of the pinch continuum radiation (the exposure of each frame was 1 ns, the time separation of frames was 10 or 20 ns) enabled the study of the pinch-forming phase (zipper effect, compression), the stagnation of plasma on the axis, as well as the pinch decay (disintegration, collapsing of the plasma column) and the determination of the velocities of individual processes     

Z箍缩丝阵负载区域的似稳态磁场分布

 将负载区域的电流（丝阵电流、阴极板电流、阳极板电流和回流柱电流）离散成电流线或电流面等电流微元,根据毕奥-萨伐尔定律,计算所有电流微元在指定场点的磁场,再通过叠加给出该点的总磁场。研究结果发现:在丝阵外围区域,仅由丝阵电流所产生的磁场偏离无限长直导线磁场公式的值,但全部电流所产生的总磁场与公式给出的值很接近。同时,研究了不同负载结构参数下的磁场分布,结果表明：增加丝根数有助于减小单根丝表面的局部磁场,改善丝阵外围磁场分布的均匀性。