共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Recently, with the prevalence of `perovskite fever', organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OHPs) have attracted intense attention due to their remarkable structural variability and highly tunable properties. In particular, the optical and electrical properties of organic–inorganic hybrid lead halides are typical of the OHP family. Besides, although three‐dimensional hybrid perovskites, such as [CH3NH3]PbX3 (X = Cl, Br or I), have been reported, the development of new organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductors is still an area in urgent need of exploration. Here, an organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskite is reported, namely poly[(2‐azaniumylethyl)trimethylphosphanium [tetra‐μ‐bromido‐plumbate(II)]], {(C5H16NP)[PbBr4]}n, in which an organic cation is embedded in inorganic two‐dimensional (2D) mesh layers to produce a sandwich structure. This unique sandwich 2D hybrid perovskite material shows an indirect band gap of ~2.700 eV. The properties of this compound as a semiconductor are demonstrated by a series of optical characterizations and indicate potential applications for optical devices. 相似文献
2.
All‐Inorganic CsPb1−xGexI2Br Perovskite with Enhanced Phase Stability and Photovoltaic Performance
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Fu Yang Daisuke Hirotani Dr. Gaurav Kapil Dr. Muhammad Akmal Kamarudin Dr. Chi Huey Ng Dr. Yaohong Zhang Prof. Dr. Qing Shen Prof. Dr. Shuzi Hayase 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2018,57(39):12745-12749
Compared with organic‐inorganic perovskites, all‐inorganic cesium‐based perovskites without volatile organic compounds have gained extensive interests because of the high thermal stability. However, they have a problem on phase transition from cubic phase (active for photo‐electric conversion) to orthorhombic phase (inactive for photo‐electric conversion) at room temperature, which has hindered further progress. Herein, novel inorganic CsPb1?xGexI2Br perovskites were prepared in humid ambient atmosphere without a glovebox. The phase stability of the all‐inorganic perovskite was effectively enhanced after germanium addition. In addition, the highest power conversion efficiency of 10.8 % with high open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.27 V in a planar solar cell based on CsPb0.8Ge0.2I2Br perovskite was achieved. Furthermore, the highest VOC up to 1.34 V was obtained by CsPb0.7Ge0.3I2Br perovskite, which is a remarkable record in the field of all‐inorganic perovskite solar cells. More importantly, all the photovoltaic parameters of CsPb0.8Ge0.2I2Br perovskite solar cells showed nearly no decay after 7 h measurement in 50–60 % relative humidity without encapsulation. 相似文献
3.
[C6H14N]PbBr3: An ABX3‐Type Semiconducting Perovskite Hybrid with Above‐Room‐Temperature Phase Transition
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《化学:亚洲杂志》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Jing Zhang Dr. Xitao Liu Xianfeng Li Shiguo Han Kewen Tao Yuyin Wang Chengmin Ji Prof. Zhihua Sun Prof. Junhua Luo 《化学:亚洲杂志》2018,13(8):982-988
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, with the formula ABX3 (A=organic cation, B=metal cation, and X=halide; for example, CH3NH3PbI3), have diverse and intriguing physical properties, such as semiconduction, phase transitions, and optical properties. Herein, a new ABX3‐type semiconducting perovskite‐like hybrid, (hexamethyleneimine)PbBr3 ( 1 ), consisting of one‐dimensional inorganic frameworks and cyclic organic cations, is reported. Notably, the inorganic moiety of 1 adopts a perovskite‐like architecture and forms infinite columns composed of face‐sharing PbBr6 octahedra. Strikingly, the organic cation exhibits a highly flexible molecular configuration, which triggers an above‐room‐temperature phase transition, at Tc=338.8 K; this is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), specific heat capacity (Cp), and dielectric measurements. Further structural analysis reveals that the phase transition originates from the molecular configurational distortion of the organic cations coupled with small‐angle reorientation of the PbBr6 octahedra inside the inorganic components. Moreover, temperature‐dependent conductivity and UV/Vis absorption measurements reveal that 1 also displays semiconducting behavior below Tc. It is believed that this work will pave a potential way to design multifeatured perovskite hybrids by utilizing cyclic organic amines. 相似文献
4.
Songhao Guo Yongsheng Zhao Kejun Bu Yongping Fu Hui Luo Mengting Chen Matthew P. Hautzinger Yingqi Wang Song Jin Wenge Yang Xujie Lü 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2020,59(40):17533-17539
A remarkable PL enhancement by 12 fold is achieved using pressure to modulate the structure of a recently developed 2D perovskite (HA)2(GA)Pb2I7 (HA=n‐hexylammonium, GA=guanidinium). This structure features a previously unattainable, extremely large cage. In situ structural, spectroscopic, and theoretical analyses reveal that lattice compression under a mild pressure within 1.6 GPa considerably suppresses the carrier trapping, leading to significantly enhanced emission. Further pressurization induces a non‐luminescent amorphous yellow phase, which is retained and exhibits a continuously increasing band gap during decompression. When the pressure is released to 1.5 GPa, emission can be triggered by above‐band gap laser irradiation, accompanied by a color change from yellow to orange. The obtained orange phase could be retained at ambient conditions and exhibits two‐fold higher PL emission compared with the pristine (HA)2(GA)Pb2I7. 相似文献
5.
Jialong Duan Yuanyuan Zhao Yudi Wang Xiya Yang Qunwei Tang 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,131(45):16293-16297
The all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cell (PSC) is a promising solution to balance the high efficiency and poor stability of state‐of‐the‐art organic–inorganic PSCs. Setting inorganic hole‐transporting layers at the perovskite/electrode interface decreases charge carrier recombination without sacrificing superiority in air. Now, M‐substituted, p‐type inorganic Cu(Cr,M)O2 (M=Ba2+, Ca2+, or Ni2+) nanocrystals with enhanced hole‐transporting characteristics by increasing interstitial oxygen effectively extract holes from perovskite. The all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 PSC with a device structure of FTO/c‐TiO2/m‐TiO2/CsPbBr3/Cu(Cr,M)O2/carbon achieves an efficiency up to 10.18 % and it increases to 10.79 % by doping Sm3+ ions into perovskite halide, which is much higher than 7.39 % for the hole‐free device. The unencapsulated Cu(Cr,Ba)O2‐based PSC presents a remarkable stability in air in either 80 % humidity over 60 days or 80 °C conditions over 40 days or light illumination for 7 days. 相似文献
6.
Yao‐Zu Zhang Dong‐Sheng Sun Ji‐Xing Gao Xiu‐Ni Hua Xiao‐Gang Chen Guang‐Quan Mei Wei‐Qiang Liao 《化学:亚洲杂志》2019,14(7):1028-1033
Piezoelectric materials are a class of important functional materials applied in high‐voltage sources, sensors, vibration reducers, actuators, motors, and so on. Herein, [(CH3)3S]3[Bi2Br9]( 1 ) is a brilliant semiconducting organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite‐type non‐ferroelectric piezoelectric with excellent piezoelectricity. Strikingly, the value of the piezoelectric coefficient d33 is estimated as ≈18 pC N?1. Such a large piezoelectric coefficient in non‐ferroelectric piezoelectric has been scarcely reported and is comparable with those of typically one‐composition non‐ferroelectric piezoelectrics such as ZnO (3pC N?1) and much greater than those of most known typical materials. In addition, 1 exhibits semiconducting behavior with an optical band gap of ≈2.58 eV that is lower than the reported value of 3.37 eV for ZnO. This discovery opens a new avenue to exploit molecular non‐ferroelectric piezoelectric and should stimulate further exploration of non‐ferroelectric piezoelectric due to their high stability and low loss characteristics. 相似文献
7.
Femtosecond Excitonic Relaxation Dynamics of Perovskite on Mesoporous Films of Al2O3 and NiO Nanoparticles
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Hung‐Yu Hsu Chi‐Yung Wang Amir Fathi Jia‐Wei Shiu Chih‐Chun Chung Po‐Shen Shen Prof. Dr. Tzung‐Fang Guo Prof. Dr. Peter Chen Prof. Dr. Yuan‐Pern Lee Prof. Dr. Eric Wei‐Guang Diau 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2014,53(35):9339-9342
The excitonic relaxation dynamics of perovskite adsorbed on mesoporous thin films of Al2O3 and NiO upon excitation at 450 nm were investigated with femtosecond optical gating of photoluminescence (PL) via up‐conversion. The temporal profiles of emission observed in spectral region 670–810 nm were described satisfactorily with a composite consecutive kinetic model and three transient components representing one hot and two cold excitonic relaxations. All observed relaxation dynamics depend on the emission wavelength, showing a systematic time–amplitude correlation for all three components. When the NiO film was employed, we observed an extent of relaxation proceeding through the non‐emissive surface state larger than through the direct electronic relaxation channel, which quenches the PL intensity more effectively than on the Al2O3 film. We conclude that perovskite is an effective hole carrier in a p‐type electrode for NiO‐based perovskite solar cells showing great performance. 相似文献
8.
《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2017,56(41):12471-12475
Lead‐based perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have outstanding optical properties and cheap synthesis conferring them a tremendous potential in the field of optoelectronic devices. However, two critical problems are still unresolved and hindering their commercial applications: one is the fact of being lead‐based and the other is the poor stability. Lead‐free all‐inorganic perovskite Cs3Bi2X9 (X=Cl, Br, I) NCs are synthesized with emission wavelength ranging from 400 to 560 nm synthesized by a facile room temperature reaction. The ligand‐free Cs3Bi2Br9 NCs exhibit blue emission with photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) about 0.2 %. The PLQE can be increased to 4.5 % when extra surfactant (oleic acid) is added during the synthesis processes. This improvement stems from passivation of the fast trapping process (2–20 ps). Notably, the trap states can also be passivated under humid conditions, and the NCs exhibited high stability towards air exposure exceeding 30 days. 相似文献
9.
《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2017,129(41):12645-12649
Lead‐based perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have outstanding optical properties and cheap synthesis conferring them a tremendous potential in the field of optoelectronic devices. However, two critical problems are still unresolved and hindering their commercial applications: one is the fact of being lead‐based and the other is the poor stability. Lead‐free all‐inorganic perovskite Cs3Bi2X9 (X=Cl, Br, I) NCs are synthesized with emission wavelength ranging from 400 to 560 nm synthesized by a facile room temperature reaction. The ligand‐free Cs3Bi2Br9 NCs exhibit blue emission with photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) about 0.2 %. The PLQE can be increased to 4.5 % when extra surfactant (oleic acid) is added during the synthesis processes. This improvement stems from passivation of the fast trapping process (2–20 ps). Notably, the trap states can also be passivated under humid conditions, and the NCs exhibited high stability towards air exposure exceeding 30 days. 相似文献
10.
Peigeng Han Cheng Luo Songqiu Yang Yang Yang Weiqiao Deng Keli Han 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2020,59(31):12709-12713
Zero‐dimensional (0D) lead‐free perovskites have unique structures and optoelectronic properties. Undoped and Sb‐doped all inorganic, lead‐free, 0D perovskite single crystals A2InCl5(H2O) (A=Rb, Cs) are presented that exhibit greatly enhanced yellow emission. To study the effect of coordination H2O, Sb‐doped A3InCl6 (A=Rb, Cs) are also synthesized and further studied. The photoluminescence (PL) color changes from yellow to green emission. Interestingly, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) realizes a great boost from <2 % to 85–95 % through doping Sb3+. We further explore the effect of Sb3+ dopants and the origin of bright emission by ultrafast transient absorption techniques. Furthermore, Sb‐doped 0D rubidium indium chloride perovskites show excellent stability. These findings not only provide a way to design a set of new high‐performance 0D lead‐free perovskites, but also reveal the relationship between structure and PL properties. 相似文献
11.
Dr. Jialong Duan Dr. Yuanyuan Zhao Prof. Benlin He Prof. Qunwei Tang 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2018,57(14):3787-3791
All‐inorganic perovskite solar cells with high efficiency and improved stability are promising for commercialization. A multistep solution‐processing method was developed to fabricate high‐purity inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite films for use in efficient solar cells. By tuning the number of deposition cycles (n) of a CsBr solution, the phase conversion from CsPb2Br5 (n ≤3), to CsPbBr3 (n=4), and Cs4PbBr6 (n≥5) was optimized to achieve vertical‐ and monolayer‐aligned grains. Upon interfacial modification with graphene quantum dots, the all‐inorganic perovskite solar cell (without a hole‐transporting layer) achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 9.72 % under standard solar illumination conditions. Under challenging conditions, such as 90 % relative humidity (RH) at 25 °C or 80 °C at zero humidity, the optimized device retained 87 % PCE over 130 days or 95 % over 40 days, compared to the initial efficiency. 相似文献
12.
Norman Pellet Dr. Peng Gao Dr. Giuliano Gregori Dr. Tae‐Youl Yang Dr. Mohammad K. Nazeeruddin Prof. Joachim Maier Prof. Michael Grätzel 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2014,53(12):3151-3157
Hybrid organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite APbX3 pigments, such as methylammonium lead iodide, have recently emerged as excellent light harvesters in solid‐state mesoscopic solar cells. An important target for the further improvement of the performance of perovskite‐based photovoltaics is to extend their optical‐absorption onset further into the red to enhance solar‐light harvesting. Herein, we show that this goal can be reached by using a mixture of formamidinium (HN=CHNH3+, FA) and methylammonium (CH3NH3+, MA) cations in the A position of the APbI3 perovskite structure. This combination leads to an enhanced short‐circuit current and thus superior devices to those based on only CH3NH3+. This concept has not been applied previously in perovskite‐based solar cells. It shows great potential as a versatile tool to tune the structural, electrical, and optoelectronic properties of the light‐harvesting materials. 相似文献
13.
Weibin Chu Wissam A. Saidi Jin Zhao Oleg V. Prezhdo 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2020,59(16):6435-6441
Although all‐inorganic metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have shown tremendous improvement, they are still inferior to the hybrid organic–inorganic MHPs in efficiency. Recently, a conceptually new β‐CsPbI3 perovskite reached 18.4 % efficiency combined with good thermodynamic stability at ambient conditions. We use ab initio non‐adiabatic molecular dynamics to show that native point defects in β‐CsPbI3 are generally benign for nonradiative charge recombination, regardless of whether they introduce shallow or deep trap states. These results indicate that MHPs do not follow the simple models used to explain defect‐mediated charge recombination in the conventional semiconductors. The strong tolerance is due to the softness of the perovskite lattice, which permits separation of electrons and holes upon defect formation, and only allows carriers to couple to the low‐frequency vibrations. Both factors decrease notably the non‐adiabatic coupling and slow down the dissipation of energy to heat. 相似文献
14.
Ion‐Exchange‐Induced 2D–3D Conversion of HMA1−xFAxPbI3Cl Perovskite into a High‐Quality MA1−xFAxPbI3 Perovskite
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Ge Li Taiyang Zhang Nanjie Guo Feng Xu Dr. Xufang Qian Prof. Yixin Zhao 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2016,55(43):13460-13464
High‐quality phase‐pure MA1?xFAxPbI3 planar films (MA=methylammonium, FA=formamidinium) with extended absorption and enhanced thermal stability are difficult to deposit by regular simple solution chemistry approaches owing to crystallization competition between the easy‐to‐crystallize but unwanted δ‐FAPbI3/MAPbI3 and FAxMA1?xPbI3 requiring rigid crystallization conditions. Here A 2D–3D conversion to transform compact 2D mixed composition HMA1?xFAxPbI3Cl perovskite precursor films into 3D MA1?xFAxPbI3 (x=0.1–0.9) perovskites is presented. The designed Cl/I and H/FA(MA) ion exchange reaction induced fast transformation of compact 2D perovskite film, helping to form the phase‐pure and high quality MA1?xFAxPbI3 without δ‐FAPbI3 and MAPbI3 impurity. In all, we successfully developed a facile one‐step method to fabricate high quality phase‐pure MA1?xFAxPbI3 (x=0.1–0.9) perovskite films by 2D–3D conversion of HMA1?xFAxPbI3Cl perovskite. This 2D–3D conversion is a promising strategy for lead halide perovskite fabrication. 相似文献
15.
Benign‐by‐Design Solventless Mechanochemical Synthesis of Three‐, Two‐, and One‐Dimensional Hybrid Perovskites
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Alexander D. Jodlowski Dr. Alfonso Yépez Prof. Rafael Luque Prof. Luis Camacho Prof. Gustavo de Miguel 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2016,55(48):14972-14977
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have attracted significant attention owing to their extraordinary optoelectronic properties with applications in the fields of solar energy, lighting, photodetectors, and lasers. The rational design of these hybrid materials is a key factor in the optimization of their performance in perovskite‐based devices. Herein, a mechanochemical approach is proposed as a highly efficient, simple, and reproducible method for the preparation of four types of hybrid perovskites, which were obtained in large amounts as polycrystalline powders with high purity and excellent optoelectronics properties. Two archetypal three‐dimensional (3D) perovskites (MAPbI3 and FAPbI3) were synthesized, together with a bidimensional (2D) perovskite (Gua2PbI4) and a “double‐chain” one‐dimensional (1D) perovskite (GuaPbI3), whose structure was elucidated by X‐ray diffraction. 相似文献
16.
Synthesis of Lead‐free CsGeI3 Perovskite Colloidal Nanocrystals and Electron Beam‐induced Transformations
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《化学:亚洲杂志》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Xiaotong Wu Weidong Song Dr. Qian Li Xixia Zhao Dr. Dongsheng He Prof. Dr. Zewei Quan 《化学:亚洲杂志》2018,13(13):1654-1659
Colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) of metal halide perovskite have recently aroused great research interest, due to their remarkable optical and electronic properties. We report a solution synthesis of a new member in this category, that is, all‐inorganic lead‐free cesium germanium iodine (CsGeI3) perovskite NCs. These CsGeI3 colloidal NCs are confirmed to adopt a rhombohedral structure. Moreover, the electron beam‐induced transformations of these lead‐free perovskite NCs have been investigated for the first time. The fracture of single‐crystalline CsGeI3 nanocubes occurs first, followed by the emergence and growth of cesium iodine (CsI) single crystals and the final fragmentation into small debris with random orientations. Notably, the electron‐reduced Ge species in CsGeI3 nanocubes exhibit a distinctive transformation path, compared to heavier Pb atoms in lead halide perovskite NCs. 相似文献
17.
(CH3NH3)2PdCl4: A Compound with Two‐Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Layered Perovskite Structure
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Dr. Xuesong Yin Dr. Chunhua Tang Dr. Guojun Qi Prof. Hao Gong 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2016,22(6):2146-2152
The synthesis of previously unknown perovskite (CH3NH3)2PdCl4 is reported. Despite using an organic cation with the smallest possible alkyl group, a 2D organic–inorganic layered Pd‐based perovskites was still formed. This demonstrates that Pd‐based 2D perovskites can be obtained even if the size of the organic cation is below the size limit predicted by the Goldschmidt tolerance‐factor formula. The (CH3NH3)2PdCl4 phase has a bulk resistivity of 1.4 Ω cm, a direct optical gap of 2.22 eV, and an absorption coefficient on the order of 104 cm?1. XRD measurements suggest that the compound is moderately stable in air, an important advantage over several existing organic–inorganic perovskites that are prone to phase degradation problems when exposed to the atmosphere. Given the recent interest in organic–inorganic perovskites, the synthesis of this new Pd‐based organic–inorganic perovskite may be helpful in the preparation and understanding of other organic–inorganic perovskites. 相似文献
18.
An Above‐Room‐Temperature Ferroelectric Organo–Metal Halide Perovskite: (3‐Pyrrolinium)(CdCl3)
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Dr. Heng‐Yun Ye Dr. Yi Zhang Dr. Da‐Wei Fu Prof. Ren‐Gen Xiong 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2014,53(42):11242-11247
Hybrid organo–metal halide perovskite materials, such as CH3NH3PbI3, have been shown to be some of the most competitive candidates for absorber materials in photovoltaic (PV) applications. However, their potential has not been completely developed, because a photovoltaic effect with an anomalously large voltage can be achieved only in a ferroelectric phase, while these materials are probably ferroelectric only at temperatures below 180 K. A new hexagonal stacking perovskite‐type complex (3‐pyrrolinium)(CdCl3) exhibits above‐room‐temperature ferroelectricity with a Curie temperature Tc=316 K and a spontaneous polarization Ps=5.1 μC cm?2. The material also exhibits antiparallel 180° domains which are related to the anomalous photovoltaic effect. The open‐circuit photovoltage for a 1 mm‐thick bulky crystal reaches 32 V. This finding could provide a new approach to develop solar cells based on organo–metal halide perovskites in photovoltaic research. 相似文献
19.
Guo‐Ming Wang Xiao‐Meng Zhao Xiao Zhang Zhen‐Zhen Bao 《Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry》2014,70(3):289-291
A new inorganic–organic hybrid zinc phosphite, [Zn(HPO3)(C6H11NO2)]n, has been synthesized hydrothermally. Protonated piperidin‐1‐ium‐4‐carboxylate (PDCA) was generated in situ by hydrolysis of the piperidine‐4‐carboxamide precursor. The P atom possesses a typical PO3H pseudo‐pyramidal geometry. The crystal structure features an unusual (3,4)‐connected two‐dimensional inorganic zinc–phosphite layer, with organic PDCA ligands appended to the sheets and protruding into the interlayer region. Helical chains of opposite chirality are involved in the construction of a puckered sheet structure. 相似文献
20.
Chih‐Ping Chen Gwo‐Su Huang Ru‐Jong Jeng Che‐Chung Chou Wen‐Chiung Su Huey‐Ling Chang 《先进技术聚合物》2004,15(10):587-592
A series of crossslinked organic and organic/inorganic polymers based on maleimide chemistry have been investigated for second‐order non‐linear optical (NLO) materials with excellent thermal stability and low optical loss. Two reactive chromophores (maleimide‐containing azobenzene dye and alkoxysilane‐containing azobenzene dye) were incorporated into a phosphorus‐containing maleimide polymer, respectively. The selection of the phosphorus‐containing maleimide polymer as the polymeric matrices provides enhanced solubility and thermal stability, and excellent optical quality. Moreover, a full interpenetrating network (IPN) was formed through simultaneous addition reaction of the phosphorus‐containing maleimide, and sol‐gel process of alkoxysilane dye (ASD). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results indicate that the inorganic networks are distributed uniformly throughout the polymer matrices on a nano‐scale. The silica particle sizes are well under 100 nm. Using in situ contact poling, the r33 coefficients of 2.2–17.0 pm/V have been obtained for the optically clear phosphorus‐containing NLO materials. Excellent temporal stability (100°C) and low optical loss (0.99–1.71 dB/cm; 830 nm) were also obtained for these phosphorus‐containing materials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献