Compton scattering of 0.279 MeV gamma rays fromK-shell electrons of lead

Differential cross-sections for Compton scatterig of 0.279 MeV gamma rays fromK-shell electrons of lead are measured at scattering angles ranging from 30 to 150° to study the effect of binding on the scattering process. Measurements are made employing two Nal(Tl) scintillation spectrometers and a slow-fast coincidence set-up of 30 nsec resolving time. The experimental results are compared with the available theoretical data. The totalK-shell Compton scattering cross-section is 34% of the free electron Compton cross-section.     

Incoherent scattering of 279 keV gamma rays by bound electrons

The differential cross section for 279 keV gamma rays scattered incoherently from K-shell electrons of thorium is determined experimentally at six angles from 30° to 150° and expressed in terms of the free electron scattering cross section. Two NaI(T1) scintillation spectrometers and a fast-slow coincidence circuit are employed. The scattered gamma rays are detected in coincidence with the fluorescent K X-rays. The bound-to-free electron cross section ratios are compared with those calculated from different non-relativistic theories. The bound electron cross sections are also directly compared with the Klein-Nishina values. At low scattering angles the experimental results agree well with those incoherent scattering function values based on the Thomas-Fermi model, while at large scattering angles there is no good agreement between the experimental values and any of the theories discussed in the text.     

Differential incoherent scattering of 279.2 keV photons by Zr,Sn, Ta,Pb and U

Differential incoherent scattering cross-section ratios of 279.2 keV photons by zirconium, tin, tantalum, lead and uranium elements are experimentally determined by comparing the peak areas under the degraded photon energy with that of an equivalent aluminium foil employing a high resolution 35 c.c. coaxial Ge(Li) detector. Studies have been made in single configuration in an angular range of 20° to 115°. The results are compared with theoretical values obtained from the non-relativistichfs model of Hubbell and co-workers. The cross-section ratios decrease as the atomic number increases for a given scattering angle.     

Non-destructive evaluation of scientific and biological samples by scattering of 145 keV gamma rays

The objective of present experiment is to assign effective atomic number (Z_eff) to samples of scientific interest (oxides of lanthanoids, also called rare earths, and alloys of lead and tin of known composition) and to measure stable iodine content of tissue (biological sample). An HPGe semiconductor detector, placed at 70° to the incident beam, detects gamma photons scattered from the sample under investigation. The experiment is performed on various elements with atomic number satisfying, 6 ≤ Z ≤ 82, for 145 keV incident photons. The intensity ratio of Rayleigh to Compton scattered peaks, corrected for photo-peak efficiency of gamma detector and absorption of photons in the sample and air, is plotted as a function of atomic number and constituted a fit curve. From this fit curve, the respective effective atomic numbers of the scientific samples are determined. The agreement of measured values of Z_eff with theoretical calculations is found to be quite satisfactory. The measured intensity ratio from phantom (KI solutions, simulating thyroid content of stable iodine) varies linearly with KI concentration and provides stable iodine content of tissue.     

Elastic scattering of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV gamma rays by molybdenum,tantalum and lead

Elastic scattering cross-sections of lead, tantalum and molybdenum were determined with the help of a Ge (Li) detector for 1.17 and 1.33 MeV rays between 30° and 115°. Theoretical evaluations of the cross-sections are based on a coherent addition of the well-known nuclear Thomson scattering amplitudes, the Rayleigh amplitudes calculated by Kissel and Pratt and the Delbrück amplitudes given by Papatzacos and Mork. The fairly good agreement between experiment and theory reveals the importance of the real Delbrück amplitudes. However, the experimental results in the 30–60° range tend to lie slightly but systematically below the calculated cross-sections. Work supported in part by a grant from the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC under the SFCP programme.     

An experimental study on cross-section ratio of coherent to incoherent scattering for 145 keV incident gamma photons

The coherent (Rayleigh) to incoherent (Compton) scattering cross-section ratio of elements, in the range 6 ≤ Z ≤ 82, are determined experimentally for 145 keV incident gamma photons. An HPGe (High purity germanium) semiconductor detector is employed, at scattering angle of 50°, 70° and 90°, to record the spectra originating from interactions of incident gamma photons with the target under investigation. The intensity ratio of Rayleigh to Compton scattered peaks observed in the recorded spectra, and corrected for photo-peak efficiency of gamma detector and absorption of photons in the target and air, along with the other required parameters provides the differential cross-section ratio. The measured values of cross-section ratio are found to agree with theoretical predictions (corresponding to 4.939, 6.704 and 8.264 Å⁻¹ photon momentum transfer) based upon non-relativistic form factor, relativistic form factor, modified form factor and S-matrix theory.     

Incoherent scattering of 59.5 keV gamma-rays by light,medium and heavy elements

Summary Total atomic incoherent-scattering differential cross-sections were determined experimentally for 59.5 keV gamma-rays in Ti, Ni, Zn, Se, Mo, Ru, Cd, Sn, Te, Yt, W and Pb at 120° scattering angle using Ge(Li) detector. The background correction and detection efficiency are also included in the study. The experimental values have been compared with those estimated on the basis of the non-relativistic Hartree-Fock wave functions. Good agreement is observed between theory and experiment.     

Compton scattering of 59.5 keV gamma rays from p-Si sample in an external electric field

This study is related to Compton scattering of photons from a p-Si sample whose surface charge density distributions are changed by an external electric field. The external electric field intensity in the range 0-75 kV/m was used to change the surface charge density distributions of the sample. The sample surface perpendicular to the electric field was selected as the scattering surface. The p-Si sample was bombarded by 59.5 keV γ-photons emitting from an Am-241 point source. The Compton scattered photons at an angle of 90^o were detected by an Si(Li) detector. The Compton scattering intensity suddenly increased with the application of the electric field since the applied electric field distorts both the negatively charged scattering center (free electron, bound electron, ionized acceptor) and the positively charged scattering center (hole) and their momentum distribution in the sample. There is a good third-order polynominal relation between the Compton scattering intensity and the increasing (or decreasing) electric field intensity. The results show that the positively charged scattering centers behave like negatively charged scattering centers, but the latter are slightly more effective than the former in the Compton scattering of γ-rays from the sample in the electric field.     

Compton scattering of gamma rays by electrons bound in heavy atoms

The energy spectra of 661.6 keV gamma rays scattered incoherently by lead have been measured for the scattering angles 62 °, 85 °, and 135 ° using a germanium detector. The differential cross sectionsdσdΩd E _y′ obtained from the experiment have been compared with formfactor calculations using relativistics-electron wave-functions for the initial state and relativistic Coulomb wave-functions for the unbound state. A good agreement has been obtained for large energiesE _y′ of the scattered quanta.     

Elastic scattering of 81 keVγ rays by aluminium,nickel, tantalum,gold and lead

A recently reported study [Phys. Rev. A49, 3664 (1994)] of elastic scattering of 81 keVγ rays in the angular range from 60° to 133° has been extended to smaller and larger angles. Previously reportedS matrix calculations of atomic Rayleigh scattering have been shown to require a subtraction of contributions from spurious resonances. Most of the experimental data are in agreement with the calculations. Calculations (MF + ASF) based on a combination of relativistic modified form factors (MF’s) and angle independent anomalous scattering factors (ASF’s) are found to be inadequate for an explanation of experimental cross-sections in the case of highZ elements at angles larger than about 120°.     

The incoherent scattering function and related correlation functions in hard sphere fluids at short times

For a classical fluid of hard spheres and hard disks exact expressions for all densities and wave vectors are derived for the coefficients oft ⁿ in the short-time expansion of the incoherent intermediate scattering function (n = 0, 1,..., 4) and the velocity correlation function (n=0,1,2). Similarly, we obtain the coefficient of the leading term in the short-time behavior of the cumulants of the displacements. Furthermore,S(k, ) has a high-frequency tail ^–4, characteristic for the hard-sphere fluid, which leads to a modification of the standard sum rules. We present estimates for the frequency range, in which this tail may be observed in neutron scattering off noble gases. The results are also compared with Enskog's theory and molecular dynamics calculations.     

Multiplicity distribution of prompt gamma rays in spontaneous ternary fission of252Cf

The first and the second moments of the multiplicity distribution of prompt gamma rays in spontaneous ternary fission of²⁵²Cf have been measured by the multiple coincidence technique. While both these moments were found to be nearly independent of the energy of the light charged particle accompanying the fission fragments, the width of the multiplicity distribution was larger than that in the case of normal binary fission by about 20%.     

X—射线荧光分析散射幂函数法的原理及其应用

本文在较宽在基体原子序数变化范围内研究了非相干散射随基体吸收系数的变化规律,发现存在一种幂函数关系,用射内标法所假定的反比关系仅在较窄的轻元素范围内存在,实验证实了这种理论规律的存在。提出了用康普散射幂函数法校正基体吸收效应的新方法。列举了幂函数法在地质样品中的锶的测定实例,证明了该法在宽的基体组成范围内比传统的散射内标法适应性强。     

Multiple scattering of gamma rays in water,concrete and sand

The transmitted photon spectra of¹³³Ba,²²Na,¹³⁷Cs,⁵⁴Mn and⁶⁰Co point sources are measured through different thicknesses of water, concrete and sand. The multiple-scatter peaks observed in these materials at 60, 90 and 100 keV energies respectively are found to be independent of incident photon energy and thickness of the medium.     

Analysis of inelastic scattering processes of electrons by localized electrons in quantum dots

The inelastic Coulomb scattering rate 1/τ_in of conduction electrons has been theoretically evaluated in the presence of localized states such as quantum dots. By a diagrammatical method, we have formulated 1/τ_in and its relation to the conductivity σ_loc(ω) through localized states. The dependence of τ_in on temperature T is examined in the case that σ_loc(ω) follows the Mott's model. It is found that 1/τ_in varies as T²(ln Δ/T)^d+1 where d is the dimensionality and Δ is tunneling energy between the localized states in the asymptonic T = 0 limit, in agreement with Imry's calculation. It is also found that calculated 1/τ_in deviates from T²(ln Δ/T)^d+1 as T increases, suggesting the importance of correction term at high temperature.     

Elastic scattering of electrons and positrons by cadmium atoms

ABSTRACT

The differential, integrated elastic, total and momentum transfer cross sections along with Sherman function for the elastic scattering of electrons and positrons by cadmium atoms have been evaluated from the partial wave solution of the Dirac relativistic scattering equations for a projectile-atom complex potential at the energy range 6.4 eV < E < 1.0 keV. For various scattering quantities, a comparison of our results exhibits better agreement with the experimental data than the other available theoretical values.     

Facile preparation of Au/Ag bimetallic hollow nanospheres and its application in surface-enhanced Raman scattering

In this paper, an Au/Ag bimetallic hollow nanostructure was obtained by using SiO₂ nanospheres as sacrificial templates. The nanostructure was fabricated via a three steps method. SiO₂@Au nanospheres were first synthesized by the layer-by-layer technique, and then they were coated with a layer of Ag particles, finally, the Au/Ag bimetallic hollow nanospheres were obtained by dissolution of the SiO₂ core by exposure in HF solution. Several characterizations, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and UV visible absorption spectroscopy were used to investigate the prepared nanostructures. The effectiveness of these Au/Ag bimetallic hollow nanospheres as substrates toward surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection was evaluated by using rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a probe molecule. We show that such Au/Ag bimetallic hollow nanospheres structure films which consisting of larger interconnected aggregates are highly desirable as SERS substrates in terms of high Raman intensity enhancement. The Au/Ag bimetallic hollow nanostructured aggregate, interconnected nanostructured aggregate and nanoscale roughness are important factors responsible for this large SERS enhancement ability.     

Fabrication and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of Ag/Au bimetallic films on Si substrates

Ag films on Si substrates were fabricated by immersion plating and served as sacrificial materials for preparation of Ag/Au bimetallic films by galvanic replacement reaction. The formation procedure of films on the surface of Si was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed Ag films with island and dendritic morphologies experienced novel structural evolution process during galvanic replacement reaction, and nanostructures with holes were produced within the resultant Ag/Au bimetallic films. SERS activity both of sacrificial Ag films and resultant Ag/Au bimetallic films was investigated by using crystal violet as an analyte. It has been shown that SERS signals increased with the process of galvanic substitution and reached intensity significantly stronger than that obtained from pure Ag films.     

Elastic scattering of electrons by helium atoms in high energy higher order Born approximation

The differential cross-sections forē-helium elastic scattering are calculated by using Yateshigh-energy higher order Born approximations, through 0 (K _i ^{Emphasis>−2} ) of the incident electron momentum, and comparisons have been made with the recent theoretical and experimental results.