聚乙烯在石墨表面结晶的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了聚乙烯在石墨(001)表面的吸附和结晶过程;直观的给出了聚乙烯链被石墨(001)面吸附并诱导形成有序的片层晶体的过程;发现结晶温度对得到的有序结构中的聚乙烯链相对石墨表面的特定取向有影响(300 K和600 K时的取向方向不同);表面覆盖率影响聚乙烯吸附层的厚度,对取向的方向无影响.     

水在石墨(0001)面簇模型桥位上吸附的量子化学研究

用从头计算方法对水在石墨(0001)面桥位上的吸附进行了研究.用C₆H₈原子簇模拟石墨表面,在6-31G^*水平上计算了水在不同方向和位置上的吸附能量.研究表明:水在石墨面上的吸附很弱,属于物理吸附;在中性或带负电荷的石墨表面,当水分子中的氢原子靠近石墨面时,体系存在能量最小值,而在带正电荷的表面,当氧原子靠近石墨面时存在稳定的吸附点;不论表面带正电荷还是带负电荷,均对水分子的吸附起增强作用.     

PS胶体粒子表面逐层自组装固定化SOD及其生物活性

通过逐层自组装技术成功地把超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)吸附在聚苯乙烯(PS)胶体粒子表面.zeta电位和TEM证明了聚阳离子或聚阴离子型SOD与相反电荷的聚电解质在PS胶体粒子表面的交替吸附.通过测定SOD被胶体粒子吸附后上清液的生物活性,得到聚阴离子型SOD(pH=8.0)和聚阳离子型SOD(pH=4.3)在PS胶体粒子表面的吸附量分别为12和51IU,相对活性分别为23.4%和2.9%.聚阴离子型SOD在PS胶体粒子表面能形成平滑规整的膜,导致较高的相对活性.研究结果表明,通过调节pH值,可以优化自组装固定化酶的聚集状态和生物活性     

聚苯乙烯/银纳米粒子复合微球的合成及催化性能

首先通过乳液聚合和浓硫酸酸化制备表面富含磺酸根的磺化聚苯乙烯(PS)微球(直径532 nm),再用其静电吸附[Ag(NH_3)_2]~+离子,最后采用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮还原表面吸附的[Ag(NH_3)_2]~+离子,得到了负载银纳米粒子的PS/AgNPs复合微球.采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、紫外-可见光谱、红外光谱和X射线衍射表征了PS/AgNPs复合微球,并考察了其对甲基蓝(MB)的催化性能.结果表明,Ag纳米粒子高度分散在磺化PS微球表面;该PS/AgNPs复合微球对催化转化MB有较高的催化活性,并可多次重复利用.本研究在催化降解有机污染物方面有一定的实用价值.     

聚合物模板微球表面电性对中空二氧化硅微球形貌的影响

分别以过硫酸钾和偶氮二异丁基脒盐酸盐为引发剂,以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,在水中引发苯乙烯聚合制备了2种表面分别带负电性和正电性基团的聚苯乙烯(PS)模板微球.在氨水催化下,利用正硅酸乙酯的水解缩合,形成PS/SiO_2复合微球,去除模板后得到中空SiO_2微球,并对其进行FTIR、电子显微镜、TGA以及氮气吸附等分析表征.结果表明,PS模板微球表面的电性决定了OH-的分布,从而导致PS模板微球表面SiO_2壳层不同的形成机制.当以表面带负电的PS微球为模板时,可得到树莓状的中空SiO_2微球;而以表面带正电的PS微球为模板时,得到是表面光滑的,具有介孔结构的中空SiO_2微球.     

As(Ⅴ)在TiO2表面的吸附机理

用延展X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)光谱和密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了As(Ⅴ)-TiO2体系的吸附机理.离子强度变化对As(Ⅴ)-TiO2体系吸附无显著影响,表明吸附后形成了内层络合物.EXAFS结果表明,As(Ⅴ)原子主要通过-AsO4上的O原子结合到TiO2表面上,平均As-O原子间距(R)在吸附前后无明显变化,保持在(0.169±0.001)nm.As-Ti层的EXAFS分析结果与DFT计算的吸附构型的As-Ti原子间距对照表明,体系存在两种主要亚稳平衡吸附(MEA)结构,即对应于R1=(0.321±0.002)nm的双角(DC)强吸附构型和R2=(0.360±0.002)nm的单角(SC)弱吸附构型.而且随着吸附量由9.79 mg·g-1增加至28.0 mg·g-1,吸附样品中双角构型配位数与单角构型配位数的比值(CN1/CN2)从3.3降低到1.6,说明双角亚稳平衡吸附结构在低覆盖度时占优势,而在高表面覆盖度时单角亚稳平衡吸附结构占优势,即在表面覆盖度较大时,As(Ⅴ)在TiO2表面上倾向于形成单角构型.     

As(V)在TiO2表面的吸附机理

用延展X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)光谱和密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了As(V)-TiO2体系的吸附机理. 离子强度变化对As(V)-TiO2体系吸附无显著影响, 表明吸附后形成了内层络合物. EXAFS结果表明, As(V)原子主要通过—AsO4上的O原子结合到TiO2表面上, 平均As-O原子间距(R)在吸附前后无明显变化, 保持在(0.169±0.001) nm. As-Ti层的EXAFS分析结果与DFT计算的吸附构型的As-Ti原子间距对照表明, 体系存在两种主要亚稳平衡吸附(MEA)结构, 即对应于R1=(0.321±0.002) nm 的双角(DC)强吸附构型和R2=(0.360±0.002) nm的单角(SC)弱吸附构型. 而且随着吸附量由9.79 mg·g-1增加至28.0 mg·g-1, 吸附样品中双角构型配位数与单角构型配位数的比值(CN1/CN2)从3.3降低到1.6, 说明双角亚稳平衡吸附结构在低覆盖度时占优势, 而在高表面覆盖度时单角亚稳平衡吸附结构占优势, 即在表面覆盖度较大时, As(V)在TiO2表面上倾向于形成单角构型.     

纤连蛋白在石墨烯修饰二氧化钛表面吸附的计算机模拟

采用全原子分子动力学模拟方法研究了纤连蛋白(FN)在金红石表面、23%石墨烯覆盖率的金红石表面、92%石墨烯覆盖率的金红石表面、石墨表面的吸附行为.模拟结果表明:FN在金红石表面吸附不稳定.通过石墨烯修饰二氧化钛表面可降低金红石表面的亲水性;当表面含有石墨烯层时,FN都将稳定地吸附在表面上.在23%石墨烯覆盖率的金红石表面上,FN的特异性识别位点朝向溶液而有利于整合素识别.DSSP分析结果显示在40 ns的分子动力学模拟过程中,FN的七个β-折叠结构在所有体系中均没有发生太大变化.由于有石墨烯层存在,表面附近水分子层密度减小.FN的表面吸附能随着表面石墨烯覆盖率的增加而增大.石墨烯修饰能加强二氧化钛表面对蛋白质的吸附.本工作可以为移植体修饰生物材料设计与开发提供参考.     

颗粒模板法制备大孔Al2O3材料

采用颗粒模板法制备了大孔氧化铝(Al2O3)材料. 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果显示, 大孔Al2O3结构中的大孔呈“囊泡状”且孔道的贯通性较差. Zeta电位测量表明, 共沉积条件下聚苯乙烯(PS)和Al2O3两种胶体颗粒带有相反的电荷, 在静电引力作用下先发生了吸附, 再沉积在一起. 吸附在PS微球表面的Al2O3纳米颗粒形成的吸附层是导致大孔呈“囊泡状”和孔道不贯通的主要原因. 采用聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PD)溶液对PS胶体微球带电性质进行了改性, PS微球的Zeta电位由−44.36 mV变成了+37.41 mV, 进而消除了沉积过程中二元颗粒间的吸附现象. 扫描电子显微镜显示, 大孔样品中“囊泡状”大孔消失, 同时孔道贯通性得到改善.     

聚苯乙烯/银核/壳复合微球的制备及其表征

通过分散聚合法制备了单分散性好,粒径均一的聚苯乙烯(PS)微球.以PS微球为核,用浓硫酸进行表面改性,使其表面带有负电.加入一定量的[Ag(NH3)2]+溶液,由于静电吸引,使其吸附在PS微球表面,通过化学还原的方法制备了PS/Ag核/壳结构复合微球.采用透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)以及紫外-可见光谱对PS/Ag复合微球进行表征.结果表明:通过PS微球的表面改性,在其表面引入了磺酸基团,提高了微球表面的电负性和亲水性,对包覆过程起到了很好的促进作用;通过稳定剂(PVP)和不同还原剂(一缩二乙二醇DEG和乙二醇EG)的使用,形成的PS/Ag核/壳复合微球形貌不一样,同时研究表明制备出的PS/Ag复合微球可以用于催化剂催化还原有机染料溶液,表现出很好的催化活性.     

On the role of electrostatic forces in the adhesion of polymer particles to solid surfaces

Simultaneous measurements have been made of the adhesive force and double electric charge of particles after their removal from a metal surface. For the systems investigated, the adhesive force and charge on the particles increase with particle diameter according to a power law with an exponent close to 2. Such dependence can be explained on the basis of the electrostatic nature of the adhesive forces. A double electric layer exists at the interface between the particles and the metal surface. A calculation was made of the surface density of charge for the polyvinyl chloride particle-steel system.     

远离临界组成的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/苯乙烯-丙烯腈无规共聚物共混薄膜表面相分离动力学

采用温控原子力显微镜方法,在线跟踪了远离临界组成聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/苯乙烯-丙烯腈无规共聚物(PMMA/SAN)共混薄膜的表面相分离行为,并研究了其动力学规律。 结果表明,在SAN含量为70%的样品中观察到了表面相分离行为,其过程可分为早期、中期和晚期3个阶段,分别对应特征化的标度指数:早期结果验证了Cahn线性理论,即标度指数为零;中期相行为主要受“碰撞-扩散”机理控制,因此表现出1/3的标度指数;在相分离后期,流体动力学主导了相区的生长和归并行为,此时标度指数变为2/3。 我们的研究结果对于深刻理解高分子相行为具有积极作用,并将对高分子薄膜加工提供必要的指导。     

Scaled equations for the coexistence curve,the capillary constant and the surface tension of n-alkanes

A review of experimental data of several fluids shows that their coexistence curve follows a power law in reduced temperature at the approach of the critical point, with an universal exponent equal to 0.325, their capillary constant a power law with an universal exponent equal to 0.925 and their surface tension a power law with an universal exponent equal to 1.26. In the critical region, the concept of two-scale-factor universality was used to predict the density difference amplitude, the capillary constant amplitude, and the surface tension amplitude between near critical vapor and liquid phases. A comparison with amplitudes determined from experimental data is given. In order to extend this universality all along the liquid–gas coexistence curve from the triple point to the critical point for n-alkanes, a mean field approximation was used far away from T_C. We show that the density difference, the capillary constant and the surface tension can be calculated with a reasonable accuracy by generalized scaled equations adding only two empirical constants. A comparison between calculated and experimental data is presented.     

Initial stages of Ni–P electrodeposition: growth morphology and composition of deposits

The evolution of growth morphology and composition of deposits during the initial stages of Ni–P electrodeposition is studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Combined electrochemical and surface analytical measurements show that the deposition process starts at relatively low cathodic potentials by instantaneous formation and growth of hemispherical centres. The phosphorus content of deposits in the initial deposition stages is found to increase gradually with the deposition time. Additional electrochemical and XPS measurements, carried out on Ni substrates under same polarisation conditions in a Ni²⁺ ion free electrolyte solution, show the occurrence of a time dependent Ni–P surface alloy formation indicating a strong Ni–P interaction. It is suggested that the very early stages of Ni–P electrodeposition involve a primary instantaneous nucleation of Ni followed by a Ni–P alloy formation induced by the strong Ni–P interaction. AFM images show that in advanced deposition stages the coalescence of growing Ni–P centres leads to formation of larger growth mounds. The evolution of the resulting surface roughness is analysed on the basis of the so-called dynamic scaling concept. The estimated values for the roughness exponent and the growth exponent (α=1.07±0.05 and β=0.28±0.05) correspond to a model involving a smoothing of the growing surface driven by surface diffusion.     

Applicability of polymer theories to the thermodynamics of proteins at the air/water interface: example of β-lactoglobulin

Knowledge of the equation of state of adsorbed or deposited layers of proteins at the air/water interface is of fundamental interest in the understanding of the surface activity of these molecules. Using scaling laws of current polymer theories, it has been shown that the equation of state of the interfacial layer in the semi-dilute regime should relate the surface pressure to the surface concentration through a power law. The exponent of this power law should reflect the quality of the solvent and the conformation of the adsorbed polypeptide chain. In the case of β-lactoglobulin layers, in the range of surface concentrations that should correspond to the semi-dilute regime, the relationship between surface pressure and surface concentration is expressed as a power law. The exponent of this power law is strongly influenced by the nature of the aqueous substrate and by the net charge of the protein molecule. The use of scaling laws gives a coherent view of the expansion of the polypeptide chain in the interfacial layer and of the relationship between surface concentration and surface pressure in the semi-dilute regime. This result favours a strong similarity between β-lactoglobulin and a polymer chain in the interfacial layer. It is concluded that current theories of polymer adsorption could be applied to interfacial protein layers.     

Conformation of poly(styrene sulfonate) layers physisorbed from high salt solution studied by force measurements on two different length scales

The conformation of poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) layers physisorbed from 1 M NaCl is determined by force measurements and imaging on two length scales. With colloidal probe technique steric forces as predicted for neutral grafted brushes are observed. On decrease and increase of the NaCl concentration, the grafting density remains constant, yet the brush thickness swells and shrinks reversibly with the salt concentration with an exponent of -0.3. At low salt conditions, the brush length amounts to 30% of the contour length, a behavior known for polyelectrolyte brushes and attributed to the entropy of the counterions trapped in the brush. Between a PSS layer and a pure colloidal silica sphere, the same steric forces are observed, and additionally at large separations (beyond the range of the steric repulsion) an electrostatic force is found. A negatively charged AFM tip penetrates the brush--a repulsive electrostatic force between the tip and surface is found, and single chains can be imaged. Thus, with the nanometer-sized AFM tip, the flatly adsorbed fraction of the PSS chains is seen, whereas the micrometer-sized colloidal probe interacts with the fraction of the chains penetrating into solution.     

Dielectrophoresis force spectroscopy for colloidal clusters

Optical trapping-based force spectroscopy was used to measure the frequency-dependent DEP forces and DEP crossover frequencies of colloidal polymethyl methacrylate spheres and clusters. A single sphere or cluster, held by an optical tweezer, was positioned near the center of a pair of gold-film electrodes where alternating current elecroosmosis flow was negligible. Use of amplitude modulation and phase-sensitive lock-in detection for accurate measurement of the DEP force yielded new insight into dielectric relaxation mechanisms near the crossover frequencies. On one hand, the size dependence of the DEP force near the crossover frequencies indicates that the dominant polarization mechanism is a volume effect. On the other hand, the power-law dependence of the crossover frequency on the particle radius with an exponent of -2 indicates the dielectric relaxation is more likely because of ionic diffusion across the particle surface, suggesting the dominant polarization mechanism may be a surface polarization effect. Better theories are needed to explain the experiment. Nevertheless, the strong size dependence of the crossover frequencies suggests the use of DEP for size sorting of micron-sized particles.     

Hydration forces between silica surfaces: experimental data and predictions from different theories

Silica is a very interesting system that has been thoroughly studied in the last decades. One of the most outstanding characteristics of silica suspensions is their stability in solutions at high salt concentrations. In addition to that, measurements of direct-interaction forces between silica surfaces, obtained by different authors by means of surface force apparatus or atomic force microscope (AFM), reveal the existence of a strong repulsive interaction at short distances (below 2 nm) that decays exponentially. These results cannot be explained in terms of the classical Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO) theory, which only considers two types of forces: the electrical double-layer repulsion and the London-van der Waals attraction. Although there is a controversy about the origin of the short-range repulsive force, the existence of a structured layer of water molecules at the silica surface is the most accepted explanation for it. The overlap of structured water layers of different surfaces leads to repulsive forces, which are known as hydration forces. This assumption is based on the very hydrophilic nature of silica. Different theories have been developed in order to reproduce the exponentially decaying behavior (as a function of the separation distance) of the hydration forces. Different mechanisms for the formation of the structured water layer around the silica surfaces are considered by each theory. By the aid of an AFM and the colloid probe technique, the interaction forces between silica surfaces have been measured directly at different pH values and salt concentrations. The results confirm the presence of the short-range repulsion at any experimental condition (even at high salt concentration). A comparison between the experimental data and theoretical fits obtained from different theories has been performed in order to elucidate the nature of this non-DLVO repulsive force.     

扩散模型和凝聚模型耦合作用下胶体凝聚动力学的Monte Carlo模拟研究

以扩散模型(Ds(γ)=D0×sγ)和凝聚模型(Pij(σ)=P0×(i×j)σ)为基础,对胶体体系随时间的演变、团簇大小分布及其标度关系、团簇的重均大小S(t)的变化规律以及模型对最终分形维数的影响四个角度进行了比较研究,发现扩散指数γ0和凝聚概率指数σ0对胶体的凝聚动力学过程有相似的影响.本文在较宽的γ和σ取值范围内,对胶体的凝聚动力学进行了模拟研究,对慢速凝聚向快速凝聚的转化机理作了定量分析,并进一步分析了在团簇-团簇凝聚(CCA)模型下,得到类似扩散置限凝聚(DLA)模型的凝聚体的物理意义,结果表明:(1)γ0代表了体系中团簇或单粒做"定向运动"而非无规则的布朗运动的情况.这种"定向运动"的推动力可能来自于大团簇产生的强"长程范德华力"、"电场力"等,或来自于体系边界处的外力场的作用.(2)当σ0时,体系成为先快后慢的慢速凝聚,这可能对应大团簇为一排斥中心,即胶体颗粒存在"排斥力场"的现象.(3)证实了团簇的重均大小在凝聚过程的早期按指数规律增长,而后期按幂函数规律增长的实验现象.模拟研究还表明,胶体体系的凝聚动力学过程,在σ0时是一个存在正反馈机制的非线性动力学过程,而在σ0时则体现出负反馈的特征.     

Scaling analysis of polyacrylamide gel surfaces synthesized in the presence of surfactants

Surfaces of polyacrylamide hydrogels synthesized in the presence of surfactants were imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the surface morphology was studied by numerical scaling analysis. The gels were formed by polymerizing acrylamide plus a cross-linker in the presence of surfactants, which were then removed by soaking in distilled water. Gels formed in the presence of over 20% surfactant (by weight) formed clear, but became opaque upon removal of the surfactants. Other gels formed and remained clear. The surface morphology of the gels was studied by several one- and two-dimensional numerical scaling methods. The surfaces were found to be self-affine on short length scales, with a roughness (Hurst) exponent in the range from 0.85 to 1, crossing over to a constant root-mean-square surface width at long scales. Both the crossover length between these two regimes and the saturation value of the surface width increased significantly with increasing surfactant concentration, coincident with the increase in opacity. We propose that the changes in the surface morphology are due to a percolation transition in the system of voids formed upon removal of the surfactants from the bulk.