高聚物分子量分布的表征——对聚碳酸酯的应用

建议一种简单的用GPC曲线上淋出体积V_p;(V_(10)—V_p)及(V_p—V_(90))三参数来表征高聚物分子量分布的方法,其中V_p是GPC微分曲线上高峰的淋出体积值,V_(10)/V_(90)是GPC积分曲线上在累积分数10％及90％处的淋出体积值,V_p与高聚物的平均分子量有关,而(V_(10)—V_p);(V_p—V_(90))则表征分子量分布的高分子量及低分子量尾端所延伸的宽度,分子量分布对于高聚物加工性能及产品力学性能的影响常与高低分子量的尾端部分有着密切关系。 应用此方法比较了几个国内外聚碳酸酯试样的分子量分布变化和性能的关系,说明这种表征方式能够反映不同GPC曲线上的差异(即分子量分布的差异),也能够明确地反映聚碳酸酯的冲击韧性和应力开裂性质的优劣。     

从聚丙烯流动曲线估算分子量分布

聚丙烯的控制降解技术由于能够带来很好的经济效益，国内外都在进行研究．其中分子量分布是一个重要数据，它对于聚丙烯的注塑、纺丝、薄膜等加工过程都有重要的影响．分子量分布一般用重均分子量Mw和数均分子量Mn之比D=Mw/Mn来表征，称为分子量分布指数．它可以     

从特性粘数和GPC谱图获得数均分子量方法的误差分析

凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)广泛用于测量高聚物的分子量及其分布,但即使是根据普适校准原理也需知道溶液体系的K、α值。已经提出了几种改进方法来估算分子量,其中文献[2]提出利用特性粘数和GPC谱图来估算平均分子量。后来有些学者从实验角度对此方法     

RAFT聚合法合成聚丙烯酰胺基偶氮苯的研究

以二硫代苯甲酸苄酯(BDTB)为链转移剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,丙烯酰胺基偶氮苯(AAAB)为单体,DMF为溶剂,利用可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合法合成了聚丙烯酰胺基偶氮苯(PAAAB),并考察了聚合温度和链转移剂浓度对聚合反应的影响。通过FT-IR、1 H-NMR、GPC等对链转移剂和聚合物结构进行了表征。结果表明:聚合反应动力学曲线呈良好的线性关系,分子量分布窄;随着[BDTB]/[AIBN]比例的增大,聚合速率和分子量下降,分子量分布变窄。     

应用GPC法测定醋酸纤维素的分子量和分子量分布

使用ALC/GPC/244仪测定了醋酸纤维素的分子量和分子量分布。首先对试样CA398—(3)、CA394—(60)、CA_1分别进行GPC测定,并以waters公司的聚苯乙烯为标样,根据普适校准曲线和GPC谱图求出试样的重均分子量_w和数均分子量_n、分子量分布宽度和峰值分子量。     

丙烯酰胺基偶氮苯的RAFT聚合反应动力学

以丙烯酰胺基偶氮苯(AAAB)为单体,二硫代苯甲酸异丙苯酯(CDB)为链转移剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂,利用可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合法合成了侧链含有偶氮苯基团的聚丙烯酰胺基偶氮苯(PAAAB),同时考察了反应温度、引发剂浓度、链转移剂浓度等因素对聚合反应的影响。利用FT-IR、1H NMR、GPC等对其结构进行了表征。结果表明,聚合反应动力学曲线呈良好的线性关系,分子量分布窄;随着[CDB]/[AIBN]比例的增大,聚合速率、分子量和分子量分布均下降。     

异双桥联茂金属催化剂催化丙烯聚合制备高分子量无规聚丙烯

采用2种分别具有Cs对称性和C1对称性的异双桥联茂金属催化剂(Me_2C)(Me_2Si)Cp_2TiCl_2、[(CH_2)_5C](Me_2Si)Cp_2TiCl_2,在助催化剂甲基铝氧烷(MAO)的作用下用于丙烯聚合.通过对聚合温度、助催化剂用量和聚合时间的研究,详细考察了这些因素对聚合活性和聚合物结构的影响.由核磁共振碳谱(13CNMR)、示差扫描量热分析(DSC)和凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)表征了所得聚合物的结构和分子量及分子量分布.这2种催化剂催化丙烯常压聚合活性最高可达10~6g PP/mol·h,重均分子量可达7×10~5,分子量分布在2.0左右,所得聚丙烯为高分子量的无规聚丙烯.这两种异双桥联茂金属催化体系在低温下表现出良好的聚合活性;但聚合温度升高,聚合活性和聚丙烯的分子量呈现明显的下降趋势.随铝钛比的增加,聚合活性和聚合物分子量均呈现先上升后降低的趋势.聚合时间增加活性下降,聚合物分子量有所增加.研究表明,这2种催化剂具有的大二面角(71.0°,70.3°)结构对催化性能和聚合物的结构有较大影响.     

凝胶渗透色谱分析的精度和准确性

凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)是一种表征高聚物分子最和分子量分布等特征的物理化学方法。近年来,由于仪器的不断改进,包括高效填料的使用、多种检测器的联用及与计算机的联用、仪器操作和数据处理的自动化等,使其在高聚物领域中的应用范围不断扩大。当使用高灵敏度的浓度和分子量检测器时,GPC不但可以测定线性高聚物平均分子量及其分布,还可提供高聚物的支化情况、共聚物的分子量和化学组成等多种信息。但是不论用GPC进行哪一项研究,欲想得到定量数据,必然对GPC分析的精度和准确性提出要求。     

高分子量聚α-乙烯吡啶(P2VP)在高效GPC中机械降解的研究

<正> 高效GPC广泛地应用于测量高聚物的分子量和分子量分布,有显著的优点,取得了很好的结果。但是,我们必须考虑样品中高分子量部分的降解,因为降解的存在,会影响校正曲线的准确性,从而使计算的分子量和分子量分布产生误差。如果降解严重,则不能用高效GPC进行分子量和分子量分布的测定。本文研究高分子量的P2VP流经高效GPC的Styragel柱后的降解行为,并讨论降解的原因。     

聚癸二酸酐-聚乙二醇共聚物的制备与性能研究

研究了高真空熔融缩聚法制备聚癸二酸酐-聚乙二醇(PSA-PEG)共聚物,采用红外光谱(FTIR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对制备出来的PSA-PEG共聚物进行了结构表征,并进行了共聚物性能的测定.将癸二酸预聚物与不同分子量的PEG共聚,研究了聚合物结构组成与性能之间的关系,并通过改进实验方法,得到分子量分布较窄的共聚物(PDI:1.10),使制备出的PSA-PEG6000共聚物数均分子量Mn由原来的7291增加到12281.     

Unraveling the Bimodality of Polypropylene Film Grades Using Rheological Shear and Elongational Measurements: Inconsistent Results of Gel Permeation Chromatography

As the main parameter to describe the molecular structure of a linear polymer, molecular weight distribution of five different polypropylene grades was evaluated through measurements of gel permeation chromatography and rheology experiments. From their dynamic shear data, the relaxation spectra, h(τ), were calculated from which molecular weight distribution was estimated using molecular viscoelastic theories and then compared with the gel permeation chromatography results. Generally good agreement, yet with narrower molecular weight distribution rheology curves was found. Exception was observed for one grade for which rheological data predicted bimodal distribution curve comprising a small shoulder of high molecular weight, not seen in the corresponding gel permeation chromatography curve. Additionally, a higher value of the generalized mixing parameter (i.e. β) was found for this bimodal grade which was attributed to an increase in the number of entanglements per chain and better network connectivity. Furthermore, measurements of the transient extensional viscosity also revealed enhanced strain hardening and melt strength for this particular grade. The results showed that small amount of high molecular weight fraction of linear chains could drastically alter the processing behavior of polypropylene film grades.     

Model for solvent viscosity effect on enzymatic reactions

The solvent viscosity dependence for enzymatic reactions is discussed. We suggest the interpretation of the phenomenon that requires neither a modification of the Kramers’ theory nor that of the Stokes law. We assume that an enzyme solution is an ensemble of samples with different values of the viscosity for the movement of the system along the reaction coordinate. We quantify the extent of this difference by some parameter, introduce heterogeneity in our system with the help of a distribution over this parameter and find the solution of the integral equation for the function of the distribution. All parameters of the model are related to experimentally observable values. The meaning of fractional exponents appears to be the characteristic for the behavior of the distribution. Our approach yields the existence of the limit value for the fractional power exponent with the decrease of cosolvent molecular weight in agreement with known experimental data.     

稀土催化聚合的顺式聚丁二烯的单分散粘度方程

对十一个未经分级的多分散稀土顺丁橡胶试样作了渗透压和粘度的测量,计算得到的数均分子量_n及特性粘数[<η>]列于表中。     

Effect of molecular structure on polyethylene melt rheology. I. Low-shear behavior

The melt rheological properties of both linear and branched polyethylene were investigated by use of narrow molecular weight distribution fractions and experimentally polymerized samples. Studies carried out in steady shear and in oscillatory shear yielded information concerning both the melt viscosity and the melt elasticity as a function of molecular structure, where the latter was characterized by various solution property techniques. The 3.4–3.5 power dependence of the low shear limiting viscosity on molecular weight was confirmed for linear polyethylene. The effect of long-chain branching on rheological properties was defined both at constant molecular weight and at constant molecular weight distribution and coupled with variation of molecular weight.     

Polymerization of β-carbomethoxypropionaldehyde

High molecular weight crystalline poly(carbomethoxyethyl)oxymethylene was prepared from β-carbomethoxypropionaldehyde with the use of organometallic compounds. The characterization, fractionation, x-ray analysis, and viscosity measurement were carried out. Degradation by hydrochloric acid gave a highly crystalline but soluble polymer of a lower molecular weight. It was interesting to note the high solubility character of the polymer in organic solvents in contrast to the poor solubility of the isomeric poly(acetoxyethyl)oxymethylene. From the relationship among the intrinsic viscosity, Huggins' constant, and the solubility parameter of solvent, the solubility parameter of the polymer was determined to be 9.3 (cal/ml)^1/2.     

高分子无扰尺寸的测定

本文用GPC-[η]联用仪测定高聚物分子的无扰尺寸,GPC将高聚物分成不同的级分,连用自动粘度计测其相应级分的粘度,并由GPC的标定线或普适标定线,得到各级分的分子量,再用使Mark-Houwink公式线性化的理论方程,图解外推到无扰状态,获得高聚物分子的无扰尺寸,对于聚苯乙烯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,所得结果与直接法、习惯法一致。     

聚苯乙烯链规整度与特性粘数的理论研究

应用构象 构型统计理论和旋转异构态模型 ,考虑大侧基对高分子链构型的影响 ,建立高分子溶液特性粘数与链无规程度的关系 ,并应用于大分子量的聚苯乙烯溶液的特性粘数的计算 ,得到特性粘数与全同、间同和无规链分子量的关系 ,并与实验结果进行比较 ,结果较为满意     

Gel permeation chromatography of polyethylene: Effect of long-chain branching

The effect of long-chain branching on the size of low-density polyethylene molecules in solution is demonstrated through solution viscosity and molecular weight measurements on fractionated samples. These well-characterized fractions are analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and it is shown that the separation of the polymer molecules by this technique is sensitive to the presence of long-chain branching. By using fractions of branched polyethylene possessing differing degrees of branching, one observes that a single curve is adequate in relating elution volume to molecular weight. This calibration curve is applied in the GPC analysis of a variety of commercial low-density polyethylene resins and it is shown, by comparison with independent osmometric and gradient elution chromatographic data, that realistic values for molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are obtained. The replacement of molecular weight M by the parameter [η]M as a function of elution volume, leads to a single relationship for both linear and branched polyethylenes. This indicates that GPC separation takes place according to the hydrodynamic volumes of the polymer molecules. The comparison of data for polyethylene and polystyrene fractions suggests that this volume dependence of the separation will be observed for other polymer–solvent systems.     

GPC-多检测联用技术测定聚己内酯分子量及其分布

介绍一种用于生物可降解高分子材料聚已内酯(PCL)及其改性高分子的分子量和分子量分布测定的GPC-示差折光(RI)-示差黏度(DV)-直角光散射(RALLS)多检测联用技术.叙述了该方法的实验原理,并对测试过程中的有关技术及实验结果进行了讨论.该方法可准确测定聚己内酯(PCL)及其改性高分子的分子量及其分布、特性黏度分布、Mark-Houwink方程系数以及高分子尺寸等重要参数.通过对窄分布PS标样验证,分子量测定结果的相对误差在1%之内.     

Generalized Universal Molecular Weight Calibration Parameter in GPC

Abstract

In this report we show by experimental and theoretical investigations that the commonly used GPC universal calibration parameter, the intrinsic viscosity multiplied by the weight average molecular weight ([η] M^w) is incorrect. The error which can arise by using [η] M to calculate the molecular weight across the GPC chromatogram for nonuniformly branched polymers [poly(vinyl acetate) and low density polyethylene] and copolymers with compositional drift, could be very large. We also show conclusively that the number average molecular weight M_n is the correct average to use for the universal calibration parameter. We therefore recommend that our general universal Calibration parameter [η] M_n be used for calculating the molecular weight across the chromatogram for all polymer systems (linear and branched homopolymers, copolymers with or without compositional drift and for polymer blends).