On the numerical solution of the Klein‐Gordon equation

A predictor–corrector (P–C) scheme based on the use of rational approximants of second‐order to the matrix‐exponential term in a three‐time level reccurence relation is applied to the nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation. This scheme is accelerated by using a modification (MPC) in which the already evaluated values are used for the corrector. Both the predictor and the corrector scheme are analyzed for local truncation error and stability. The proposed method is applied to problems possessing periodic, kinks and single, double‐soliton waves. The accuracy as well as the long time behavior of the proposed scheme is discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2009     

A numerical method for computing radially symmetric solutions of a dissipative nonlinear modified Klein‐Gordon equation

In this article we develop a finite‐difference scheme to approximate radially symmetric solutions of a dissipative nonlinear modified Klein‐Gordon equation subject to smooth initial conditions ? and ψ in an open sphere D around the origin, with constant internal and external damping coefficients—β and γ, respectively—, and nonlinear term of the form G′(w) = w^p, with p > 1 an odd number. The functions ? and ψ are radially symmetric in D, and ?, ψ, r?, and rψ are assumed to be small at infinity. We prove that our scheme is consistent order ??(Δt²) + ??(Δr²) for G′ identically equal to zero and provide a necessary condition for it to be stable order n. Part of our study will be devoted to compare the physical effects of β and γ. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005     

Remarks on the qualitative behavior of the undamped Klein‐Gordon equation

We consider the undamped Klein‐Gordon equation in bounded domains with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. For any real value of the initial energy, particularly for supercritical values of the energy, we give sufficient conditions to conclude blow‐up in finite time of weak solutions. The success of the analysis is based on a detailed analysis of a differential inequality. Our results improve previous ones in the literature.     

Fourth‐order compact and energy conservative scheme for solving nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation

In this article, a fourth‐order compact and conservative scheme is proposed for solving the nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation. The equation is discretized using the integral method with variational limit in space and the multidimensional extended Runge‐Kutta‐Nyström (ERKN) method in time. The conservation law of the space semidiscrete energy is proved. The proposed scheme is stable in the discrete maximum norm with respect to the initial value. The optimal convergent rate is obtained at the order of in the discrete ‐norm. Numerical results show that the integral method with variational limit gives an efficient fourth‐order compact scheme and has smaller error, higher convergence order and better energy conservation for solving the nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation compared with other methods under the same condition. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 33: 1283–1304, 2017     

A numerical method for the one‐dimensional sine‐Gordon equation

A numerical method based on a predictor–corrector (P‐C) scheme arising from the use of rational approximants of order 3 to the matrix‐exponential term in a three‐time level recurrence relation is applied successfully to the one‐dimensional sine‐Gordon equation, already known from the bibliography. In this P‐C scheme a modification in the corrector (MPC) has been proposed according to which the already evaluated corrected values are considered. The method, which uses as predictor an explicit finite‐difference scheme arising from the second order rational approximant and as corrector an implicit one, has been tested numerically on the single and the soliton doublets. Both the predictor and the corrector schemes are analyzed for local truncation error and stability. From the investigation of the numerical results and the comparison of them with other ones known from the bibliography it has been derived that the proposed P‐C/MPC schemes at least coincide in terms of accuracy with them. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2008     

Global in time existence of self-interacting scalar field in de Sitter spacetimes

We prove the existence of a global in time solution of the semilinear Klein–Gordon equation in the de Sitter space–time. The coefficients of the equation depend on spatial variables as well, that make results applicable to the space–time with the time slices being Riemannian manifolds.     

An accurate numerical method for solving the linear fractional Klein–Gordon equation

In this article, an implementation of an efficient numerical method for solving the linear fractional Klein–Gordon equation (LFKGE) is introduced. The fractional derivative is described in the Caputo sense. The method is based upon a combination between the properties of the Chebyshev approximations and finite difference method (FDM). The proposed method reduces LFKGE to a system of ODEs, which is solved using FDM. Special attention is given to study the convergence analysis and deduce an error upper bound of the proposed method. Numerical example is given to show the validity and the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A multigrid compact finite difference method for solving the one‐dimensional nonlinear sine‐Gordon equation

The aim of this paper is to propose a multigrid method to obtain the numerical solution of the one‐dimensional nonlinear sine‐Gordon equation. The finite difference equations at all interior grid points form a large sparse linear system, which needs to be solved efficiently. The solution cost of this sparse linear system usually dominates the total cost of solving the discretized partial differential equation. The proposed method is based on applying a compact finite difference scheme of fourth‐order for discretizing the spatial derivative and the standard second‐order central finite difference method for the time derivative. The proposed method uses the Richardson extrapolation method in time variable. The obtained system has been solved by V‐cycle multigrid (VMG) method, where the VMG method is used for solving the large sparse linear systems. The numerical examples show the efficiency of this algorithm for solving the one‐dimensional sine‐Gordon equation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A high‐order compact scheme for the nonlinear fractional Klein–Gordon equation

In this article, a high‐order finite difference scheme for a kind of nonlinear fractional Klein–Gordon equation is derived. The time fractional derivative is described in the Caputo sense. The solvability of the difference system is discussed by the Leray–Schauder fixed point theorem, while the stability and L_∞ convergence of the finite difference scheme are proved by the energy method. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the theoretical results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 706–722, 2015     

Stability analysis and a numerical scheme for fractional Klein‐Gordon equations

Fractional order nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equations (KGEs) have been widely studied in the fields like; nonlinear optics, solid state physics, and quantum field theory. In this article, with help of the Sumudu decomposition method (SDM), a numerical scheme is developed for the solution of fractional order nonlinear KGEs involving the Caputo's fractional derivative. The coupled method provides us very efficient numerical scheme in terms of convergent series. The iterative scheme is applied to illustrative examples for the demonstration and applications.     

BEM‐FEM coupling for the 1D Klein–Gordon equation

A transmission (bidomain) problem for the one‐dimensional Klein–Gordon equation on an unbounded interval is numerically solved by a boundary element method‐finite element method (BEM‐FEM) coupling procedure. We prove stability and convergence of the proposed method by means of energy arguments. Several numerical results are presented, confirming theoretical results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 2042–2082, 2014     

The Klein–Gordon equation in the Anti-de Sitter cosmology

This paper deals with the Klein–Gordon equation on the Poincaré chart of the 5-dimensional Anti-de Sitter universe. When the mass μ is larger than , the Cauchy problem is well-posed despite the loss of global hyperbolicity due to the time-like horizon. We express the finite energy solutions in the form of a continuous Kaluza–Klein tower and we deduce a uniform decay as . We investigate the case , ν∈N^?, which encompasses the gravitational fluctuations, ν=4, and the electromagnetic waves, ν=2. The propagation of the wave front set shows that the horizon acts like a perfect mirror. We establish that the smooth solutions decay as , and we get global Lp estimates of Strichartz type. When ν is even, there appears a lacuna and the equipartition of the energy occurs at finite time for the compactly supported initial data, although the Huygens principle fails. We address the cosmological model of the negative-tension Minkowski brane, on which a Robin boundary condition is imposed. We prove the hyperbolic mixed problem is well-posed and the normalizable solutions can be expanded into a discrete Kaluza–Klein tower. We establish some L²−L^∞ estimates in suitable weighted Sobolev spaces.     

Long time error analysis of the fourth‐order compact finite difference methods for the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation with weak nonlinearity

We present the fourth‐order compact finite difference (4cFD) discretizations for the long time dynamics of the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation (NKGE), while the nonlinearity strength is characterized by ?^p with a constant p ∈ ?⁺ and a dimensionless parameter ? ∈ (0, 1] . Based on analytical results of the life‐span of the solution, rigorous error bounds of the 4cFD methods are carried out up to the time at O(?^?p) . We pay particular attention to how error bounds depend explicitly on the mesh size h and time step τ as well as the small parameter ? ∈ (0, 1] , which indicate that, in order to obtain ‘correct’ numerical solutions up to the time at O(?^?p) , the ? ‐scalability (or meshing strategy requirement) of the 4cFD methods should be taken as: h = O(?^p/4) and τ = O(?^p/2) . It has better spatial resolution capacity than the classical second order central difference methods. By a rescaling in time, it is equivalent to an oscillatory NKGE whose solution propagates waves with wavelength at O(1) in space and O(?^p) in time. It is straightforward to get the error bounds of the oscillatory NKGE in the fixed time. Finally, numerical results are provided to confirm our theoretical analysis.     

Existence and uniqueness of an inverse problem for nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation

In this paper, an initial boundary value problem for nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation is considered. Giving an additional condition, a time‐dependent coefficient multiplying nonlinear term is determined, and existence and uniqueness theorem for small times is proved. The finite difference method is proposed for solving the inverse problem.     

Numerical simulation of the nonlinear generalized time‐fractional Klein–Gordon equation using cubic trigonometric B‐spline functions

In this paper, an efficient numerical procedure for the generalized nonlinear time‐fractional Klein–Gordon equation is presented. We make use of the typical finite difference schemes to approximate the Caputo time‐fractional derivative, while the spatial derivatives are discretized by means of the cubic trigonometric B‐splines. Stability and convergence analysis for the numerical scheme are discussed. We apply our scheme to some typical examples and compare the obtained results with the ones found by other numerical methods. The comparison shows that our scheme is quite accurate and can be applied successfully to a variety of problems of applied nature.     

Asymptotic profile of solutions for strongly damped Klein‐Gordon equations

We consider the Cauchy problem in R ⁿ for strongly damped Klein‐Gordon equations. We derive asymptotic profiles of solutions with weighted L^1,1( R ⁿ) initial data by a simple method introduced by the second author. Furthermore, from the obtained asymptotic profile, we get the optimal decay order of the L²‐norm of solutions. The obtained results show that the wave effect will be relatively weak because of the mass term, especially in the low‐dimensional case (n = 1,2) as compared with the strongly damped wave equations without mass term (m = 0), so the most interesting topic in this paper is the n = 1,2 cases to compare the difference.     

Fourth‐order compact scheme for the one‐dimensional sine‐Gordon equation

Finite difference scheme to the generalized one‐dimensional sine‐Gordon equation is considered in this paper. After approximating the second order derivative in the space variable by the compact finite difference, we transform the sine‐Gordon equation into an initial‐value problem of a second‐order ordinary differential equation. Then Padé approximant is used to approximate the time derivatives. The resulting fully discrete nonlinear finite‐difference equation is solved by a predictor‐corrector scheme. Both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions are considered in our proposed algorithm. Stability analysis and error estimate are given for homogeneous Dirichlet boundary value problems using energy method. Numerical results are given to verify the condition for stability and convergence and to examine the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2009     

Unique continuation from infinity in asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetimes II: Non-static boundaries

We generalize our unique continuation results recently established for a class of linear and nonlinear wave equations □_g?+σ? = 𝒢(?,??) on asymptotically anti-de Sitter (aAdS) spacetimes to aAdS spacetimes admitting nonstatic boundary metrics. The new Carleman estimates established in this setting constitute an essential ingredient in proving unique continuation results for the full nonlinear Einstein equations, which will be addressed in forthcoming papers. Key to the proof is a new geometrically adapted construction of foliations of pseudo-convex hypersurfaces near the conformal boundary.     

D'Alembert‐type solution of the Cauchy problem for the Boussinesq‐Klein‐Gordon equation

In this paper, we construct a weakly‐nonlinear d'Alembert‐type solution of the Cauchy problem for the Boussinesq‐Klein‐Gordon (BKG) equation. Similarly to our earlier work based on the use of spatial Fourier series, we consider the problem in the class of periodic functions on an interval of finite length (including the case of localized solutions on a large interval), and work with the nonlinear partial differential equation with variable coefficients describing the deviation from the oscillating mean value. Unlike our earlier paper, here we develop a novel multiple‐scales procedure involving fast characteristic variables and two slow time scales and averaging with respect to the spatial variable at a constant value of one or another characteristic variable, which allows us to construct an explicit and compact d'Alembert‐type solution of the nonlinear problem in terms of solutions of two Ostrovsky equations emerging at the leading order and describing the right‐ and left‐propagating waves. Validity of the constructed solution in the case when only the first initial condition for the BKG equation may have nonzero mean value follows from our earlier results, and is illustrated numerically for a number of instructive examples, both for periodic solutions on a finite interval, and localized solutions on a large interval. We also outline an extension of the procedure to the general case, when both initial conditions may have nonzero mean values. Importantly, in all cases, the initial conditions for the leading‐order Ostrovsky equations by construction have zero mean, while initial conditions for the BKG equation may have nonzero mean values.     

Integral transform approach to solving Klein–Gordon equation with variable coefficients

In this paper we describe the integral transform that allows to write solutions of the time‐dependent partial differential equation via solution of a simpler equation. This transform was suggested by the author in the case when the last equation is a wave equation, and then it was used to investigate several well‐known equations such as Tricomi‐type equation, the Klein–Gordon equation in the de Sitter and Einstein‐de Sitter spacetimes. A generalization given in this paper allows us to consider also the Klein–Gordon equations with coefficients depending on the spatial variables.